Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Week 2 (Neuro 2) > Radiology II > Flashcards

Radiology II Flashcards

(61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

the MRI can be used to image what elements?

which element does it image in medicine?

why?

A
  • can be used to image any element with an odd number of protons
  • in medicine, it is tailored to image / manipulate H+ (one proton)
  • this is b/c there are so many H+ atoms in the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

hydrogen is in what state when bound to a molecule within body tissues?

which body tissues most dense in hydrogem?

A
  • when bound: H+ goes from having 1 elecron + 1 proton to just 1 proton.
  • tissues most abundant with H+: water, fat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the significance of a spinning proton?

A

the spinning positive charge creates a tiny electrical current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how does hydrogen behave organically vs in the presence of an external magnetic field?

why is this important?

A
  • no external magnetic field:
    • protons oreinted different directions
    • their individual electric signals cancel out
  • external magentic field (in an MRI):
    • protons align (either parallel or antiparallel)
    • this generates magnetic field
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how is an image generated from aligned protons in an MRI?

A
  • a radiofrequency (RF) pulse is sent onto, inducing protons to temporal change their alignments
  • the new spinning magnetic field produce an electrical signal
  • this electrical signal is detected by a antenna (coil) then mapped into an image
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are TE and TR?

A
  • TE (echo time): time between sending RF pulse and measuring the signal
  • TR (reptition time): time between successive RF pulses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the difference between T1 and T2 weighted signals?

A
  • T1: fat is white
  • T2: fat AND fluid (CSF, for example) are white
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

label

T1 vs T2?

A

cerebellar tonsils

T1 (fluid is dark)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

label

T1 vs T2?

A

cerebellar tonsils

T2 (eye fluid is white)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

tonsillar herniation

  • definition
  • causes
A
  • when tonsils pass inferior to foramen magnum
  • causes:
    • Chiari I malformation, often associated w/ syrnix - congenital, mild
    • intracranial hemorrhage - acquired, life threatning
    • tumor - aqcuired, life threatning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

identify

A

tonsilar herniation (inf to foramen magnum)

d/t chiari I malformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

identify

A

tonsillar herniation (inf to foramen magnum)

d/t posterior fossa tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

label

T1 vs T2

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

label

T1 vs T2

A

T2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

label

T1 vs T2

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

T2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does multiple sclerosis appear on an MRI

A
  • T2 intense plaques (lesions) within white matter, which if often:
    • radiating perpendendicular from lateral ventricles
    • within the corpus collosum
    • in middle cerebellar peduncle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

identify

A

multiple sclerosis

plaque (lesion) perpendicular from lateral ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

identify

A

multiple sclerosis

plaque (lesions) perpendicular from lateral ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

identify

A

multiple sclerosis

plaque (lesion) in corpus collosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

identify

A

multiple sclerosis

plaque (lesion) in the middle cerebellar peduncle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

label

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

identify

A

uncal herniation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
A

hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

hippocampus atrophy - cause?

A

Athzheimers, commonly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
identify
atrophied hippocampus Alzheimers
26
label T1 vs T2?
27
identify
epidural hemoatoma | (lens shape)
28
parkinson's affects what part of the brain?
the substantia nigra
29
label T1 or T2?
T2
30
label T1 vs T2?
31
chronic lacunar infarction * definition? * presentation?
* cause: ischemic stroke to the caudate nucleus * presentation: memory loss
32
identify
chronic lacunar infarction
33
identify
chronic lacunar infarction
34
identify
chronic lacunar infarction
35
label T1 vs T2
36
acute cerebral infarction * presents how on MRI? * and why? * how soon after event? * with what kind of imaging?
* presents with with T2-hyperintensity * d/t restircted water movement b/c of * lack of blood flow * cytotoxic edema * seen as soon as pt appears for care * on _diffusion waited imaging_
37
how does an acute cerebral infarction present on CT as opposed to MRI?
* with ribbon like insular cortex * not for several hours after event
38
identify
acute cerebral infarction - MRI T2-hyperintensity on diffusion weighted imaging
39
identify
acute cerebral infarction - CT ribbon like insular cortex
40
identify
ependiymitis granularis * a normal variant of ventricular ependyma that has * less myelin * increased ECF * some ependymal degeneration
41
label
42
what is a "midfline shift"? what is it caused by?
* **aka subfalcine herniation** * a _mass effect_ on one side of the brain cause a _shift of the septum pellucidum_ away from the midline towards the opposite side * ex - subdural hematoma
43
identify
subfalcine herniation in this case, due to subdural hematoma (cresent shape) first is T1, second is T2
44
label
45
label
46
hydrocephalus * cause * variations * presentation on MRI
* cause: abnormal increased CSF volume * presentation on MRI: ventromegaly * variations: non-communicating (no visible obstruction), communicating (visible obstruction)
47
how does _normal pressure hydrocephalus_ present?
"wacky, wobby & wet" * dementia (wacky) * wobby (ataxia) * wet (urinary incontinence)
48
label T1 vs T2?
49
label
50
pituitary adenomas are divided into what two main types? how do they differ?
* microadenomas (\<1 cm): can produce hormones * macroadenomas (\>1 cm): can produce hormones & exert significant mass effect?
51
how are macroadenomas typically discovered? how are they treated?
* by growing large enough to **compress the optic chiasm** and **result in visual symptoms** * treatment: **bromocriptine**
52
identify
pituitary microadenoma
53
label
54
label
55
label
56
label
57
label
58
label
59
label
60
identify
cerebral aneurysm
61
identify

Week 2 (Neuro 2) (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions