random other things for now

Question 1

what is intussusception

Answer 1

its when the bowel telescopes on intself

Question 2

when does intussusception occur (age range)

Answer 2

6 months - 2 years old

more common in boys

Question 3

what is red currant jelly stools a sign of

Answer 3

intussusception

Question 4

Question 5

what are the 2 types of volvulus

Answer 5

sigmoid
caecal

Question 6

which type of volvulus is more common

Answer 6

sigmoid but its more common in older patients

Question 7

which type of volvulus is less common

Answer 7

caecal

Question 8

which type of volvulus tend to effect younger patients

Answer 8

caecal

Question 9

what is the tale of volvulus

Answer 9

green bilious vomiting

Question 10

where is the pyloric sphincter located between

Answer 10

the stomach and duodenum

Question 11

what is pyloric stenosis

Answer 11

narrowing of the pyloric sphincter

Question 12

what is a key sign for pyloric stenosis

Answer 12

projectile vomiting

Question 13

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a life-threatening illness almost exclusively affecting neonates. NEC has a mortality rate as high as 50%.

Answer 13

Necrotizing enterocolitis is caused by bacterial invasion into the intestinal wall. This leads to inflammation and cellular destruction of the wall of the intestine

Question 14

_______________________, are rare congenital dilations (enlargements) of the bile ducts,

Answer 14

Choledochal cysts

Question 15

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip is a congenital disorder in which the acetabulum is underdeveloped or there is dislocation of the hip.

Question 16

what position does the baby need to be in to scan for Developmental Dysplasia

Answer 16

lateral decub

Question 17

normal alpha angle for DDH

Answer 17

greater than 60 degrees

Question 18

normal beta angle for DDH

Answer 18

less than 55 degrees

Question 19

Question 20

_____________________ is a rare soft tissue sarcoma occurring
predominantly in the paediatric and adolescent population
that can arise anywhere in the human body.

Answer 20

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 21

____________________ is the most common pediatric soft tissue
sarcoma

Answer 21

rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 22

Rhabdomyosarcoma is the third most common solid cancer outside the central nervous system in children (after Wilms tumor and neuroblastoma)

Answer 22

Although rhabdomyosarcoma can occur almost anywhere in the body, the cancer has a predilection for several sites (4):

Head and neck region (approximately 35%), usually in the orbit or nasopharyngeal passages: Most common among school-aged children

Genitourinary system (approximately 25%), usually in the bladder, prostate, or vagina: Usually occurring in infants and toddlers

Extremities (approximately 20%): Most common among adolescents

Trunk/miscellaneous sites (approximately 20%

Question 23

There are 2 major histologic subtypes of rhabdomyosarcoma:

Answer 23

Embryonal: Characterized by loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 11p15.5

Alveolar: Associated with translocation t(2;13), which fuses the PAX3 gene with the FOXO1 (FKHR) gene, and t(1;13), which fuses the PAX7 gene with the FOXO1 (FKHR) gene

Question 24

best position for spine examination

Answer 24

infant lying in the prone position, although the
study can also be done with the patient lying on his or her side.

Question 25

how many veterbrae are in C, T, L, and S segments of the spine

Answer 25

C=7 T=12 L=5 S= 5 sacrum and coccyx

Question 26

other names for C1 and C2 segments of spine

Answer 26

C1- atlas C2- axis

Question 27

Question 28

where should conus medullaris end at

Answer 28

Question 29

cystic area distal to conus

Answer 29

filar cyst

Question 30

for hips the ____________ method is perhaps the most widely used US screening technique

Answer 30

Graf

Question 31

Three anatomic landmarks (______________________________________) are used to measure the α and β angles.

Answer 31

the iliac line, triradiate cartilage, and labrum

Question 32

what is 1

Answer 32

1, chondro-osseous junction between the bony part and the cartilaginous part of the femoral neck;

Question 33

what is 2

Answer 33

2, cartilaginous part of the femoral head (hyaline cartilage);

Question 34

what is 3

Answer 34

3, greater trochanter;

Question 35

what is 4

Answer 35

4, iliac bone;

Question 36

what is 5

Answer 36

5, lower limb of the ilium and bony acetabular roof;

Question 37

what is 6

Answer 37

6, cartilaginous acetabular roof;

Question 38

what is 7

Answer 38

7, acetabular labrum;

Question 39

what is 8

Answer 39

synovial fold

Question 40

The Graf α angle is defined as the angle formed between the ________________________________________ of the ilium in the coronal plane (Fig. 5A). An α angle less than 60° is abnormal and reflects a shallow acetabulum

Answer 40

acetabular roof and the vertical cortex

Question 41

The Graf β angle is formed by a line drawn through the vertical ____________________________ (Fig. 5A). A Graf β angle greater than 55° is abnormal. With superolateral femoral head displacement, the labrum is elevated, thereby increasing the β angle

Answer 41

ilium and the cartilaginous acetabular labrum

Question 42

what is 1

Answer 42

1, a straight iliac line;

Question 43

what is 2

Answer 43

2, the tip of the acetabular labrum; and

Question 44

what is 3

Answer 44

3, the transition from the os ilium to the triradiate cartilage

Question 45

4. A transverse flexion ultrasonography through the right hip joint of a 5-week-old boy with a normal clinical hip examination. A. The hip and knee are flexed 90°, and the ultrasound transducer is placed perpendicular to the lateral aspect of the infant’s hip. B. Transverse ultrasound image shows gluteus muscles (G), the cartilaginous femoral head (FH), metaphysis, ischium (I), and labrum (L)

Question 46

A congenital variant of the liver, can sometimes be seen as an anterior projection of the liver and may extend inferiorly as far as the iliac crest.

Answer 46

Riedel's lobe

Question 47

Congenital malformation in which both kidneys are joined together by an isthmus, most commonly at the lower poles

Answer 47

horseshoe kidney

Question 48

3 congenital biliary tree anomalies

Answer 48

Biliary atresia Choledochal cysts Interposition of the gallbladder

Question 49

found in babies and children so what could it be? intermittent jaundice colicky pain possibly a subhepatic mass displacing the stomach usually diagnosed before 10 years of age

Answer 49

CHOLEDOCHAL CYSTS

Question 50

Ranges from a total absence of biliary tree to formation of a rudimentary gallbladder and cystic duct Suspected with persistent neonatal jaundice (infectious causes must be excluded)

Answer 50

BILIARY ATRESIA

Question 51

T/F Pancreatic pseudocysts can be a congenital finding.

Answer 51

false

Question 52

A congenital disease that is described as narrowing or obliteration of the bile ducts is referred to as:

Answer 52

biliary atresia. key word is congenital

Question 53

is hepatic cyst congenital or acquired or both

Answer 53

both but most are congenital

Question 54

which pathology- liver – developmental defects of bile ducts – asymptomatic – incidental finding – solitary – more often affects the right lobe – vary in size from mm to 20 cm

Answer 54

HEPATIC CYSTS-Congenital

Question 55

SMALL BOWEL a true congenital diverticulum, is a small bulge in the small intestine present at birth. It is a remnant of the omphalomesenteric duct (also called the vitelline duct) It is the most frequent malformation of the gastrointestinal tract. It is present in approximately 2% of the population, with males more frequently experiencing symptoms

Answer 55

MECKELS DIVERTICULUM

Question 56

SMALL BOWEL It is the most frequent malformation of the gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 56

MECKELS DIVERTICULUM

Question 57

SMALL BOWEL A memory aid is the rule of 2's: 2% (of the population) 2% are symptomatic 2 feet (from the ileocecal valve) 2 inches (in length) 2 types of common ectopic tissue (gastric and pancreatic) Most common age at clinical presentation is 2 Males are 2 times as likely to be affected

Answer 57

MECKELS DIVERTICULUM

Question 58

SMALL BOWEL more pseudo kidney sign which is ____________________

Answer 58

INTUSSUSCEPTION

Question 59

SMALL BOWEL The telescoping of bowel--Proximal loop of bowel telescopes into the lumen of the adjacent distal portion Can lead to bowel obstruction, perforation, peritonitis, and vascular compromise Usually occurs in children (between ages 3 mos and 3 years) Symptoms include intermittent, colicky pain, distension, and vomiting, possibly an abdominal mass and rectal bleeding Usually evaluated with ultrasound and corrected with a barium enema

Answer 59

INTUSSUSCEPTION

Question 60

SMALL BOWEL Sonographic appearance - target pattern (donut sign); can have a pseudokidney appearance in the long axis

Answer 60

INTUSSUSCEPTION

Question 61

Occurs in infants with 95% of cases occurring between 3-12 weeks with the peak occurrence at 4 weeks of age

Answer 61

HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS More common in males (4 to 1)

Question 62

Hypertrophic enlargement of the pyloric muscle (channel between the stomach and the duodenum)

Answer 62

HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS More common in males (4 to 1)

Question 63

Infants present with PROJECTILE vomiting without bile, dehydration, lethargy and failure to thrive are clinical symptoms

Answer 63

HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS More common in males (4 to 1)

Question 64

Answer 64

PYLORIC MUSCLE BEING PUSHED DOWN UNDER STOMACH.

Question 65

This is a congenital disorder that causes the body to accumulate excess copper, particularly in the liver, brain, and eyes. This buildup can damage organs and lead to life threatening conditions and thus require the patient to have a liver transplant to prolong life/survive.

Answer 65

wilson disease

Question 66

infantile polycystic kidney disease is characterized by enlarged, echogenic kidneys bilaterally. The individual cysts can be difficult to demonstrate sonographically because

Answer 66

the cyst are microscopic

Question 67

an inherited renal disease that results in bilateral enlargement of fetal kidneys

Answer 67

infantile polycystic kidney disease

Question 68

a congenitally enlarged ureter

Answer 68

megaureter

Question 69

uteropelvic junction obstruction is the most common cause of A) congenital hydronephrosis B) nephroblastoma C) wilms tumor D) prune belly syndrome

Answer 69

A) congenital hydronephrosis

Question 70

This is a common congenital outpouching of the wall of the small intestine

Answer 70

Meckel diverticulum Meckel's diverticulum is a common congenital condition where a small pouch, or diverticulum, forms in the wall of the small intestine, usually near the junction with the large intestine. It's a remnant of the yolk sac connection that nourishes the developing embryo, and in some cases, it can contain tissue from other parts of the digestive system (like the stomach or pancreas)

Question 71

What is a typical feature of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia on ultrasound in a neonate?

Answer 71

A hyperechoic mass in the left chest with associated lung hypoplasia Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a birth defect where the diaphragm, the muscle separating the chest and abdomen, fails to close properly during fetal development, leading to abdominal organs herniating into the chest cavity. This can affect lung development and cause breathing difficulties, especially at birth.

Question 72

a common congenital outpouching of the wall of the intestine. considered to be the most common congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract as a result of incomplete obliteration of the vitelline duct

Answer 72

meckel diverticulum the rule of 2 states that the meckel diverticulum occurs in about 2% of the population, is about 2 inches in length, is usually located within 2 feet of the ileocecal valave, and usually presents before 2 yearsof age

Question 73

An infant is sent to you with a palpable "olive sign" on physical exam. What will you be scanning for?

Answer 73

when the pyloric sphincter muscle is enlarged and palpable on physical examination of the abdomen; often indicative of pyloric stenosis olive sign—when the pyloric sphincter muscle is enlarged and palpable on physical examination of the abdomen; often indicative of pyloric stenosis