random lecture stuff

Question 1

I 92 drug

Answer 1

• drug that only binds to ACH nueron
• when infused only those specfic nuerons are only affected
• serotonin nuerons
• serotonin nuerons only orginate from the CNS

Question 2

monoamines

Answer 2

Monoamines - produced in these locations
- da: snC, VTA
- 5-ht: dorsal medial raphe - this is near the peridactal gray (alot of somas here)
- Epinephrine nuerons: locus coerules

Question 3

gray matter and white matter

Answer 3

gray: somas
white: axons

Question 4

ACH

Answer 4

basal forebrain

Question 5

hippocampus

Answer 5

important for spatial memory
- place cells: navigation - know a place and its context
- give information on learning and memory
- context is important (emotional, temporal, and phsyical)

Question 6

Animal Studies & Lesion Methods:

Answer 6

Electrolytic Lesions

• Definition: Controlled damage to brain tissue using electrical current
• Process: Electric current → Heat → Tissue destruction
• Results: Damages both neurons and passing fibers
• Usage: Historical method, less used now due to lack of specificity

Excitotoxic Lesions
- Definition: Selective neuron death caused by overstimulation
- NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate (a glutamate receptor)
- Glutamate: Main excitatory neurotransmitter in brain
- Process: Overstimulation → Calcium influx → Cell death

Question 7

memory formation

Answer 7

• Encoding: Converting experiences to memories
• Consolidation: Stabilizing memories
• Retrieval: Accessing stored memories

Question 8

memory type

Answer 8

Declarative Memory (Requires Hippocampus)
Definition: Conscious, intentionally recalled memories

Semantic Memory
- Facts, concepts, general knowledge
- Example: Knowing Paris is France’s capital

Episodic Memory:
- Personal experiences, events
- Example: Your last birthday party

Non-declarative Memory
Definition: Unconscious, automatic memories

Procedural Memory:
- Skills and procedures
- Example: Riding a bike, typing

Motor Memory:
- Movement patterns
- Example: Playing piano, swimming

Question 9

memory process stages

Answer 9

Encoding
- Initial learning of information
- Converting experiences into neural representations
- Attention is crucial at this stage

Storage (Consolidation)
- Most active immediately after learning
- Process of stabilizing memories
Key points:
- Strongest right after an event
- Vulnerable to interference early on
- Requires protein synthesis

Recall (Retrieval)
- Accessing stored memories
- Often tested in exams

types
- Free recall (no cues)
- Cued recall (with prompts)
- Recognition (selecting from options)