RANDOM FORMULAS/TERMS Flashcards
(202 cards)
1
Q
Deals with
understanding the causes of accidents
at work and ways to prevent unsafe
acts and unsafe conditions in any
workplace.
A
Occupational Safety
2
Q
A broad
concept which explains how the
different hazards and risks at work
may cause an illness and emphasizes
that health programs are essential in
controlling work related and/or
occupational diseases.
A
Occupational Health
3
Q
The principle used in equations related to the deformation of axially loaded material
A
Hooke’s Law
4
Q
It is the force which determines whether the body will be in equilibrium or will have a varying state of motion
A
Resultant
5
Q
The ratio of the lateral to the longitudinal strain constant
A
Poissons’s Ratio
6
Q
It is the constant proportionality that defines the linear relationship between stress and strain
A
Young’s Modulus
7
Q
The stress is proportional to the strain within the elastic region
A
Hooke’s Law
8
Q
A structural member that has the ratio of its least lateral dimension of not less than 3 and is used primarily to support axial load
A
Column
9
Q
Retarding force acting opposite of the body in motion
A
Kinetic Friction
10
Q
Term for the value beyond which the stress is no longer proportional to the strain
A
Proportional limit
11
Q
Materials which have the same composition or compression at any point
A
Homogenous
12
Q
Property of a material that enables it to undergo large permanent strains before failue
A
Ductility
13
Q
Described as the loss of stress that takes place with the passage of time as concrete is held at a constant strain
A
Relaxation
14
Q
Ability of a material to absorb energy in the elastic range
A
Resilience/ Modulus of Resilience
15
Q
Ability of a material to absorb energy in the plastic range or rupture/fracture point
A
Toughness/ Modulus of Toughness
16
Q
Property of a material which makes it return to its original dimension when the load is removed
A
Elasticity
17
Q
Point on which the resultant of the resistance to the applied lateral force acts
A
Center of rigidity
18
Q
Distance between the Center of rigidity and center of mass
A
Eccentricity
19
Q
Ability of a material to deform/defuse in the plastic range without breaking
A
Ductility
20
Q
Refers to flexibility of a structure
A
Inverse of stiffness
21
Q
The material deforms considerable even with the slight increase in stress
A
Yielding
22
Q
Measured by seismometer
A
Ground displacement
23
Q
One in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the story above
A
Soft story
24
Q
A lateral displacement of one level relative to the level above or below is called
A
Story Drift
25
Sudden drop in the shear strength of soil
Liquefaction
26
It is a point through which the applied seismic force acts
Center of Mass
27
The material has the same composition at every point but the elastic may not be the same in all direction
Orthotropic
27
Besides epicenter it described the location of the earthquake
Focal Depth
28
It is measured by the Richter scale
Magnitude
29
A material subjected to repeated cycles of stress or strain, it causes structure to breakdown ultimately leading to fracture
Fatigue
30
Causes the material to continue to deform until fracture due to supporting a load for a long period of time
Creep
31
Condition of material to break down and deform permanently even due to slight increase in stress above elastic limit
Plasticity
32
Occurs when the structures center of mass does not coincide with its center of rigidity
Torsion
33
Stress at failure
Rupture strength
34
Ratio between volume of water and volume of voids
Degree of saturation
35
Weight of water to the weight of solids
Water content
36
Happens when there is lowering of water table
Decrease in lateral pressure
37
Value of surface tension at normal room temperature
0.064 N/m
38
The discharge passing a given cross section is constant with time
Steady Flow
39
Volume of liquid passing a cross section of a stream
Discharge
40
A ship floating is stable if metacentric height is
Above the center of gravity
41
If with steady flow the average velocity at every cross section is same in that reach, the flow is
Uniform
42
The NSCP provides that the slope of a cut surface shall be no steeper than safe for intended use and shall be no steeper than
1 vertical to 2 horizontal
43
The component of shear strength of a rock or soil that inter particle friction is called
Cohesion
44
Acording to USCS, soil particle greater than 75 mm is called
Cobbles
45
A cohesive soil deposit is considered soft if the unconfined compression strength in KPa is between
24 to 48
46
A pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly is referred to as
Water Hammer
47
Temperature when water has maximum unit weight
4 degree celsius (1000kg/m3)
48
When path of individual particles of a flowing liquid are irregular curves and continually cross each other and form a complicated network is called
Turbulent
49
Fraction of soil passing which sieve number for Atterberg limit test
Sieve No. 40
50
A granular soil deposit is considered medium if the blow count of a standard penetration test is between
10-30
51
when at any instant, the number of particles passing every section of the stream are always equal
Continuous Flow
52
What would happen if the ground water table will be at the ground level
Decrease in vertical pressure
53
A line of joining the points of the highest elevation of water in series of vertical open pipes rising from a pipelines in which water flows in pressure
Hydraulic gradient
54
It is an abrupt rise in water surface which results from retarding water flowing at lower stage
Hydraulic jump
55
Most used property in soil properties
Void Ratio
56
A device used to determine the undrained shear strength of the soil which consist of four equal-sized thin steel plates
Shear Vane
57
Wave at a point where the water depth is equal to 1/2 the wavelength or greater to be expressed in terms of parameters of significant waves
Deep Water Wave
58
Inform and advice road users of directions, distances, routes, the location services, and points of interest
Guide sign
59
A continous structure built parallel to along the margin of the sea or alongside river where vessel may lie along side to receive o discharge cargo or disembark passenger s or lie at rest.
Wharf
60
Messages when painted on pavement is limited to how many words only
2 or less
61
Two angles whos sum is 360 degrees
Conjugate angle
62
Ratio of wave heigth to wavelength
Steepness
63
Formula sum of exponents
(sum exp inside)(n+t-1Ct)
64
Triangle circumscribing a circle
Area = rs
65
Triangle circumscribe by circle
Area = (abc)/4R
66
Sum of diagonals
(n/2)(n-3)
67
Area of Quadlirateral(diagonal)
A= 0.5(d1)(d2)sin(theta)
68
Formula for parallelogram
(d1)^2 +(d2)^2 = 2(a^2 +b^2)
69
Volume and Area of tetrahedron
V = (a^3)/6sqrt(2) : A = (a^2)sqrt(3)
70
Area of polar(integral)
(0.5)INTEGRAL(r^2)
71
Law of Cooling
T = Tm +Ce^(kt)
72
DBM
K = 1- nth root of (SV/FC)
73
DDBM
0 - FC; 1 - FC(1-2/n)
74
CC
FC + (FC-SV) or Mainte/(1+i)^k -1
75
Correction for Distances
Cd = (MD/TL)(error)
76
Correction for sag
(W^2L^3)/(24P^2)
77
Probable Error single measurement
0.6745(Sx)
78
Rate of Accident (Highway)
(# 100M)/(L N 365 ADT)
79
Impact factor
e + f =(v^2)/(gR)
80
Radius of Vertical Summit SSD
S^2/2(sqrtH1 + sqrtH2)^2
81
Vertical Sag L>S
L = (AS^2)/(122 + 3.5 S)
82
Horizontal Curve L>SD
R = (S^2)/8M
83
Horizontal Curve L
R= (2SL - L^2)/8M
84
y (Dist from Ts to any point in Tangent)
L - (L^5)/(40 R^2 Ls^2)
85
Length of Spiral given velocity
Ls = (0.036V^3)/R
86
Centroid of parabolic shape from base
(1/3) of heigth
87
Rigidity of of Axial
AE
88
What is stiffness
Force or Moment/Deformation Rotation
89
Shape factor
Mp/Me or Z/S
90
Shear Flow
R/S or VQ/I
91
M/I is equivalent to
E/rho(radius of curvature)
92
Max y for simply supported beam supporting point load
(Pb*(3L^2 - 4b^2))/48EI
93
Max y for simply supported beam supporting uniform load
(5wL^4)/384EI
94
Allowable concrete stress
0.45 f'c
95
Allowable steel stress if Fy= 420 MPa
170 Mpa
96
Cracking Stress
fr = 0.62f'c
97
Modulus of elasticity of light weight concrete
0.043 (f'c^1.5) sqrt(f'c)
98
Cmax
(3/7) d
99
Av min with f'c
(0.062 sqrt(f'c) bw S)/fyt
100
Av min without f'c
(0.36 bw S)/fyt
101
Shear capacity of concrete
0.17 sqrt(f'c) bw d
102
Spacing formula for design of shear reinforcement
S= (Av fyt bw d)/ Vs
103
complex number exponential form
re^(theta i)
104
complex number trigonometric form
rcos(theta) + ir sin(theta)
105
period formula
P = 2pi/B
106
Median of triangle
4Ma^2 = 2c^2 + 2b^2 - a^2
107
Perimeter of ellipse
P= 2pi sqrt((a^2 + b^2)/2)
108
Volume of Spherical segment 1 Base
V = ((pi h^2)/3) (3R-h)
109
Volume of Spherical segment 2 Base
V = ((pi h)/6) (3a^2 +3b^2 + h^2)
110
Spherical zone area
2 pi r h
111
Latus rectum of parabola
LR= 4a
112
Exact DE solution Value of K(y)
INTEGRAL(N- partial(INTEG of M)) dy
113
Correction to slope
h^2 / 2S
114
Hcr
0,0675k^2
115
SD (Stadia method)
SD = (f/i)s cos(theta) +f+c
116
Sx
sigma x (n-1) (sample deviation)
117
Relative precision
RP = PE/mpv
118
Weight
1/ PE^2
119
MPV
average or Sum xW/W
120
Density
Vehicles/Length
121
Kjam
4qmax/Free flow
122
Peak hour Factor
sum of vehicles/(Max Xmin volume/ Xminute) *60 minute
123
Frog number
HL/HS or 0.5cot(theta/2)
124
Design of Pavement center dowel
sqrt(3W/4f)
125
Stopping SD
SSD= Vitr + (Vi^2)/(2g)(f+-G_
126
Vertical Sag R
R= (V^2)/6.5
127
Prismoidal Correction
L/12 (H1-H2)(C1-C2)
128
Deflection at any point X of cantilever beam
yEI= ((Px^2)/6) (3a - x) (fr. 0 to a)
129
Spacing for spiral column
S= (4As (Dc - db))/ DC^2 *rhossteel (FR. 25 - 75)
130
Wide beam shear stress
Vu/(0.75 bw d)
131
Pressure of Footing (Axial & Moment) if e actual > L/6
q= 2P/3aWidth
131
Purlins with sagrods 1 and 2
1/32 and 1/90 wL^2
132
Allowable buckling Axial load (Eulers)
(pi^2 EI) / (KL)^2
133
Allowable shear stress of steel
0.3Fu
133
Allowable bearing stress of steel
1.2Fu
134
Block Shear
P= 0.3FuAv + 0.5FuAt
135
Strenght based on Yielding
P = 0.6Fy Ag
136
Summation of errors
Esum = sqrt(squred of individual errors)
137
Product of errors (sample in Areas)
Ep= sqrt((b ERROR a)^2 +(a ERROR b)^2)
138
Service rate
(Time interval)/meter cycle
139
Benefit cost ratio
P Income/ P capital
140
Mean value thorem
F'c = (f(b) - f(a)) / (b-a)
141
Sum of roots
SOR= -b/a
142
Product of roots
POR= constant/ coeff of highest exp
143
Area of common shapes given sides
A= ns^2 / 4tan(180/n)
144
HP to Watts
1 HP = 746 watts
145
Metacentric height
MG = MB - GB (if stable)
146
MB formula floating boadies
MB = I/Vd
147
Height of paraboloid in rotating vessel
Y= w^2x^2 / 2g
148
Rectangular weir
Q= (2/3)C sqrt(2gH) ((H+Hv)^(3/2) - Hv^(3/2))
149
Triangular weir
Q= (8/15)Csqrt(2gH) tan(theta/2)H^(5/2)
150
Triangular weir if 90°
Q= 1.4H^(5/2)
151
Cipolleti weir (4V:1H)
Q= 1.859H^(5/2)
152
Volume of paraboloid
V= (pi r^2 h) /2
153
Reynolds number
Re = (Diameter Vavg)/kinetic viscosity ; K viscosity = dynamic viscosity/rho
154
Friction factor if laminar
f= 64/Re
155
coefficient of friction if turbulent
f= 0.3164/ 4th root of(Re)
156
Celerity of non rigid pipe
C = sqrt( Eb / (rho(1+ (Eb d / Es t))))
157
Time of closure
Tc = 2L/Celerity
158
Pressure in water hammer
P = rho C velocity
159
Composite bulk of elasticity
Inverse(Ec) = inverse(Eb) + d/Es t
160
Hydraulic jump
Fs1 + Fd1 = Fs2 + Fd2
161
Hydro dynamics
Fs= rho Q Velocity
162
Boundary shear stress
To = Rh gamma slope
163
Froudes number
FN = sqrt( T Q^2 / A^3 g)
164
Terzhagi equation
qu= 1.3CNc + Df gamma Nq + 0.4 B gamma Ngamma
165
Radius of summit curve
R = L/ (g1 - g2)
166
Main bar spacing(minimum)
Largest of (4/3) Agg size ; db ; 25 mm
167
Dimensions are adequate in shear if Vs is less than Vsmax of:
Vs max = 0.66sqrt(f'c) bw d
168
Load factor
LF = (W/Lm^3)/(W/Bm^3)
169
Shrinkage factor
SF = (W/Bm^3)/(W/CM^3)
170
Bank volume and compacted volume
BV = (cubic meter)(Load factor) ; CV = BV(Shrinkage factor)
171
Adjusted rate of inflation
If = i + f + i f
172
adj rate due to inflation
I adj. = (io - f)/(1+f)
173
Lenght of overhang for least possible moment
X= ((sqrt(2) - 1)/ 2 ) L
174
Eulers buckling load and stress
Pe = (pi^2 E Imin)/(KL)^2 Fe = (pi^2 E)/(Srmax)^2
175
Moment equation and shear for propped beam with support at end plastic analysis
Mp = ((3-2√2) / 2) wL^2 Vp = (2-√2)wL
176
Plastic moment if fixed qt both ends
Mp = (1/16) wL^2
177
Reaction at overhang support of cantilever beam
P = (3/8)wL
178
Volume of spherical triangle
V= (pi r^3)E/540°
179
Reduce live load (must be greater than 0.5LL)
Lo = L( 0.25 + 4.57/Atotal)
180
Deep water waves breaks when
H = L/7
181
Deepwater wave Period (d > 0.5 L)
T= (2pi/g) V
182
Deepwater wave length (d> 0.5L)
L = (2pi/g) V^2
183
Critical web yielding stress
N + 2.5k
184
If two vectors are perpendicular to each other their dot product is
0
185
If two vectors are parallel their cross product is
0
186
AVR (air void ratio)
AVR = (e - Se)/(1+e)
187
Hydraulic gradient critical
icr = (Gs-1)/(1+e)
188
Capillary height
h= C/eD10
189
Seepage force
F = i gamma water
190
Mas shear stress at hollow circular
Vstress = 2V/A
191
Residual water level
RWL= k(HWL-LWL) + LWL where k is 2/3 for pile and 1/3 for gravity type
192
Length of wave
L = V T(period)
193
Velocity of long wave
V= √(gd)
194
Velocity of shallow wave
V = (gT / 2 pi) tanh(2 pi d/L)
195
Velocity of deep wave
V = (gT)/2 pi
196
Palnned water depth
PWD = draft + DLT + allowance (0.5)
197
Half life of c-14
5730
198
Standard time
ST = (1+allowance) Rating HIGHEST OT
199
Swell
Swell % = 1/LF
