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Question 1

Man is made up of what % of water?

Answer 1

60%

Question 2

The blood vessel capillary wall is permeable to everything except

Answer 2

Plasma proteins

Question 3

Muscle contains __% water and fat contains __% water

Answer 3

70

10

Question 4

Muscular males

Answer 4

Fat females

Question 5

Dilution principle formula:

Answer 5

mass = volume x concentration

only plasma can be sampled

Question 6

A rise in potassium concentration in the ECF can result in what cardiac condition?

Answer 6

Ventricular fibrillation (quivering of the heart)

Question 7

What property of fatty acids make them flexible?

Answer 7

Fatty acids

Question 8

Integral proteins are/ are not amphipathic

Answer 8

Are amphipathic (unlike peripheral proteins)

Question 9

Transporter proteins:

Carrier proteins

Answer 9

Open to ECF, and then ICF. Typically moves larger molecules than channels e.g. glucose

Question 10

Urea:

Answer 10

Penetrating particle

Question 11

Ions:

Answer 11

Non-penetrating particles

Question 12

Most sensitive organ to changes in tonicity?

Answer 12

Brain

Question 13

Example of where positive feedback is seen:

Answer 13

Action potential

Question 14

Plama is which component of blood?

Answer 14

Fluid component

Question 15

Evans blue dye:

Answer 15

Attaches to plasma protein and helps to estimate the proportion of body water in the blood plasma

Question 16

Mitochondria characteristics:

Answer 16

• Their own circular DNA
• Ribosomes (and so can synthesise most of their proteins)
• Self-replicate

Question 17

Cilia and flagella:

Answer 17

Cilia: Short, many present and move with stiff power stroke and flexible recovery stroke

Flagella: Long, usually only one or two present , movement is snake like

Question 18

Enteric nervous system:

Answer 18

System of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 19

White ramus:

Answer 19

Pre-ganglionic and myelinated

Question 20

Grey ramus:

Answer 20

Post-ganglionic and unmyelinated

Question 21

In the sympathetic nervous system, convergence and divergence lead to

Answer 21

Mass activation

Question 22

Muscarinic receptors:

Answer 22

• Parasympathetic

- They are metabotropic. They are g-protein coupled receptors

Question 23

Initial segment (axon hillock):

Answer 23

Triggers action potential

Question 24

Apart from producing the blood brain barrier, what else to astrocytes do?

Answer 24

Maintain the external environment for neurones

Question 25

What channels are found in the nodes of Ranvier between sheaths?

Answer 25

Sodium channels

Question 26

Cysteine:

Answer 26

Amino acid with sulphur in it

Question 27

4 pancreatic enzymes:

Answer 27

Trypsin Elastase Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase

Question 28

In transamination reactions, one of the 2 substrates is often

Answer 28

Glutamate

Question 29

``` Fates of nitrogen - excretion: 1 Plants 2 Aquatic vertebrates 3 Terrestrial vertebrates 4 Animals (birds/reptiles) 5 Humans and great apes ```

Answer 29

1 Conserve almost all of their nitrogen 2 Release ammonia to their environment (passive diffusion from epithelial cells, active transport via gills) 3 Nitrogen excreted in the form of urea 4 Nitrogen excreted as uric acid 5 Nitrogen excreted as urea (from amino acids) and uric acid (from purines)

Question 30

Most common urea cycle defect:

Answer 30

Ornithine transcacrbamoylase (OTC)

Question 31

Complex I and II of the electron transport chain utilises

Answer 31

Fe-S centres

Question 32

1 ubiquinol molecule is oxidised to yield how many molecules of cytochrome c?

Answer 32

2

Question 33

Complex IV of the electron chain utilises

Answer 33

Fe-Cu centres

Question 34

Binding change mechanism

Answer 34

Binding change mechanism

Question 35

Type of reaction catalysed by lyases:

Answer 35

Forming double bonds or adding groups to double bonds

Question 36

Enzyme cofactors are are often what type of ion?

Answer 36

Metal ion

Question 37

Desolvation

Answer 37

Weak bonds between the substrate and enzyme essentially replace most or all of the hydrogen bonds between substrate and the aqueous solution

Question 38

Osmolarity definition:

Answer 38

The number of osmoles of solute per litre of solution

Question 39

Osmolality definition:

Answer 39

The number of osmoses of solute per kilogram of solvent

Question 40

Carbohydrates contribute to

Answer 40

Cell-cell communication. | ABO blood groups

Question 41

Even though the disaccharide sugar maltose barely comes from out diet, where can it be found?

Answer 41

Baby milk

Question 42

Why is sucrose termed as a non-reducing sugar?

Answer 42

No free anomeric carbon

Question 43

Branching frequency in glycogen and starch:

Answer 43

Glycogen: Every 8 - 12 residues | Starch (amylopectin): Every 24 - 30 residues

Question 44

Primary lymphoid organs:

Answer 44

Thymus, bone marrow and foetal liver

Question 45

Secondary lymphoid organs:

Answer 45

Lymph nodes and spleen

Question 46

The complement system brings about what 3 events?

Answer 46

- Recruitment of inflammatory cells - Coating/opsonisation of bacteria - Lysis of bacteria

Question 47

The complement system is made up of how many serum proteins?

Answer 47

25

Question 48

Products of lipid digestion do what with bile salts?

Answer 48

Form mixed micelles (which release their contents when they approach the brush border)

Question 49

Chylomicron is what type of molecule?

Answer 49

Lipoprotein

Question 50

Free fatty acids are transported in lipoproteins in a complex with

Answer 50

Serum albumin

Question 51

Enzymes needed for fatty acid synthesis:

Answer 51

- Acetyl CoA carboxylase | - Fatty acid synthase

Question 52

Fatty acid synthesis needs:

Answer 52

NADPH and acetyl CoA

Question 53

Product of fatty acid synthesis:

Answer 53

Palmitic acid