Radiology Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
What can you see in this rad?
A
Megaoesophgus - generalised enlargement and poor motility
2
Q
What are the Roentgen signs?
A
- Size
- Shape
- Margin
- Opacity
- Number
- Location
3
Q
What Lung pattern is this?
A
Alveolar Pattern
4
Q
Species differences. Which is dog which is cat and why?
A
Dog is on the left. Dogs pelvis has more twist in it.
5
Q
What lung pattern is this?
A
Alveolar Pattern
6
Q
If you have an animal with dependency atelectasis how do you fix it?
A
- Put the animal in sternal recumbency
- Ventilate for 5-10mins
7
Q
What are the categories of Bone Production?
A
- Solid
- Smooth Solid homogenous and multilayered
- Irregular Solid (imhomogenous)
- Interupted
- Palisading, Spiculated to sunburst patterns
- Amorphous pattern
8
Q
What do we use a myelograph for?
A
- Lesion localisation within the spinal canal,
- Extradural
- Intradural - extramedullary
- Intramedullary
9
Q
If we had a Complicated Effusion (mass effect with displacement of lung lobes whaty could be some of the reasons for this
A
- Unilateral Effusion
- DDX
- pyothorax
- Haemothorax
- Chylothorax
- DDX
- Mass (focal displacement)
- Diaphragmatic rupture/hernia
10
Q
What are some DDx for alignment changes in the joints
A
- Trauma to soft tissue supports
- CCL
- Medial and Lateral collateral ligaments
- Traumatic Hip Luxation
- Congenitial Development Disease
- Hip Dysplasia
- Elbow Luxation
- Short Ulna Syndrome
11
Q
What is the most common type of bone healing?
A
- Secondary (Indirect) bone healing
- Some motion is present
- Fracture gab bridged by tussie that tolerates motion
- Granulation –> Fibrous –> Bone
- Fracture gab bridged by tussie that tolerates motion
- Some motion is present
12
Q
Alterations in Radiopacity of Bone, Either Local or generalised.
What could cause Increased Radiopacity?
A
- Increased mineralisation
- Stress response thicker cortices
- Growth arrest lines
- Sclerosis / Loss radiolucent spaces trabecular bone
- increased tissue density of the bone (stress)
- Response to disease (Walling off)
- Bone Death
- Folding / Compression fractures of overriding fracture ends
13
Q
What is the difference between subluxation and luxation
A
- Subluxation, partial contact with original
- Luxation No contact
14
Q
Name the parts of a long bone
A
15
Q
When would you commonly use an Arthrogram? To diagnose what?
A
- Evaluation of oesteochondritis dessicans (OCD) in shoulder
- Evaluating bicipital tenosynovitis
16
Q
If we have a mediastinal Mass what could it be?
A
Mediastinal Mass
- Fluids
- Blood
- Mediastinitis
- Mass
- Lymph nodes = inflammatory or neoplasia
- Granuloma or abscess
- Thymoma,
- Lymphosarcoma
- Thymic cysts
- heart base mass
17
Q
What are the Roentgen Signs?
A
- Is it Visible
- Number
- Size
- Shape (
- Normal for structure
- Rounded, Oval, Angular
- Asymmetric, symmetric
- Protusions (nodular), depressions (indentations)
- Margin (irregular, smooth, poorly defined, sharp)
- Opacity (increased, decreased, normal, or fat, gas, soft tissue, bone or metal)
- Location (Displaced or normal and where displaced from or to)
18
Q
What/where is the Alconeal process?
When does it heal?
A
Its an apophysis located on the ulna, it heals at around the 5-6 months of age
19
Q
What is the second responce to bone injury?
How long is the lag phase?
A
- Bone Production
- Lag Phase =7-10 days
20
Q
When looking at a radiograph of the thorax that was taken DV rather then VD what differences would we see?
A
The heart will look more round in a DV and will be pushed further to the left.
21
Q
What are some DDx’s for a Synovial Mass?
A
- Acute Diseases
- Joint effusion - joint trauma, osteoarthritis
- Early Septic arthritis
- Early Immune mediated diseases or non-erosive immune mediated diseases
- Haemarthrosis
- Chronic Disease
- DJD (OA) thickening synovial tissue and joint capsule
- Joint effusion
22
Q
You have irregular Solid New Bone what coule be som DDx’s?
A
- Osteomyelitis
- Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD)
- Metaphyseal
- Radius/tibia
- Hypertrophic Osteopathy (HO)
- Diaphyseal of metacarpals/metatarsal
- Unstable Fracture repair
- Complicated fracture repair
23
Q
When taking radiographs of the appendicular areas how many view MUST you take?
What is the exception to the rule?
A
- Appendiculr Radiography - ALWAYS take 2 orthogonal views
- The only MSK exceptions are shoulders when looking for osteochondrosis
24
Q
Why does bone remodel?
A
In responce to either Load or Disease
25
What are the patterns of lung disease?
* Vascular Patterns
* Bronchial Patterns
* Alveolar Patterns
* Interstitial Patterns
* Unstructured
* Nodular (Structured Interstitial)
* Miliary nodular
* Nodular
* Nodular Interstitial
* Ring Shadow and Cavitating Lesions
26
When Classifying Fractures how do you do this?
* Bone and Location
* Cortical Involvement
* Type
* Number of Fracture Lines
* Open or Closed
* Displacement
* Bone and Location
* Epiphyseal, Physeal, Metaphyseal, Diaphyseal, Articular
* Cortical Involvement
* Complete or Incomplete
* Type
* Transverse
* Oblique
* Spiral
* Number of Fracture Lines
* Simple or comminuted
* Open or Closed
* Gas or no Gas
* Displacement
* Distal/caudal segment relarive to proximal/cranial segment
27
Geographic Lysis
What are the Radiographic Diagnosis of Geographic Lysis?
What would the DDx be?
* Rad Dx : benign or Non aggressive lytic lesion
* DDx :
* Bone Cyst
* Abscess
* Bacterial Osteomyelitis
28
We have focal radiolucency of the cortical bone, either destruction or thinning.
There are 3 patterns of lysis, list them from least aggressive to most aggressive.
* Geographic Lysis (Least Aggressive)
* Moth Eaten Lysis (Agressive)
* Permeative Lysis (Most Aggressive)
29
When taking an appendicular radiograph what are the rules for
1. Joints
2. Long Bones
Must take orthoganal views at a minimum
Joints need 1/3 of the adjectent bone
1. Long bones need joints above and below.
30
You have Subchondral bone Loss
Focally
Diffusely
What are the DDx
* Focal
* flattened SCB or concave defects specific locations = OCD
* Diffuse
* Septic arthritis or erosive arthritis Immune mediated
31
Where is Periosteal Bone?
What does this PB form part of (Bone Structure)?
What are the other part to this bone.
What is the other Macroscopic Structure of Bone Called?
* On the outside surface of the Cortical Bone
* Cortical Bone
* Endosteal
* Cancellous (Spongy or trabecular)
* Largest surface area, remodels 40% faster than cortical bone)
32
When hanging Axial skeleton, Thorax and Abdomen how do I hang:
1. Lateral projections
2. VD and DV?
1. Lateral Projections
* Dorsal is up
* Crainal to viewsers left
2. VD and DV
* Cranial is up
* Patients right to viewers left
* Same whether the film is a VD or DV
33
Alterations in Radiopacity of Bone, Either Local or generalised.
What would a Decreased Radiopacity or Increased Radiolucency indicate?
* Osteolysis/Lysis
* Bone destruction - Neoplasia or Infection
* Decreased Mineralisation (Osteopenia)
* Osteomalacia
* Resorption or disuse
* Osteoporosis (decreased mineral and osteoid)
* Defect in bone formation - from cartliage matrix
* Absence of bone - fracture, destruction.
34
What is this lung Pattern?
Nodular Pattern
35
You have bone production which is laminar, lamellar, multilayered or onion skin,
What would some DDx's be?
* DDx
* Repetitive trauma
* Chronic episodic osteomylitis
* Slow growing neoplasia
* Fracture Healing
36
What is this arrow showing?
What are the predilection sites for this?
Osteochondrosis
* often involves weight bearing articular surfaces. ot occurs most frequently in the
* Caudal aspect of the proximal humeral head,
* Distomedial aspect of the humeral trochlea
* the lateral and medial femoral condyles
* the femoral trochlea
* medial and lateral trochlear ridges of the talus
*
37
What kind of lysis does this describe?
* Multiple small to medium sized lucency's
* Lesion margin - irregular and poorly defined
* Cortex - Usually destroyed contain radiolucent holes similar size and shape to medulla
* Adjacent bone abnormal
* Transistion zone poorly defined - wide
* New bone often present
* Rapid change 4-10 days
What would be the DDx's
1. Moth Eaten Lysis
2. DDx
* Neoplasia (many types) Primary or Secondary
* Mycotic Osteomyelitis
* Bacterial Osteomyelitis less likely
38
How do we evaluate a joint?
* Synovial Tissue or Mass
* Joint Space
* Soft tissue opacity between SCB opposing surfaces
* Articular Cartlidge and film synovial fluid
* Subchondral Bone
* Fine opaque Line (\<1mm), uniform thickness
* Margin smooth
* Adjecent bone or epiphyseal bone
* Peri-chondral (periarticular) bone (adjecten to chondrosyoval junction)
* Margin articular cartlidge and synovial membrane
* Capsular and ligament attachments
* Periarticular and intracapsular soft tissues
* Alignemtn and joint shape
39
What age related changes can you see on a thoracic radiograph
* Pulmonary Osteomas
* Fibrosis Lungs
* Mineralisation of airways
* Costochondral junctions and sternum
40
When taking Thoracic radiographs when do you want to take the image?
What do we include in our radiograph?
What is a routine study for thorax
At Full inspiration
Thoracic inlet (2cm cranial) to lung tips @ L1
3 View study Left, Right Lateral and VD or DV
41
When would you expect a dog to get an osteosarcoma?
When would you expect cats to get Osteosarcoma?
* Dogs
* 2 years and then later in adult life
* Cats
* Mean age is 10years
42
What are teh typical radiographic signs of Osteochondrosis
* Typical radiographic findings of Osteochondrosis include flattening or concavity of the addected subchondral bone surface with surrounding subchondral bone sclerosis. This may result in nonuniformity and apparent widening of the joint space. When mineralised a cartliage flap is sometimes seen within the subchondral defect, OCD
43
What is special about the Distal Ulna Physis?
* Responsible for 80% of the ulnar lenght
* Cone shaped
* Susceptible to trauma
44
What is Hypertrophic Osteopathy?
* HO is a generalised osteoproduction disorder of the periosteum that affects the long and short tubular bones of the extremities.
* This is usually caused by a thoracic mass or cardiopulmonary disease. Abdominal masses particularly those of urinary origin have also been known to cause HO
45
What is this showing in the thorax?
Pulmonary fissures, Pleural lines
Widening interlobar fissures = moderate to sever effusions (wedged at margins)
46
You read a radiograph with the following, what is your conclusion?
* Multiple small pinpoint areas lysis
* Bone appears porous
* Patchy Irregular pattern to trabecular markings
* Very poorly defined edges lysis
* Cortex - punctate lysis (pitted) or destroyed
**What are some DDx's**
1. Permeative Lysis
2. DDx
* Rarely not infiltrative neoplasm
* Osteosarcoma, other tumours of bone most common
* Fungal Osteomyelitis less likely
47
What are teh closure times for the following
* Physis
* Apophysis
* Physis - 8-14months (larger breeds are the longer)
* Apophysis - 5-6months
48
What is hip displasia?
Hip Dysplasia is abnormal development of the coxofemoral joints, typically bilateral however can be asymmetric.
It can be subluxation of the femoral head and malformation of thejoint itself. Including remodeling of the femoral neck and head and to the acetabulum
49
What is apophysis?
the normal bony outgrowths that arise from separate ossification centers and eventually fuse with the bone in time. The apophysis is a site of tendon or ligament attachment, as compared to the epiphysis which contributes to a joint.
50
What is an Osteophyte and where are they found?
Enthesophytes
* **Osteophytes** are bony lumps (bone spurs) that grow on the bones of the spine or around the joints. They often form next to joints affected by osteoarthritis, a condition that causes joints to become painful and stiff.
* **Enthesophytes** are abnormal bony projections at the attachment of a tendon or ligament. They are not to be confused with osteophytes, which are abnormal bony projections in joint spaces. Enthesophytes and osteophytes are bone responses for stress
51
Where would you find Mycotic Osteomylitis?
* Solitary Aggressive Bone Lesion int he Metaphyseal or Diaphyseal in young dogs
52
When looking at a VD how thick is the cranial mediastinum meant to be?
* Not more than twice the width of the thoracic vertebral bodies
* Slightly larger then the trachea
53
What are Osteophytes and Enthesophytes first radiographic signs of?
* Degenerative Joint Disease
* Will also see Synovial effusion/proliferation,
* Joint Space widening,
* Increased subchondral bone mineral opacity
* remodeling.
54
What can be seen at these arrows?
Not Pathology - This is a normal finding
Metaphysis - Cut back zone often has irregular edges
55
What are some DDx's of Pleural effusion?
* Pleural effusion
* DDx
* Right Sided Congestive Heary Failure
* Hypoproteinaemia
* Chylothorax often unilateral can be bilateral.
56
What can you see in this rad?
* Oesophogram
* Mass- filling defect caudal thoracic oesphagus
57
Which of these are the Left and Right Lateral and why
In the left lateral view the crura at the dorsal aspect of the diaphragm diverge more than in the right lateral view
58
I ahve a Very aggressive Primary Neoplasia found in older dogs. What could this be?
* Osteosarcoma,
* Fibrosarcoma
* Chondrosarcoma
* Mycotic Osteomylitis
59
Where is the following?
Physis
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
60
What could we be accessing when doing an open mouth ventrodorsal radiograph
* Nasal Cavities
* Nasal Turbinates
* Vomer Bone/Nasal Septum
* Maxillary teeth
* Cribiform plate
* Maxilla - Zygomatic arch
* Mandible - Coronoid process
61
What are the DDx for Smooth Solid Homogenous New Bone?
* DDx
* Periosteal New Bone
* Focal Trauma (Splint)
* Normal Healing fracture callous
* Chronic low grade osteomyelitis
* Inactive old lesion
* Endosteal New Bone
* Endosteal Callous
* Panosteitis (young)
* Bone Infarction
62
What is an Enthesiophyte?
* Enthesiophytes - calcification of a muscle attachment or ligament at the point of its insertion into the bone
63
What are the predilection sites for Canine Osteosarcoma
64
What type of lysis is this showing?
Generalised Lysis
65
What is this view called?
Left Ventrolateral - Right Dorsolateral oblique
66
Where would you see Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD)
What Breeds?
* In Large and Giant breed dogs aged bewteen 2 & 7 months. Lesions are usually found bilaterally symmetricly and on the distal ulnar, distal radius, and distial tibia at the metaphysis. It is usually seen with systemic disease and with clinical signs of marked pyrexia, diarrhoea, footpad hyperkeratosis, leukocytosis, anemia and pneumonia.
* Breeds
* Boxers
* Great Danes
* Irish Setters
* Weimaraners
67
How do we tell if a thoracic rad was taken at full inspiration?
* Lateral - Dorsal crus position
* Full insp = T13-L1
* Full Exp = T9-T10
* VD
* Cupula position intersects thoraci spine at T8
68
What are the Radiographic signs of Joint Disease?
* Increased Synovial Tissue
* Alterations to Joint Space size and Shape
* Subchondral Bone Opacity and Shape
* Sclerosis, erosion ( or loss) or cysts
* Peri-chondral (peri-articular) bone proliferation or alterationin opacity
* Osteophyte, Enthesiophyte, erosion or resorption.
* Calcified/Mineralised/Osseous bodies within the joint "Joint Mice"
* Mineralistaion of joint soft tissue structures
* Alignment changes or displacements
* Joint Malformation
69
What is this radiograph showing and what causes it?
Lung Leafing
Soft tissue opacity surrounding lungs
70
If we have an aggressive destructive / proliferative bone lesion involving the nasal cavity what are the DDx's?
* DDX
* Destructive Rhinitis = Infection {Aspergillus}
* Bilateral or also unilateral
* Rostral origin
* Diffuse soft tissue opacity
* Nasal neoplasia
* Unilateral with invasion
* Destruction overlying bones
* Caudal origins
* Mass
71
When taking spinal radiographs what vertebra will we include for:-
1. Cervical Spine
2. Thoracolumbar
3. Lumbosacral
1. Cervical Spine
* C1 - T2
2. Thoracolumbar
* T2 - L4
3. Lumbosacral
* L4 - S3
72
When radiographing a leg what is important to remember?
* Radiograph the other leg!
* Why?
* Is the abnormality normal for this animal?
* Is the pathology bilateral?
73
If you were to take radiographs to highlight the left or right maxilla/Mandible what rads would you take
* Maxilla
* Right
* Left Ventrolateral - Right Dorsolateral Open Mouth Oblique
* Left
* Right Ventrolateral - Left Dorsolateral Open Mouth Oblique
* Mandible
* Right
* Left Dorsolateral - Right Ventrolateral Open Mouth Oblique
* Left
* Right Dorsolateral - Left Ventrolateral Open Mouth Oblique
* Intraoral DV (Maxilla)
* Intraoral VD (Mandible)
74
What is Panosteitis?
Panosteitis is a self-limiting idiopathic disease that effects the diaphysis (near the nutrient foramen) of long bones in young large breed dogs.
It usually affects males more and can be seen in dogs aged 5 - 12 months.
Circumscribed nodular opacities in the medullary cavity of the diaphysis of long bones.
75
Bones are formed in different ways what is the formation of:
1. Long Bones
2. Flat Bones
1. Endochondral Ossification
2. Intramembranous Ossification
76
What are the predilection sites for OCD?
* Caudal Proximal Humerus
* Medial Condyle of the Distal Humerus
* Medial and Lateral Trochlear ridges of the Talus
* Medial and Lateral Condyles of the Distal Femur
77
What are the white arrows pointing at? The black lines!
Explain it
Mach Line
## Footnote
Its an optical illusion. It exaggerates the contrast between edges of the slightly differing shades of gray, as soon as they get in contact with each other. thus enhancing edge-detection by the human visual system.
78
What are the radiographic signs of dental disease?
* Peridontal disease
* Periapical abscess
* Tooth Fractures
* Peridontal Disease
* Diffuse widening peridontal ligament space
* Diffuse loss lamina dura
* Rounding/Regression alvelar crest (horizontal bone resorption)
* Resorption of tooth (irregular, short, focal)
* Periapical Abscess
* Focal loss lamina dura
* Widenedperidontal ligament space at the apex of the tooth
* Root resorption apex
* Radiolucency adjacent alveolar bone
* Surrounding Sclerosis
* Tooth Fracture
79
What is the haging protocol when you have done a 3 view thoracic study (This is the standard order of hanging)
* Right Lateral
* Left Lateral
* VD
80
There are 4 different trabecular patters, what are they and describe
* Lysis - irregular trabecular pattern
* Osteoporosis = course but regular trabecular pattern
* Sclerosis
* increased thickness of trabeculae
* decrease in size of intertrabecular spaces
* and increased opacity
* Dead Bone = Sclerotic and sharp margines (inactive) typical sequestrum
81
What is Osteochondosis?
Osteochondrosis is a common cause of lameness in young, rapidly growing large breed dogs. Clinical signs usually develop between the age of 6-9months. Osteocondrosis occurs from **epiphyseal cartlidge necrosis** resulting in failure of normal endrochondral ossification.
82
What are the predilection sites for Osteosarcoma?
Where in the bone would they be found?
What could another DDx be?
* Dog
* Proximal Humerus (away from the elbow)
* Distal Radius (away from the Elbow)
* Distal Femur (Close to the stifle)
* Proximal and Distal Tibia (Close to the stifle)
* Solitary Metaphyseal Agressive to very aggressive bone lesion
* DDx
* Mycotic Osteomyelitis
83
If you suspect a Pneumothorax what view would you take?
DV will show a Pneumothorax better than a VD
84
Describe the 3 types of Lysis and their aggressivness
85
What are we looking at when evaluating the spinal radiographs
* Intervertebral disk space ( wide or narrowed, wedged or increased opacity)
* Intervertebral foramen ( decreased or increased size or opacity increase)
* Endplates and Adjacent bone (Sclerosis or destruction)
* Spinal Canal (narrowed, widened or displaced)
* Bone Structures (PNB, Spondylosis ore reactive new bone - lysis)
86
What are the signs of a mass effect in radiology?
Displacement, of organs
87
What are the Interupted New Bone patterns?
* Palisading - Short and fat
* Spiculated - Long and thin
* Brush Border - Hairbrush
* Sunburst - Spicules irradiate from the cortex
* The longer, thinner, and more disorganised the spicules the more aggressive the lesion.
*
88
When evaluating Dental Structures what are adjecent structures we are looking at/for?
* Peridontal ligament space = uniform width, radiolucent
* Lamina dura = opaque, visible, thin
* Alveolar crest = crown root junctino height, square edges
* Furcation = defect is bone loss, usually a result of periodontal disease, affecting the base of the root trunk of a tooth where two or more roots meet
* Alveolar Bone - surrounding bone
89
When using contrasts what colour is
a positive
a negative
contrast on a radiograph?
* Postive = white
* Negative = Black
90
Vascular Pattern
What is the normal size of arteries and veins in the thorax?
* Arteries and veins equal in size
* Lateral View = 0.75 times the diameter of the proximal third of the 4th rib at 4th ICS
* VD View = Width is less than width 9th rib
91
What are the predilection sites for the following ?
* Panosteitis
* HOD
* Primary Bone Tumours
* Metastic Tumours/Fungal Osteomylitis
* Panosteitis
* Diaphysis, Long tubular bones
* HOD
* Metaphysis, long tubular bones
* Primary Bone Tumours
* Monostotic, metaphyseal, appendicular
* Metastic Tumours/Fungal Osteomylitis
* Polostotic
92
When hanging appendicular skeleton what is the hanging protocol?
* Appendicular skeleton
* Proximal is up
* Lateral (and oblique) projections
* Cranial/Dorsal are to the viewers left
* Craniocaudal/dorsopalmar/dorsoplantar projections
* Lateral is to the viwers left
93
What are soe DDx's for Hypervascular patterns in the lung
* DDx's
* Arteries
* HWT
* Cor Pulmonale
* Veins
* Congestion
* Both
* Overcirculation
* Over perfusion, left to right shunts like Pantent Ductus Aterious, Ventral septal defect
94
1. What is the name of mature bone cells called?
2. What is the cell that reabsorbs bone?
3. What is the name of the cell that makes bone?
1. Osteocyte
2. Osteoclasts
3. Osteoblasts
95
What is the exception to the rule of take atleast 2 views when radiographing?
Osteocondrosis of the shoulder
96
What are these arrows pointing at?
How does this come about?
Cut Back Zones
* Cut Back Zones are irregular margines along the metaphysis, where active remodeling occurs. This is a normal finding!
97
What is the systematic approach system for evaluating radiographs?
1. Identify the patient, date of study, and labelling.
2. Document the region and views (Eg Abdomen: 3 View study and list views)
3. Access the Adequacy of the study (Routine? Correct number of views)
4. Access the Diagnostic quality of the study
1. Film Quality, Centering, Collumation, patient positioning and beam angles
5. Systematic examination of the anatomy.
1. All structures and all parts of each structure
6. Describe or classify changes according to radiographic signs
7. Interpertation of Pathology and Conclusions
1. Draw your conclusions in relation to the radiograph alone (Radiographic Diagnosis or Radiographic Conclusion)
2. Evaluate this conclusion in combination - history, signalment, clinical examination and any lab results.
3. Differential Diagnosis ranked by additional information.
4. Consider further diagnostics
98
What is the normal size of the trachea in the following breeds and how do you measure it?
1. Non-brachycephalic breeds
2. Non-Bulldog brachycephalic
3. Bulldog brachycephalic
* What could some reasons be for decreased size?
1. Non-brachycephalic breeds
* 17-23% of the thoracic inlet
2. Non-Bulldog brachycephalic
* 13-19% of the thoracic inlet
3. Bulldog brachycephalic
* 9-17% of the thoracic inlet
* Decreased size
* Collapsing trachea - dynamic or static
* Hypoplasia
* Severe tracheitis
* Stenosis focal, FB, Mass
* Redundant dorsal tracheal membrane
99
What can be seen here in this large breed young 5-12month old dog?
What Breeds is this commonly seen in?
Panosteitis
* Basset Hounds,
* Chinese Shar-Pei
* Giant Schnauzers
* GSD
* Great Pyrenees
* Mastiff
100
Explain the difference in the trachea between the left and right lateral radiograph
101
What is this Lung Pattern?
Reticular Nodular
102
What would some DDx's be for Hypo Vascular Patterns in the lungs
* DDx
* Hypovolaemic Shock
* Right to Left shunts
103
if we need to radiograph the Tympanic Bullae or the TMJ what views would we take?
* Closed Mouth Lateral oblique (also called the lazy lateral)
* Rostro-Caudal Open Mouth Oblique
104
What are the radiographic signs of a Pneumothorax?
* Lung margins retracted from thoracic wall towards hilus
* Lungs surrounded by radiolucent space (air)
* No lung markings outside lung borders (hot light)
* Rounding of (if see)
* retracted lung lobes
* Costophrenic angles
* Increased distance heart from sternum
* Atelectasis (loss lung volume) = pattern?
105
What is this most common primary bone tumour in dogs and cats?
Osteosarcoma
106
What lung pattern is this?
Bronchial
107
how do you tell igf a lateral thorax is left or right
108
What are the radiographic signs for an Alveolar Pattern?
* Increased soft tissue opacity of lung parenchyma
* poorly defined fluffy hazy coalescing opacities
* Radiopaque Lung background
* Solid Radiopaque Lung
* Air Alveolograms
* Air Bronchograms
* Loss visible vessels (border effacement or silhouette sign)
* Lobar boundaries or lobar sign
* Effacement of (or Masking) adjacent structures (Heart & Diaphragm)
109
When naming a radiograph of the limbs when does it change from a
1. Crainocaudal to a Dorsopalmer
2. Crainocaudal to a Dorsoplanter
1. Crainocaudal to a Dorsopalmer
* Antebrachiocarpal Joint
2. Crainocaudal to a Dorsoplanter
* Tarsocrural Joint
110
What Lung pattern is this?
Unstructured Interstitial pattern
111
What are teh landmarks when taking Lateral thoracic rads
Dogs & Cats
* Central Ray
* Dog - Just caudual to the caudal proximal scapular
* Cat - 2.5cm caudaul to the caudal proximal scapular
* Collimation
* Thoracic inlet cranial to manubrium to L1-2 vertebrae caudal to dorsocaudal lung tips
* Dont forget to pull the forelimbs foarward as to not superimpose over cranial lungs
112
When evaluating a thoracic radiograph after looking at the extra thoracic structures and the Thoracic wall what structures do you evaluate?
* Thoracic cavity structures include
* Trachea, heart, great vessels (CVC, Ao, MPA)
* Lung Lobes and their positions
* Pulmonary Vasculature (Arteries and Veins)
* Airways, (Walls and Lumen)
* Pulmonary parechynma
* Pleura space
* Mediastinum - Cranial, middle and caudal parts
113
What is the double physis sign classic radiographic signs for?
Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy
114
What is the Systematic approach for radiography in the Interpretation Paradgim?
SABCD
* S = Soft Tissues
* A - Alignment - luxation, fracture, congenital
* B - Bone - Cortex & Medulla
* C - Cartlidge - Joint and Physes
* D - Device - Orthopaedic device
* * Roentgen signs!
115
I have a Very Agressive to Agressive Metastatic Neoplasia what could it be?
* Carcinoma
* mammary gland, prostate, thyroid, urinary bladder, apocrine gland, pancreatic
* Pulmonary (Cats)
* Melanoma
* DDx
* Mycotic Osteomyelitis
* bacterial Osteomylitis (rare)
116
What is an Osteophyte?
* Osteophyte = a bony projection associated with the degeneration of cartilage at joints
117
To evaluate joint space the limb must be weight bearing
What are the DDx for
Wide Joint Spaces
Narrow Joint Spaces
* Wide Joint Spaces
* Effusion
* Ligament damage
* Adjacent bone loss
* Narrow Joint Spaces
* Loss of Cartilage
* Degeneration (Osteoarthritis)
* Destruction (Septic arthritis)(Immune mediated disease)
118
What can you see in this Oesophagram
Vascular ring abnomaly - focal enlargement cranial to heart base
119
When taking a radiograph where do you place the marker for
1. Lateral View
2. CranioCaudal/Dorsopalmer or dorsoplanter
1. Lateral View
* Crainial/Dorsal
2. CranioCaudal/Dorsopalmer or dorsoplanter
* Lateral
