Radiology Final

Question 1

A measure of ionization produced IN THE AIR by xrays

Answer 1

exposure

Question 2

Air Kerma (Gy) measures –

Answer 2

exposure

Question 3

What does Air Kerma stand for?

Answer 3

Kinetic Energy Released in Matter

Question 4

what is the measure of kinetic energy transferred from photons to electrons in air?

Answer 4

Air Kerma

Question 5

Air Kerma is expressed in –

Answer 5

Gray (Gy)

Question 6

The energy transferred from ionizing radiation per unit mass of irradiated material

Answer 6

absorbed dose

Question 7

What is the unit of absorbed dose?

Answer 7

Rad/ Gy

Question 8

The absorbed dose varies with the type of – and type of –

Answer 8

energy

absorbing material

Question 9

What is used to compare the biologic effects of different types of radiation on a tissue or organ?

Answer 9

equivalent dose

Question 10

The equivalent dose depends on —

Answer 10

LET

Question 11

– LTE radiation causes more harm than – LTE radiation

Answer 11

high

low

Question 12

What is the unit of equivalent dose?

Answer 12

Sv

Question 13

What is used to estimate the risk of radiation in humans?

Answer 13

effective dose

Question 14

Not all tissues response – to radiation

Answer 14

identically

Question 15

Tissues are assigned a –

Answer 15

weighting factor

Question 16

What is the sum of the products of the equivalent dose of a tissue and weighing factors to each of the tissues irradiated?

Answer 16

effective dose

Question 17

What is the unit of effective dose?

Answer 17

Sv

Question 18

A measurement of decay rate of a sample

Answer 18

radioactivity

Question 19

Which personnel monitoring device: When heated, excited electrons release visible light and the intensity of the light provides the dose received by operator.

Answer 19

TLD- thermoluminescence dosimeter

Question 20

Which personal monitoring device: Stimulated by LED and the intensity of light provides dose received by operator and can be reused for cumulative dose determination.

Answer 20

OSL- optically stimulated luinescence

Question 21

X-radiation energy is transferred into —

Answer 21

tissues

Question 22

When tissues are exposed it produces ionizations and excitations of essential cell molecules such as –

Answer 22

DNA, enzymes, ATP

Question 23

When exposed to radiation the – of cell can be altered

Answer 23

function

Question 24

Cells with damaged molecules cannot –

Answer 24

function normally

Question 25

The severity of biological effects is related to ---

Answer 25

the type of molecule absorbing the radiation

Question 26

The effect of radiation on DNA molecules is -- harmful than on cytoplasmic organelles

Answer 26

MORE

Question 27

What are the 2 mechanisms of action of radiation damage on DNA?

Answer 27

direct | indirect

Question 28

What mechanism of action causes damage or mutation at the site where the radiation energy was directed?

Answer 28

direct effects

Question 29

What mechanism of action occurs when the radiation acts of water molecules to cause ionization?

Answer 29

indirect effects

Question 30

indirect effect account of --% of damage

Answer 30

66%

Question 31

In direct effects the biological molecules absorb energy from --

Answer 31

ionizing radiation

Question 32

Direct effects generate --

Answer 32

unstable free radicals

Question 33

Free radicals either -- or --

Answer 33

break apart | crosslink

Question 34

Altered biological molecules differ from original molecules -- and --

Answer 34

structurally | functionally

Question 35

what % of the body is water?

Answer 35

70

Question 36

What occurs when radiation interacts with water?

Answer 36

radiolysis of water

Question 37

What can form from the radiolysis of water?

Answer 37

hydroperoxyl or hydrogen peroxide

Question 38

Hydroperoxyl and hydroperoxide are -- and --

Answer 38

oxidizing agents | toxins

Question 39

There are two types of radiation damage:

Answer 39

long and short term

Question 40

two types of long-term radiation effects

Answer 40

stochastic and determinsistic

Question 41

Stochastic effects of radiation include -- and -- . They involve ---

Answer 41

cancer genetic mutation CHANCE

Question 42

The probability of cancer and genetic mutation -- with increasing dose, but the severity does not depend on the amount of the dose

Answer 42

increases

Question 43

Deterministic effects are a somatic effect that increase in -- with increasing absorbed dose

Answer 43

severity

Question 44

What are examples of deterministic effects?

Answer 44

cataract, skin erythema, fibrosis and abnormal growth

Question 45

Analogy of stochastic effects is the --

Answer 45

powerball (buy more tickets chance of winning is better but you still only get the same amount of money as the person who bough one ticket and won)

Question 46

Analogy of deterministic effects is the --

Answer 46

stove top (higher temp, worse the burn)

Question 47

What is the most important molecule

Answer 47

DNA

Question 48

DNA + other molecules =

Answer 48

chromosomes

Question 49

If radiation damage to the DNA is bad enough, --- can be detected

Answer 49

chromosomes aberration

Question 50

The effect of radiation on individual genes is referred to as a --

Answer 50

point mutation

Question 51

Point mutations can be a -- or -- in a genes or set of genes

Answer 51

loss | mutation

Question 52

Mutations result in cells exhibiting an --

Answer 52

abnormal behavior

Question 53

Chromosomes can be --

Answer 53

altered

Question 54

The damage to chromosomes depends on the --

Answer 54

stage in cell cycle

Question 55

If damage to the chromosome occurs AFTER synthesis, -- arm is broken

Answer 55

ONE

Question 56

If damage to the chromosome occurs BEFORE synthesis -- arm is broken

Answer 56

BOTH

Question 57

If a chromosome breaks it can be repaired in an error-free fashion through -- using the intact second strand as a template

Answer 57

restitution

Question 58

If a chromosome breaks and separation between the fragments is too big it will be --

Answer 58

deleted

Question 59

If a chromosome has many breaks they may be joined in different three different combos:

Answer 59

illegitimate union ring formation and acentric fragment translocation

Question 60

what two things can form when 2 different chromosomes each break?

Answer 60

illegitimate union of each or translocation

Question 61

what forms when one chromosome has a break in each arm?

Answer 61

ring and acentric fragment

Question 62

Ionizing radiation affects cell division resulting in -- and retardation of growth

Answer 62

arrested mitosis

Question 63

Arrested mitosis is the basis of --

Answer 63

radiotherapy of neoplasms

Question 64

Cells are most sensitive to radiation during the last part of the -- phase and the first part of

Answer 64

resting | prophase

Question 65

As cells can repair themselves, a higher total dose of radiation is needed to kill cells when radiation is delivered in a -- manner rather than in a --

Answer 65

fractional | single large dose

Question 66

A -- dose is given for radiation therapy

Answer 66

fractionated

Question 67

Radiation is a two-edged sword: -- cancer and -- cancer

Answer 67

causes and kills

Question 68

Rapidly dividing cells are -- sensitive to radiation than slow, differentiated cells

Answer 68

MORE

Question 69

what cells are radiosensitive?

Answer 69

stem

Question 70

what cells are radioresistant?

Answer 70

mature

Question 71

Younger tissues and organs are radio---

Answer 71

sensitive

Question 72

Tissues with a high metabolic rate are radio--

Answer 72

sensitive

Question 73

A high proliferation rate for cells and a high growth rate for tissues result in increased radio--

Answer 73

sensitivity

Question 74

Almost all eyes, except lymphocytes follow --

Answer 74

Bergonie and tribondeu axiom

Question 75

what does Bergonie and tribondeu axiom state?

Answer 75

cells are sensitive to radiation in proportion to their proliferative activity and inverse proportion to their degree of differentiation

Question 76

What is on of the most radiosensitive cells in the body

Answer 76

lymphocyte

Question 77

What are examples of slow dividing cells?

Answer 77

optic lens, muscle cells, neurons

Question 78

what are examples of intermediate dividing cells?

Answer 78

``` growing bone growing cartilage lungs kidney sal glands ```

Question 79

what are examples of fast dividing cells?

Answer 79

bone marrow, lymphoid organs, testes, mucous membrane

Question 80

For non proliferating cells death is defined as --

Answer 80

loss of function

Question 81

for proliferating cells death is defined as --

Answer 81

inability to proliferate

Question 82

cytoplasmic changes play a -- role in arrested mitosis

Answer 82

minor

Question 83

Two types of biological effects may appear in tissues after exposure :

Answer 83

somatic and genetic effects

Question 84

what effects include responses of all irradiated body cells except germ cells of the reproductive systme

Answer 84

somatic

Question 85

Somatic effects are -- to the person irradiation

Answer 85

deleterious

Question 86

Somatic effects can be -- or --

Answer 86

stochastic or deterministic

Question 87

What effects include responses of irradiated reproductive cells?

Answer 87

genetic

Question 88

Genetic effects only affect --

Answer 88

offspring of exposed person

Question 89

Somatic effects can be -- or --

Answer 89

acute or delayed

Question 90

Acute somatic effects are --

Answer 90

seen right away- nuc bomb

Question 91

delayed somatic effects are --

Answer 91

chronic and more common in diagnostic doses

Question 92

Acute somatic effects appear after -- or --

Answer 92

one large dose or many small doses in a short period of time

Question 93

What is the day cut off for something to be considered an acute somatic effect?

Answer 93

60 days

Question 94

What is the timeline for something to be considered a delayed somatic effect?

Answer 94

2 mo to 20 years

Question 95

The magnitude of somatic effects depend on 6 things

Answer 95

``` age of person species cells and tissue extent of exposure (full body?) total dose dose rate ```

Question 96

Individual variability explains why some people are more -- or -- to radiation than others

Answer 96

sensitive | resistant

Question 97

What does LD50 mean?

Answer 97

the total body dose that will kill 50% of exposed within 30 days

Question 98

Species variability explains why --

Answer 98

some species are more sensitive or resistant than others

Question 99

What is the LD50 for mammals?

Answer 99

2-8 Gy (full body dose)