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Suregery exam > Radiology past q Surgery 1 > Flashcards

Radiology past q Surgery 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of intensifying screen?

A

Convert x-ray into visible light, phospour crystals produce the light

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2
Q

What types of intensifying screens are known?

A

CaWo4 and rare-earth screens (blue or green)

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3
Q

What are the steps of film processing?

A

Exposure, developing, stopping the development (rinse or bath), fixation, washing and drying

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4
Q

How does the automatic processor work?

A

Consists of the following parts:

  1. Transport System
  2. Temperature control system
  3. Recirculation system
  4. Replenishment system
  5. Dryer system
  6. Electrical system
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5
Q

What are the main parts of a conventional x-ray machine?

A

Control panel, generator, x-ray tube, collimator and cassette

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6
Q

What is the role of the generator?

A

Generate x-rays. You will find the x-ray tube, which consists of a cathode ray tube of tungsten
producing electrons and an anode, which collects the electrons

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7
Q

What types of generators are used today?

A
  1. Single phase with low capacity
  2. 3-phase which needs 3 phase electric current
  3. High frequency, largest and most stable capacity
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8
Q

What is the control panel used for?

A

Adjust the mA (amount of electric current) and kV (electrical difference between the cathode and
anode). Can be analogue or digital

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9
Q

What are the main components of the x-ray tube?

A

Cathode and anode.
Cathode consists of wire of tungsten producing electrons that travel towards the positive anode.
Anode needs a cooling system (water or oil recirculating)

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10
Q

What is the difference between electron and photon?

A

Both are elementary particles.
Photon (visible light, packages of energy, quantum of the electromagnetic interaction)
Electron (subatomic particle with negative charge)

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11
Q

What does kV and mAs mean?

A 
Kilovolt = electrical potential unit
Milliampere = unit for amount of electrical current (flow of electrical charge through a medium)
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12
Q

Why do we need to use the shortest exposure time possible in radiology?

A

Minimize the biological tissue damage that it can cause.
Also when taking x-ray pictures of moving parts like thorax, or un-anesthetized animal to minimize
chances of blurry pictures due to movement

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13
Q

How is x-ray beam generated?

A

By producing electrons at the cathode “ hit positive anode and produce 99% heat and light and 1%
x-ray

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14
Q

How is x-ray beam transformed to x-ray image?

A
  1. By sending rays through the object and getting a shadow of this on the film
  2. Due to different absorbencies of tissues different parts will be more or less dense
  3. X-ray beam, which is let out from the window of the tube will hit the cassette or image receptors
  4. Intensifying screen found in the casette convert x-ray beams into visible light
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15
Q

What is the principle of digital radiography?

A

Principle: beams onto a cassette and then:
„ Indirect: cassette is placed into a reader, which is connected to the monitor. There is no
conventional film used but a phosphor plate, which stores the energy of the photons, computer reads
the information on the phosphor plate and we can see the picture on the computer.
„ Direct: monitor is directly connected to a flat panel sensor/cassette in the x-ray table. We can
see the image directly within seconds

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16
Q

What is the principle of conventional film processing?

A

Need to process the film to visualize. In conventional radiography the photochemical change is used

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17
Q

How does fluoroscopy work?

A

Same x-ray tube is used but a different image receptor. Fluoroscopy: instead of a normal film you
use a fluorescent screen or intensifying image. Not used in veterinary medicine since the animals
move too much

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18
Q

What does the visible light and the x-ray beam cause on x-ray film?

A

Exposure to visible light or incorrect safe light in dark room produced fog on the developed film. The
film gets black. Used properly, x-rays will produce a pattern of varying depths of blackness on the
film

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19
Q

What does an x-ray cassette consist of?

A

Grid, x-ray film, sponge and intensifying screen (plastic base glued to the cassette, reflective layer,
fluorescent layer and protective layer)

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20
Q

What is the role of intensifying screen?

A

Since the film is more sensitive to light than to x-ray, the intensifying screen is used to convert x-ray
into visible light. Screen consists of phosphor crystals that produce the light. Also the intensifying
screen allows a reduction of the exposure values

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21
Q

What is grid and when do we use it?

A

Used to increase the quality of the picture when an object is over 10
cm and reduce the exposure

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22
Q

How does the x-ray film automatic processor work?

A

Device designed to move medical x-ray films from one solution to the next, in the film developing
process, without the need for human intervention except to insert a film or cassette

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23
Q

How many people are needed for radiography of a horse?

A

3 (one holding the horse, one the cassette and one managing the machine)

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24
Q

Where do bone tumors usually occur?

A

Near stifle or elbow far

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25
Which one is not a lung pattern?
Fibrous, (alveolar, interstitial, nodular, bronchial, mixed, bullous)
26
What does the vertebral heart scale inform about?
Size of heart
27
When do we sedate horses for X-ray?
Always
28
How to prepare a horse for radiographic interpretation?
Preparations of the patient, sedation, remove shoes, remove mud and loosen horny tissue and trim the frog
29
Which radiologic signs are not characteristic for hypertrophic Osteodystrophy?
The characteristic signs are: early phase -> “second physical line”, sclerosis at metaphysis; advanced phase -> “cuff formation” at the metaphysis of long bones; late complication -> antebrachial malformation
30
What contrast media is used for double contrast of bladder?
Air and Iodine
31
What is not a part of the digital radiography?
Intensifying screen (Form part of it: x-ray tube, collimator, grid)
32
Which statement is not true?
In a healthy dog you can see the cartilage, (only subchondral bone)
33
When can HD be seen on the x-ray?
After 6 months | 6. month: 16% 12. month: 69% 18. month: 83% 24. month: 96%
34
If you see decreased radiopacity of the femoral head and neck on an x-ray of a Spitz dog, what do you expect?
Perthes’ disease
35
When can you see the fetal skeleton on the x-ray?
After 45th day
36
When do you earliest x-ray a dog with ileus fed with contrast medium?
12 hours?
37
Who is often affected by tracheal collapse?
English bulldog
38
What is the principle of ALARA?
To keep the radiation As Low As Reasonably Achievable
39
When can an osteophyte be detected?
After 3 weeks
40
Which part of the carpus is the most affected in OCD?
The cartilage
41
Hansen I, can also be described as?
An extrusion
42
Hansen II, can also be described as?
A protrusion
43
Which spinal segments is involved in wobbler syndrome?
C2-C7, (Great Dane C4-C6, Doberman C5-C7)
44
What are the grades of laminitis according to Obel?
4, (mild, moderate, severe, very severe)
45
Statement of bone tumor, age and type?
5-6 years middle/large breeds, fibro sarcoma, malignant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma
46
Predisposing of Perches disease?
Young small toy breeds
47
What is panosteitis?
A specific benign and self-limiting aseptic inflammation of bones. Short-lived (self-limiting) and painful condition characterized by limping and lameness. It is a condition that affects the long bones in the legs of young dogs, usually between the ages of 5-18 months
48
Bilateral forelimb periosteal reaction, what to X-ray next?
Thoracic cavity, lung for metastasis
49
What bone disease leads to fracture?
Renal osteodystrophy
50
What is seen on X-ray in case of intestinal linear foreign bodies?
Intestines appear pleated
51
Hansen 1
Chondrodystrophic breeds, nuclear pulp calcification, annulus fibrosis rupture, extrusion and rapid deterioration
52
Hansen 2
Other large breeds, nuclear pulp fibrinization, annulus fibrosus intact, protrusion and chronic process
53
What is the fusion time for anconeal process?
4-5 months
54
Laminitis measurement
A/B = 25-28% (normal)
55
What is the correct order of the bone parts?
Epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis
56
What is more radiopaque? 1. Blood 2. Pus 3. Transudate 4. You cannot differentiate
4
57
Which statement is not true?
In a healthy dog, the pylorus can be seen on the left in DV view True: Ventrally in left lateral recumbency. Ventrally in right lateral recumbency. On the right in VD view
58
Where is the grid placed?
Between the animal and the intensifying screen
59
If you have an x-ray of a bone tumor, what do you x-ray next?
Thoracic cavity for lung metastasis
60
Nordberg’s angel in normal hip?
>105°
61
What does a cat’s esophagus look like with contrast?
Herringbone
62
Which beam emits most UV radiation?
UV beams
63
What is a common disease in Westie?
Cranio-mandibular osteopathy (temperomandibular joint fusion) An autosomal recessive disease in West Highland Terriers
64
What do you check with myelography?
Contrast study of the subarachnoid space, disc protrusion/compression 2 techniques: Cysternal and Lumbar Myelography
65
What is a predisposing disease in Dobermann:
Wobbler syndrome, cervical spondylopathy Deformity, instability of cervical vertebrae (C4-7), malarticulation, narrowed spinal canal " Spinal cord compression " Ataxia, paresis
66
Where do we do the epidural injection?
Sacro-coccygal junction, or C1-C2
67
When is tracheal collapse seen, during inspiration, expiration or both?
Inspiration
68
Tracheal collapse:
Cervical trachea " Inspiration | Thoracic trachea " Expiration
69
Which contrast media would you choose for the urinary tract?
Hyperosmotic, ionic iodine
70
List the radiation protection devices:
Lead apron, thyroid collar, lead glasses, lead gloves
71
Which of the following organs can be (maybe identified) in survey radiograph?
Vena cava caudalis
72
What is the tissue radio-density order?
1. Metal/stone = absolute white 2. Bone = bone opacity 3. Fluid/soft tissue = fluid/soft tissue opacity 4. Fat = fat opacity 5. Gas = gas opacity
73
Which is a developmental disease of the spine in small animals?
Spine bifida, block vertebrae, hemi-vertebrae and transient vertebrae
74
Which abnormal lung pattern is characteristic for negative (air) bronchogram?
Alveolar pattern
75
Which contrast is used for examination of perforated esophagus?
Organic iodinated contrast media
76
The exclaiming time needed to see an osteophyte formation on equine radiograph?
3-5 weeks (minimum 3 weeks)
77
The predilection side of the OCD in the equine hook is?
The medial malleolus
78
The proper name of the skyline-view for the examination of the equine carpus is:
Dorsoproximal – dorsodistal oblique view
79
Which one is false? The scattered radiation...
Is negligible concerning radiation exposure of the stuff | Originates mostly from the patient’s body
80
Which statement is false?
Myelography is the contrast examination of the epidural space For Myelography we use an injection of contrast media to evaluate the spinal cord. Myelography can also detect spinal lesions. Myelography is performed under generalized analgesia
81
Which of the following disorders can be mostly diagnosed on a plain abdominal radiography?
Intestinal obstruction
82
Which statement is not true? In carnivores the homogenous abdomen
May suggest pneumo-peritoneum | True: - May suggest abdominal effusion. Is normal in young animals .Is normal in cachectic animals
83
Which statement is false?
Only the indirect measurement of the arterial blood pressure is available in anesthetized horse
84
What is the projection/view of navicular bone?
Oxspring (60°), skyline (45°) or LM
85
The sunburst-like pattern is typical for which disorder?
Malignant bone tumors
86
What is the security around x-rays?
1. Radiation vet > radiation patient 2. People are not allowed to restrain the animal. 3. ALARA = as low as reasonable achievable 4. Immobilization = sedation 5. Lead apron, thyroid gland protection and lead gloves 6. Rotate restrainer, distance and personal monitoring device 7. Collimation, intensifying screen, low mAs and proper planning and finishing
87
Rank the following radiation exposures in order of radiation exposure dosage:
1. Background radiation 2. Arm x-ray 3. Thoracic x-ray 4. Head CT 5. Radiation therapy
88
Which terminology is correct for view of stifle in Horse?
Cranio-caudal/caudo-cranial for both (elbow/stifle)
89
The predilection site for OCD in horses:
Can occur in virtually all joints, but they occur most frequently in the hock, stifle and fetlock joints
90
The predilection site for OCD in horses, choose the one false answer:
Tarsus
91
Degree projection of MC and P3?
DLPMO 45°/DMPMO 135° | Dorso-lateral/medial-proximal-medial-oblique
92
The proper name of the “skyline” view for the examination of the equine carpus is? 1) Dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique view 2) Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique view 3) Caudoproximal-craniodistal oblique view 4) Palmarolateral view
2
93
What is the skyline view angel?
45°(Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique view, distal radius 65°, proximal row of carpal bones 45°, distal carpal bones 30°)
94
Which statement is true concerning the scattered beam?
Changed direction, decreased intensity, does not take part in image formation, produce fog on film and increase radiation risk
95
Who gets Perthes disease?
Small (toy) breeds " Pekingese, Yorkshire, Poodle, Maltese and Spaniels Under 1 year of age, gradual necrosis of the femoral head
96
Which can you give in case of non-perforated intestinal obstruction?
Barium
97
Erosive, non-infectious inflammatory arthopathies?
1. Periosteal proliferative arthropathy 2. Rheumatoid arthritis 3. Erosive polyarthritis of greyhound 4. Feline chronic progressive polyarthritis
98
Contrast x-ray of ectopic ureter?
Mixed, pneumo-cytography | IV cystography + negative contrast
99
Which of the following disorders can be diagnosed on plain abdominal radiograph?
Intestinal obstruction (foreign bodies sometimes visible)
100
Predilection site of OCD in the hock is?
Talocalcaneal joint (mostly in hock, stifle and fetlock joint)
101
How to improve the picture?
Too low mAs = white | Too far away affect the intensity = white
102
What is the name of the projection and what is the diagnosis? (PP/DP)
1. Palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique view, navicular disease 2. Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique view, osseous cyst like lesion of the distal phalanx 3. Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique view, fracture of the distal phalanx 4. Palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique view, OCD
103
What is the name of the projection and what is the diagnosis? (LL/LM)
1. Laterolateral view, distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ), OCD 2. Lateromedial view, proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ), Osteoarthritis 3. Laterolateral view, proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ), Osteoarthritis 4. Lateromedial view, proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ), OCD
104
What are the hazardous effects of ionising radiation?
``` 1. Deterministic effects „ Free radicals „ Damage depends on the dose „ Erythema " Haemopoetic disorders " GI symptoms " Neural dysfunction etc. 2. Stochastic effect „ DNS damage/mutation „ Probability depends on the dose „ Tumours ```
105
``` Which of the following disorders can be mostly diagnosed on a plane abdominal radiography? 1. Intestinal adhesions 2. Intestinal obstruction 3. Intusseption 4. None of them ```
4

Suregery exam (3 decks)

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