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Topographical Anatomy > random anatomy internal organ quwstions > Flashcards

random anatomy internal organ quwstions Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the vestibular ligaments
What froms vocal ligament

A

Lower border of quadrangular membrane
Upper border of conus elasticus

Both are flse (intrinsic) membranes

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2
Q

How is conus elasticus formed

A

Median cricithyroid ligament

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3
Q

Besides the muscular and vocal processes of arytenoid cartilage, what other stuctures are there

A

Fovea oblonga, fovea triangularis, crista arcuata, collicolus

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4
Q

Where is triticeal cartilage found

A

in the lateral thyrohyoid ligamnt

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5
Q

Where do u find epiglottic valleculae x2

A

Btw the median glossoepiglottic fold and lateral glossoepiglottic fold

connects epiglottis to tongue

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6
Q

What is the fold that connects the lateral border of the epiglottis and apex of arytenoid cartilage

What cartilage lies witihn it

What deep fossa is on either side of those folds (laryngopharynx)

A

Ariepiglottic fold

Cuneiform cartilage

Piriform fossa (food gets arrested here)

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7
Q

Internal laryngeal nerve (vagus) pierces what membrane

A

Thyrohyoid

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8
Q

Which of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles is the only one innervated by superior laryneal nerve

A

Cricothyroid muscle

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9
Q

Which is the only muscles to open vocal gap (laryngeal inlet)

What closes the whole vocal gap

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

Transverse arytenoid muscle (attaches to both arytenoid)

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10
Q

What closes the intermembraneous part of rima glottidis

What closes the intercartiaginous and interarytenoid part of rima glottidis

A

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

Oblique arytenoid muscle

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11
Q

What is carina of trachea

A

last cartilage

Protrudes into lumen of tracea BEFORE bifurcation

KEEL/SEMILUNAR SHAPE

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12
Q

What ligs connect the 15-20 hyaline c shaped cartilage on trachea

A

annular lig

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13
Q

Where do you find trachealis muscle

A

On posterior side of trachea (no Cartilage)

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14
Q

Differences btw right and left primary bronchus

A

right= shorter, wider, more vertical

Left= longer,narrower and CURVES more

Therefore in foreighn body aspiration more likely it will travel through right as less crved

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15
Q

How many lobar and segmental branches right and left of bronchi

A

RIGHT= 3 lobar (superior, middle, inferior) 10 segemnts

LEFT=2 lobar (Superior, inferior) 8 segments

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16
Q

Why is the anterior border of the left lung not as vertical as the right

Posterior border is more oval

A

because of cardiac notch (apex of heart sit here) and lingula of left lung

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17
Q

Where does visceral pleura become parietal in lung

A

Pulmonary ligament (mesopneumonium)

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18
Q

Order of hilum of left lung

Order of hilum of right lung

A

left= ABV ( Pulmonary artery, bronchus, vein)

right=BAV ( Pulmonary bronchus, artery, vein)

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19
Q

Fissures od the lung

A

right= oblique and horizontal fissure

Left= oblique fissure

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20
Q

Why is the costomediastinal recess larger in the left

A

bc of the heart
left lung has cardiac notch

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21
Q

What does the costomediastinal recess form

A

thymus triangle
pericardiac triangle

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22
Q

Where is costodiaphragmatic recess

A

btw ribs and diaphragm

no visceral pleura here

Biggest and deepest recess of pleura

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23
Q

what is pleural cupula

A

cervical part of pleura

Bw lateral scalene muscles, subclavian artery/vein, brachial plexus superiorly

forms suprapleural membrane- fascia of sibson

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24
Q

What deos each of the semilunar cusps of the aorti valve contain

Other than nodules

A

left semi= aortic sinus of valsalva=left coronary artery

right semi= aortic sinus of valsalva= right coronary artery

posteriro semi= NON CORONARY aortic sinus of valsalva

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25
Q

Which is the largest horizontal trabeculae

A

septomarginal trabelcula

connects interventricular septum and ant papillary muscle

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26
Q

What is boundary btw outflow (conus arteriosus) and inflow tract of right ventricle

A

supraventricular crest

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27
Q

Valves of : (right atrium)

Opening of coronary sinus (vein)

Opening of ind=ferior vena cava

A

Thesbian valve

Eustachian valve (directs blood through framen ovale)

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28
Q

What sinus and tubercle is inbetween openings of inf and supvena cava

A

Sinus venarum cavarum

Intervenous tubercle

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29
Q

On internal surface right atrium, what separates pectinate muscle and sinus venaraum cavarum

A

crista terminalis

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30
Q

What shallow border is on external side of right atrium

A

sulcus terminalis cordis

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31
Q

Which mediastinum is heart in

A

middle mediastinum

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32
Q

The interventricular septumm has a muscuoar and membranous part

What other septum is formed by the membraneous part

A

Atrioventricular septum

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33
Q

Surfaces of the heart

A

anterior posterior pulmonary (cardiac imoression on ung)

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34
Q

What does crista terminalis in right atrium separate

A

The smooth sinus venarum on posterior
And the ough pectinate muscle of the auricle anteriorly

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35
Q

What is the anterior and posterior layers of renal fascia called in kidney

A

ANT= Prerenal layer of Toldt

POST= Retrorenal layer of Zuckerkandl

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36
Q

Location of right and left kidney

A

right = T12-L3

Left= T12-L2

both 10-13cm long

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37
Q

How to distinguish btw the kidneys

A

Right= vein is IN FRONT of the artery

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38
Q

What are the segments of the kidey

A

SUperior, inferiror

Anterior superior, anterior inferior

Posterior

All blood supply of ant branch renal artery except posterior segemnt (post branch)

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39
Q

Topography kidney posteriorly

A

diaphragm, quadratus lumborum, psoas major

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40
Q

Topography kidney abteriorly

A

right= suprarenal gland, liver, duodenum, right colic flexure, jejunum

Left= suprarenal gland, spleen. stomach, pancreas, left colic flexure, jejunum

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41
Q

What is the intrarenal excretory pathways

A

Renal sinus contains renal pelvis and calyces

Minor calyces surround 1-3 adjacent papilla to form major calyces (a superior, medial, posterior)

From calyces, urine enters renal pelvis

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42
Q

What is the order of the renal artery

RETE MIRABILE!!!!!!!!!!!!

A

Anterior + Posterioir branch
5 Segmental arteries
Lobar
Interlobar
Arcuate
Interlobular- Afferent/ efferent glomerular arertiole, glomerular capillary

Efferent gloerular arteriole- peritubular plexus + Vasa recta

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43
Q

What unites to form stellate veins

A

peritubular capillary plexus + vasa recta?

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44
Q

What are the 2 types of renal calyces

A

ampullary- short calyces, wide renal pelvis

Branching- long calyces, narrow pelvis

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45
Q

How long is ureter and where is it located

A

30 cm paied organ

Lies at very back of abdominal cavity, and in retroperitoneal space of lesser pelvis

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46
Q

Parts of urter

A

Abdominal
pelvic
intramural
ureteric rifice

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47
Q

Constrictions of ureter

Wat can get stcuk in them

A

Normal=7-8mm diameter
Constriction=1-2mm diameter

Upper narrowing ( w renal pelvis)
Crossing w iliac vessels (right front externa ilac, left front common iiac)
Intramural part

CONCREMENTS GET STUCK IN CONSTRICTIONS

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48
Q

What’s at the end of apex of bladder

A

Median umbilical ligament

Remanant of urachus

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49
Q

Where is bladder located
How ,cub urine can it store

A

Located in cavity of lesser pelvis, subperitoneally
Max=2000ml. Average =500 ml

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50
Q

What is the fold surround the internal urethral orifice in bladder

A

Uvula of bladder

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51
Q

Trigone of the bladder is made of internal urethral office and 2 ureteric orifices
What is the músicas like

A

Smooth

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52
Q

What fold is btw the 2 ureteric orifices
What is the space behind it called

A

Interureteric crest
Retrotraigo al fosas- cannot see it in ultrasound so use cystoscopy

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53
Q

What are the 2 pouches formed by the parietal peritoneum

A

Rectovesical pouch of Proust

Vesicouterine pouch

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54
Q

What is the space surround the bladder
What is space btw bladder and pubic symphysis

A

Para vesical space
Pre vesical space

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55
Q

What fascia is btw the medial umbilical lig and median umbilical lig (urachus)

A

Vesicoumbilical fascia (of Delbet)

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56
Q

What fascia is in front of apex bladder

A

Transversal fascia

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57
Q

What are some ligaments that fixate the bladder

A

Rectovesical-to ant neck bladder
Pubovesical - to post neck bladder
Vesicouterine
Puboprostaticus

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58
Q

What are the imp muscles in bladder

A

Detrusor muscle- inner long,middle circular,outer long

Sphincter- smooth muscle around neck, prevents semen entering

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59
Q

What glands open in the spongy part of the male urethra

A

Glands of littre
Cowpers glands

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60
Q

2 curvatures of male urethra

A

Subpubic is transition btw membrane ours and spongy part

Prepubic is part of spongy urethra

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61
Q

How ,any dilations and constrictions male urethra

A

3 dilations = ampulla navicular fossa prostatic part

4 constrictions= external urethral orifice, membraneous intramural,spongy

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62
Q

What are the parts of prostatic urethra

A

The urethral crest contains the seminal colliculus in the centre where the urticulus prostaticus is

On seminal colliculus there is 2 ejaculatory ducts which transport semen to urethra

Space surrounding urethral crest is sinus prostaticus

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63
Q

Where is the external urethral orifice in females

A

Vestibule if vagina

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64
Q

Differences in length urethra

A

Male is 15-22 cm. Female= 4cm. Diameter=6-12mm

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65
Q

What is the urethral sphincter composed of

A

Internal urethral sphincter= smooth muscle

External urethral sphincter= striated muscle

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66
Q

Wat covers the testis
What are the layers

A

tunica vaginalis

Parietal (epiorchus)
Visceral (paraorchus)
Cavum serosum scroti (cavity)

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67
Q

On what side of the tests is the epididymis located
(how u can distinguish eft and right)

A

On the lateral posterior side

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68
Q

How many lobules of testis r there
What is it composed of

A

around 200 lobules contains 1 tubule

-Convuluted seminiferous tubules =coiled
- straight tubules= only once left the lobule. continuous with RETE TESTIS

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69
Q

Where do the efferent ductules connect to

A

From rete testis to head of epididymis

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70
Q

Shape of epididymis

A

com a
4-7cm long

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71
Q

What is the appendix of epididymia+testis also called

A

paradidymis

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72
Q

What is the head of the epidiymis formed

A

efferent ductules

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73
Q

How many efferent ductules from testis to duct of epididyis (pseudostrat)

A

8-10 ductules

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74
Q

How are lobules formed

A

1 efefrent ductule

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75
Q

What does the ductus deferns connect

A

duct of epididymis to prostate and urethra

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76
Q

Parts of ductus deferens

A

scrotal= continuous with epididymis
funicuar=in sermatic cord
inguinal= in inguinal canal, oasses superficual inguinal ring then exits out dee inguinal ring
pelvic=in lesser pelvis, fuses wth excretory duct of seminal vesical
Ampulla=dilated part

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77
Q

Ductus deferns + excretory duct seminal vescial =

A

EJACULATORY DUCT (2 on seminal colliculus)

opens in the prostatic part of the male urethra

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78
Q

ductus deferns in refrence to external iliac vessels and ureter

A

vessels= the vessels pass behind ductus deferens

ureter=ureter psses under ductus deferns

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79
Q

What travels within spermatic cord

A

ductus deferns (+ artery to d d , int iliac)

Testicular artery

Pampiniform plexus (grapes)

Deferential plexus (vis sensory)

Lymph vessels (lumbar nodes)

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80
Q

What are the coverings of spermatic cord

A

external spermatic fascia (sup abdo fascia)

Cremaster muscle ( pulls scrotum to pos wall)

Internal spermatic fascia (tranversalis fascia)

Dartos fascia?

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81
Q

In the space btw scrotum and superfical opening of inguinal canal , what does spermatic cord pass

A

the superficial external pudenedal aretry

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82
Q

Where are seminal vesicles located

A

Behind urinary bladder, but above prostate gland

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83
Q

Function of seminal vesclies

A

to produce 70% of ejacuate, high in fructose for spermatozoa

84
Q

Ducts of seminal vsicles

A

excretory dicts of seminal vesicles

ejaculatory duct (excretory duct+ductus deferns that open in prostatic urethra)

85
Q

What is the other term for the seminal colliculus

A

verumontanum

86
Q

Where are the bulbourethral glands located

A

On the deep tranverse perineal membrane

Also called Cowpers glands

Lubrication of urethrea

87
Q

Where do the duct of bulbo urethral open into

A

the spongy part of the urethra (in oenis)

88
Q

What are the external features of the prostate

A

Base: attached to neck f bladder
Apex: faces pelvic floor

Ant surface-faces pubic symphysis, puboprostatic lig and muscle

Post surface-faces rectum

2 inferolateral surfaces-faces pelvic loor

89
Q

How many lobes prostate

A

3= left right (connected in front of urethra by isthmus
middle (behind urethra)

90
Q

Regional anatomy of prostate

A

cranially= neck of bladder
Dorsocraially= seminal glands
dorsally=rectum

91
Q

How many layers of prostate capsule

A

3
1. double layered capsule of prostate
2. prostate venous plexus
3. periprostatic capsule

92
Q

Why is the testis and epididymis located in the scrtotum which is outside the body

A

2-4 degrees lower than core ody temp for optimum spermatogenesis

93
Q

What muscle pulls the scrotum to the posterior abdo wall

A

cremaster

94
Q

What is the external structure of the scrotum

A

septum=separates scrotum into 2 cavities for each testis

Raphe

Scrotal lig =remnant gubernaculum, attaches to inf pole testis and tail epididymis

95
Q

What are the layers of the scrotum

A
  • skin
  • Dartos fascia
  • External spermatic fascia
  • Cremaster fascia/muscle
  • Internal spermatic fascia
  • Tunica vaginalis=parietal (Periorchium), Visceral (epiorchium)
96
Q

arterial supply:

Ant half
post half
scrotal layers

A

ant scrotal branches= external pudendal arteries

post sctoral branches =int pudendal

cremastric arteries= inf epigastic

97
Q

What is venous drainage into (scrotum)

A

great dphenous vein

internal pudendal vein

98
Q

What is motro inn of scotum

A

genital branch genitofemoral

99
Q

Normally what autonomic innervation is all organs in lesser pelvis

A

thoracic, pelvic, splanchnic nerves

100
Q

What is penis made up of

A

3 erectile bodies (2 corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum) and urethra

101
Q

What are the external parts of the penis

A
  1. Root of penis
  2. Crura of penis
    3.Bulb of penis
  3. Body of penis
  4. Glans penis
102
Q

What consists of root of penis
How is it fixated

A

composes of the 2 crura

Fixated by suspensory lig and fundiform lig

103
Q

What is the crus of penis

A

paired int part of corpora cavernsa

Inserts onto pubic symphysics and rami

104
Q

What are the parts of the body of penis

A

Dorsum- ant surafce flaccid penis, upper post surface of erect

Urethral surafce - post surface in flaccid

Raphe - seam like line on urethral surface

105
Q

Parts of glans penis (most distal part of corpus spngiosum)
Conical shape

A

Corona of glans
Neck of glans
External urethral orifice
Foreskin/prepuce
Frenulum
Tysons glands /preputial (in forseskin)

106
Q

Internqlly what are the fascias of penis

A

Superficial fascia
Deep fascia (Bucks fascia)
Tunica albuginea-covers the erectile bodies

107
Q

What are the erectile bodies and what arteries witin them

A

Corpora cavernosa- there are spaces that fill w blood, dee artery of penis

Corpus spongiosum- spongy part urethra and glans and bulb penis, Urethral artery

108
Q

Where deos the ovary lie

A

Lesser pelvis, intraperitoneal

In fossa ovarica btw iliac blood vessels

109
Q

2 surafecs, 2 boders, 2 extremtites of ovary

A

lateral +medial surface

Free + mesovarian border (contains hilum)

Tubal (upper facing uterine tube opening) + Uterine (Lower faces uterine horns) extremity

110
Q

What is the part of the broad ligament of uterus that fixates the ovary

what are the other ligaments

A

mesovarium

Suspensory lig, lig of ovary (has ovarian branch of uterine artery)

111
Q

Where in ovary are follicles found

A

cortex

112
Q

How long are the uterine tubes (fallopian)

A

10-12cm in cavity of lesser pelvis

113
Q

What does uterine tube connects with ovary with

A

uterine horn

114
Q

What are the 2 opening of uterune tubes

A

abdominal ostium= faces ovary, end of infundibuum, communicates w periteal cavity

Uterine ostium= in uterine horn

115
Q

Parts of uterine tubes

A

infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
uterine part

116
Q

What is part of infundibulum

A

fimbrae (mucosal appendages)

Ovarian fimbrae is the lngest, the cilia of it sweeps ovum into tube from ovary

117
Q

what is the wider 2/3 of tube

what is narrowest 1/3 of tube

intramural part

A

ampulla

isthmus

uterune part

118
Q

What shape is the uterus

A

pear shape

119
Q

What are the 2 positions uterus can be in

A

anteversion=blunt angle, axis of cervix of uterus and body, bent forward to cervix

Anteflexion= blunt angle, axis of uterus and vagina, bent forward

120
Q

What are the external parts of the uterus

A

body
isthmus
cervix

121
Q

The body of the uterus is the largest part, what are the feautures

A

Fundus

anterior vesical surface
posterior intestinal surface
(border of uterus separates these 2)

Uterine cavoty where developing embryo is

122
Q

Where is the broad lig of uterus attached

A

Border of uterus

123
Q

What are the 2 openings of the cervical canal

A

Ostium anatomicum uteri internal (end of isthmus)

Ostium uteri (end of cervix)

124
Q

What are the 2 parts of the cervix

A

Supravaginal part-above attachment of vagina, has palmate folds

Vaginal part- protrudes into vagina

125
Q

What are the cervical canal shapes

A

DOT= no normal childbirth

SLIT= Normal childbirth, anterior+posterior lip

(Partum naturale)

126
Q

What is the internal structure of uterus

A

endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium
parametrium

127
Q

What is shape of cavity of uterus

Which bit of endometrium changes during menstual cycle, which doesnt

A

Shape of triangle

Basal layer doesnt change
Functional layer changes

128
Q

What does parametrium surround

A

surrounds bottom part of uterus BELOW broad lig and condenses to form parametrial ligaments

129
Q

The broad lig of uterus is a peritoneal fold, what are ts part

A

Mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium

130
Q

What are some parametrial ligaments

A

Cardinal lig= cervic/isthmus to pelvic wall

Uterosacral=sacrum to cervix

Vesico-uterine

Rectouterine

Pubicovervical

Round Ligamnet (teres uteri) = LONGEST, Keeps uterus in antversion during pregancy, travels through inguinal canal

131
Q

What are the supporting apparatus of uterus

A

leavtor ani

Ischiococcygeaus

perineal mucles

132
Q

Where is the vagina located, how long is it

A

in lesser pelvis, btw bladder and rectum

8-10cm long

133
Q

The vaginal canal has what walls

A

anterior= has pawliks triangle, absent rugae
posterior=has vaginal columns

134
Q

What travels in anterior wall of vaginal canal

A

urethra

urethra carina

135
Q

The walls of the posterior wall (dont?) touch therefore the lumen is shut
what shape does it make

A

H shape= forming left and right canal

Middle parts touch therfore forms anterior and posterior columns

136
Q

What part of vagina does cervix protrude

A

vaginal fornix

anterior
posterior=communicates w douglas space
2x lateral

137
Q

2 septums within vagina

A

urethrovaginal septum = in front vag

rectovaginal septum = behind vag

138
Q

Length shape and location of pharynx

A

12-15cm

Conical shape

From the base of the skull to c6, continuous w oesophagus

139
Q

What is retropharyngeal space

A

Behind the pharynx (prevertebral lamina)
Contains loose connective tissue and retropharyngeal nodes which drain nasal cavity and tonsils

140
Q

What is lateral to the retropharyngeal space

A

Parapharyngeal space

Contains carotid sheath which internal carotid artery travels

141
Q

Regional anatomy of pharynx

A

Cranial= base of skull
Caudally- c6, oesophagus
Ventrally= nasal,oral,laryngeal cavity
Dorsally= cervical vertebra

142
Q

What are the parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx(epiharynx)

Oropharynx(mesopharynx)

Laryngopharynx(hypopharynx)

143
Q

Where does Nasopharynx start and end
How does it open into nasal cavity

A

C1/2
Base of skull
Soft palette

Communicates w 2 choanae

144
Q

How does nasopharynx attach to skull

A

Pharyngobasilar fascia

Through the fornix pharyngis

145
Q

What are some attachment points of the vault of pharynx (fornix)

A

Pharyngeal tubercle
Petrooccipital fissure
Medial lamina of ptergoid process
Inferior surface o f Petrous part temporal bone

146
Q

On the roof of the pharynx what important structure is there

A

Nasopharyngeal tonsil
Inflammation due to bacteria and virus
Form adenoids in children

147
Q

What opening is on the lateral wall of pharynx
What elevation surrounds it and under the mucosa what aggregation of lymphoid tissue
What space lies behind the elevation

A

Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube
Toras tubarius and tubal tonsil
Pharyngeal recess/ rosenmullers space

148
Q

What are the 2 folds below the the torus tubarius

A

Anterior = salpingopalatine fold

Posterior= salpingopharyngeal fold

Helps opening and closing of auditory tube

149
Q

What is the muscosal fold btw the folds u can only see when swallowing

A

Torus levatorius

150
Q

What is the space of luschka ( pulsa pharyngea)

A

Semilunar space around pharyngobasilar fascia
Lacks muscular layer

151
Q

Where does oropharynx start and end
How does it connect to oral cavity

A

Posterior margin of soft palate
To superior margin epiglottis
Communicates through isthmus fauces ( in tonsillar fossa- lingual and palatine tonsils)

152
Q

Start and end of laryngopahrynx
What does it communicate through

A

C5/6

Sup border epiglottis
To oesophagus though pharyngooesophageal constriction
Communicates w laryngeal inlet

153
Q

Part of oropharynx what fold is btw the soft palate and the tongue

A

Palatoglossal arch
The fold is a border of the tonsillar fossa ( triangular)

154
Q

What is the circular ring of lymphoid tissue in pharynx naso and oro

A

Ring of waldeyr

155
Q

What is the fossa either side and below epiglottis in laryngoharynx

A

Piriform fossa

156
Q

Btw the epiglottis and the post surface of tongue what space is there and the folds surrounding it ( oropharynx)

A

Epiglottiic valecullae

Median glossoepiglottic fold and lateral glossoepiglottic fold

157
Q

What are the 2 types of muscles in pharyn

A

Constrictors and levators

158
Q

The pharyngeal constrictors and where they all insert

A

Superior=pterygopharyngeal, buscó-, mylo-, glosso-

Middle= chondro-, cerato-, (hyoid)

Inferior = thyro-, crico-,

All insert on pharyngeal raphe

159
Q

If constrictors have a craniocudal backward course what do levators do
Where do they all insert

A

Longitudinal

Muscular wall formed by constrictors

160
Q

What are the 3 levators

A

Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus

161
Q

For innervation, from the pharyngeal plexus mostly it’s vagus nerve .
Which levator muscle is inn by glossopharyngel nerve

A

Stylopharyngeus

162
Q

Porto cabal anastomosis which u can find in oesophagus and stomach

A

Oesophageal branches of gastric veins connection w sup vena cava and hepatic portal vein

163
Q

What is the innervation of the large Intestine

A

Up until 2/3 of mesocolon= vagus nerve
After that= sacral splanchnic
Canon bohm point

Rectum= sacral splanchnic. Para
Lumbar splanchnic sym
Pudendal nerves Viscero

164
Q

What are some of the lymph nodes of large intestine

A

Right colic. Middle colic. Left colic.

Internal and external iliac nodes

Ilieocolic nodes. appendicular nodes

165
Q

What is the venous drainage of large intestine

A

Porto caval anastomosis= superior ( to portal vein) , middle, inferior rectal veins ( to internal iliac to sup vena cava)

166
Q

Arterial supply of large intestine

A

Arc of riolan/ anastomosis of haller = inferior mestenteric ( superior retal left colic) and superior mesenteric (appendicular, right and middle colic)

Internal iliac= middle and inferior rectal

167
Q

What are the differences btw large intestine and small intestine

A

Haustra colon- sac cular pouches of circular smooth muscle

Ommental appendices- pouches of peritoneum filled w adipose tissue

Plica semilunaris

Taenia coli- taenia mesocolicum, taenia ommentales, taenia libera

168
Q

How long is the rectum and where is it located

A

12 cm

In lesser pe is NOT abdominal cavity
Starts at the prometorium sacrum to anal canal

169
Q

Parts of the recum

A

Rectal ampulla: Anorectal junction transition btw ampulla and anal canal

Anal canal:

Anus:

170
Q

What are the structures within the anal canal 2-3cm

A
  • anal columns of Morgani ( longitudinal folds)
  • anal sinuses: btw the folds, the anal glands open into the sinuses
  • pectinate line, anal pecten, anocutaneous line

There is also the supratransitional line and the anal transitional line

171
Q

The anus is surrounded by external anal sphincter.
What connects this to the tip of thencoccyx

A

Annococcygeal ligament

172
Q

The rectal ampulla forms a flexure and the anal canal forms a flexure
What are they

A

Sacral flexure
Anorectal flexure

173
Q

How long is sigmoid colon
Wher does it start and end
What is its location
What divides at the tip v shape of its

A

30-40cm
Iliac fossa to s2-3
Intraperitoneal
Left common iliac artery

174
Q

How long is descending colon
Where is it located

A

25 cm
Secondary retopeitoneal

175
Q

How long is the transverse colon
Where is it located

A

30-80cm
In right hypocondriac, umbilical, left hypochondriac
Intraperitoneal has mesocoln

176
Q

What does the mesocolon split the abdominal cavity into

A

Supramesocolic and inframesocolic

177
Q

Why is the left flexure higher than the right flexure

A

Because I’d phrenocolic ligament

178
Q

How long is the ascending colon
Where is it located

A

15 cm
Right lateral region and right hypochondriac

179
Q

What are the parscolic spaces

A

On lateral sides of ascending and descending colon towards posterior abdominal wall

180
Q

What is the other name for the vermiform appendix

A

Lymphoid intestinalis

181
Q

What is point of lanz

A

From the right anterior superior iliac spine to the left one
Middle 1/3 from right

182
Q

What is McBurney’s point

A

From the right anterior superior iliac spine to thebumbilicus
6 cm away from iliac soine

183
Q

What are the positions of the appendix

A

Retrocaecal

Pelvic Medial to cauecum

Subcaecal points towards inguinal canal

Precaecal in front caecum last common?

Ileocaecal. Parallel to ileum

Laterocaecal

184
Q

Does caecum have. Mesocaecum

A

No

185
Q

The ileum opens into the left side of caecum
What structures r present

A

Ileal papilla at the orifice

Iliocolic and iliocaecal lip forming a frenulum

ILEOCAECAL VALVE

186
Q

Where is csuecum located

A

Right inguinal cregion

187
Q

How long is the large intestine
Is it longer than the small

A

Shorter than the small

1.5-2 m

188
Q

What are the extra hepatic bile ducts

A

Right and left hepatic duct

Common hepatic duct

Cystic duct

Cystic duct and common hepatic= common bile duct

189
Q

What are the intrahepatic bile ducts

A

Bile canniculi

Intralobular

Interlobular

Right and left hepatic ducts at porta hepati

190
Q

What are the 4 parts of the bile ductb

A

Supraduodenal
Retroduodenal
Pelvic
Intramural

191
Q

The Union of the pancreatic duct and the bile duct forms what
What is the phi cater called

A

Hepatopancreatic duct
Sphincter of oddi

192
Q

Arterial, venous, inn of Galo bladder

A

Cystic artery (right hepatic artery )
Cystic vein to portal vein

Vagus nerve
Thoracic splanchnic nerves

193
Q

What’s in front of the gallbladder, what’s behind

Parts

A

Anterior= visceral surface liver
Posterior= transverse colon

Fundas, body, infundibulum, neck

194
Q

How long is the pancreas
What type of digestive organ
Where is it located

A

13-18cm long. S shape
Accessory
Umbilical, epigastric and left hypochondriac

195
Q

Which bit of the pancreas is Intraperitoneal

A

Tail

196
Q

The head contains uncinate process
Where is it situated and what vessels pass in front of it

A

In the cbshape of duodenum

Superior mesenteric vessels

197
Q

The body is like a 3d prism of pancreas
What is a prominence on it where ando aorta crosses

A

Tuber ommentale

198
Q

What are the ducts of the pancreas
Where do they open I;to

A

Pancreatic duct of wirsung opens into major duodenal duct of vater

Acesssory pancreatic duct of ssntorini opens into minor duodenal duct of santorini

Both ducts in descending duodenum

199
Q

What is the arterial venous lymph inn of pancreas

A

Artery: splenic artery=greater pancreatic. inferior pancreatic.
Anterior superior posterior pancreaticoduodenal artery

Venous= splenic vein, superior mesenteric, portal vein

Lymph: pancreaticoduodenal nodes , coeliac nodes

Inn: pancreatic plexus? Coeliac ganglion vagus nerve?

200
Q

H

A
201
Q

On the anterior anbdominal wall, what are the folds

A

Plica umbilicus mediales
Plica umbilicus laterales
Plica umbilicus mediana

Fossa supravesicslis ( m and m)
Fossa inguinalis medialis ( medialis and l)
Fossa inguinales laterales( l and post anbdo wall)

202
Q

In the abdominal cavity, where is the right and left subphrenic recess located

A

Right dome diaphragm and right love liver: communicates inferiorly w RIGHT LATERAL CNAAL

left dome diaphragm and stomach. Left love liver penetrates recess: DOES NOT COMMUNICATE inferiorly with the LEFT LATERAL CANAL bc of PHRENOCOCOLIC LIG

203
Q

What fibrous structure surrounds the heart valves
What do they do

A

Fibrous ring
Serves as attachment point of myocardial muscle
Ensure electrical impulse go through Atria to ventricles

204
Q

What structures are there where parietal and visceral pericardium fuse

A

Porta arteriarum= opening of aorta and pulmonary trunk

Porta venarum= below, opening for sup/inf vena cava and 4 pulmonary veins

Transverse pericardial sinus

Oblique pericardial sinus

205
Q

What is visceral pericardium
What is parietal pericardium

A

Epicardium

Serous pericardium and fibrous pericardium

206
Q

What is forms the pericardial cavity

A

Epicardium ( visceral) and serous pericardium ( parietal)

Topographical Anatomy (3 decks)

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