Random Questions

Question 1

A nurse is caring for a patient who is prescribed an oral medication. The patient asks why they have to take a higher dose of the oral medication compared to a friend who takes the same medication through an injection.

A. The liver metabolizes a portion of the oral drug before it enters systemic circulation.
B. Oral medications bypass the liver and enter the bloodstream directly
C. Oral medication undergo a first pass effect, which reduces the concentration of the drug it reaches target tissues.
D. Injectible drugs are excreted more quickly than oral drugs
E. First-pass metabolism does not effect oral medication.

Answer 1

C. Oral medication undergo a first pass effect, which reduces the concentration of the drug it reaches target tissues.

Rationale:

Question 2

A nurse is reviewing medications with a newly hired nurse during orientation. The nurse is emphasizing strategies to reduce medication errors in clinical practice.

A. Follow the “Five Rights” of medication administration: Right patient, Right drug, Right dose, Right route, Right time.
B. Use error-prone abbreviations in documentation to save time.
C. Double-check high-alert medications with another nurse.
D. Use verbal orders when possible for efficiency.
E. Perform medication reconciliation when patients are transferred between units.

Answer 2

A. C. E.

Question 3

A nurse is caring for a 4-year-old child who has been prescribed a new antibiotic. The nurse is explaining to the parent how children’s bodies process drugs differently from adults.

Which of the following statements by the nurse correctly describes how pharmacokinetics is altered in pediatric patients?

A. “Children have a higher rate of metabolism, which may require higher doses of the drug.”
B. “Children’s liver enzymes are immature, so drugs may accumulate in their bodies and cause toxicity.”
C. “Children have increased renal excretion, so the drug will leave their bodies faster than in adults.”
D. “The distribution of the drug in children is affected by lower levels of plasma protein binding, increasing the risk of drug toxicity.”
E. “Pediatric patients typically require higher drug dosages than adults due to their rapid growth.”

Answer 3

B. D.

Question 4

A nurse is counseling a 30-year-old pregnant woman about the use of over-the-counter (OTC) medications during pregnancy. The woman asks about the safety of taking cold medications while pregnant.

Which of the following factors should the nurse include in the discussion about the use of medications during pregnancy? (Select all that apply)

A. “Certain OTC medications can cross the placental barrier and affect fetal development.”
B. “Always consult your healthcare provider before taking any medications during pregnancy.”
C. “During the first trimester, the fetus is most vulnerable to the effects of medications.”
D. “OTC medications are generally safe for use during pregnancy because they do not require a prescription.”
E. “The Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule requires clear labeling about the risks of medications during pregnancy.”

Answer 4

A. B. C. E.

Question 5

A nurse is reviewing the medication list of a 70-year-old patient with multiple chronic conditions. The patient is prescribed six different medications, including an anticoagulant, an antihypertensive, and a pain reliever. The patient reports feeling dizzy and confused.
What factors should the nurse consider regarding polypharmacy and drug interactions in this patient?

A. Older adults are at increased risk of adverse drug reactions due to age-related changes in drug metabolism.
B. Polypharmacy increases the risk of drug-drug interactions, especially with medications affecting the central nervous system.
C. The nurse should assume the dizziness and confusion are related to nonadherence to the prescribed regimen.
D. Polypharmacy is only a concern when patients are prescribed more than 10 medications.
E. Age-related decline in kidney and liver function can lead to the accumulation of drugs in the body, increasing the risk of toxicity.

Answer 5

A. B. E.

Question 6

A nurse is preparing to administer a drug that acts as an antagonist at receptor sites. The patient asks what this means for their treatment.
Which of the following is the nurse’s best response about how an antagonist works?

A. “An antagonist binds to a receptor and activates a response, increasing the effect of the natural substance.”
B. “An antagonist blocks the receptor from being activated, preventing a natural response from occurring.”
C. “An antagonist produces a stronger response than an agonist by increasing the sensitivity of the receptor.”
D. “An antagonist helps the natural substance bind more strongly to the receptor, amplifying the effect.”

Answer 6

B.

Question 7

A nurse is educating a patient who has been prescribed a Schedule II controlled substance for chronic pain management. The patient asks why the drug is categorized this way.
Which of the following should the nurse include in the explanation of drug scheduling?

A. Schedule II drugs have the highest potential for abuse and no accepted medical use.
B. Schedule II drugs have a high potential for abuse, but they are approved for medical use with restrictions.
C. Schedule II drugs have a low potential for abuse and are available without a prescription.
D. Schedule II drugs are generally considered safe for long-term use with minimal risk of dependency.

Answer 7

B.

Question 8

A nurse is administering a new medication to a patient. During the medication administration, the nurse realizes that the wrong dose of the drug has been prepared.
What are the nurse’s priority actions to ensure patient safety? (Select all that apply)

A. Administer the medication and monitor for adverse reactions.
B. Stop the preparation and verify the correct dose with the medication order.
C. Report the error to the healthcare provider immediately.
D. Document the event in the patient’s medical record as a near-miss.
E. Notify the pharmacy to confirm that the correct dose was supplied.

Answer 8

B. C. E.

Question 9

A patient who is receiving an intravenous (IV) medication asks the nurse why this method is being used instead of taking the medication orally.
Which of the following explanations should the nurse provide?

A. “IV medications are absorbed more slowly than oral medications.”
B. “IV medications avoid the first-pass effect, allowing the drug to take effect more quickly.”
C. “Oral medications are more potent, but IV medications are easier to administer.”
D. “IV medications are less effective but safer than oral medications.”

Answer 9

B.

Question 10

A nurse is administering a medication with a narrow therapeutic index to a patient. The patient asks why regular blood tests are needed.
Which of the following statements best explains the nurse’s reasoning for monitoring drug levels in this patient?

A. “The therapeutic index indicates the drug’s potential for abuse.”
B. “A narrow therapeutic index means there is a small margin between the therapeutic dose and the toxic dose.”
C. “Drugs with a narrow therapeutic index are safer and do not require frequent monitoring.”
D. “The therapeutic index refers to how quickly the drug takes effect.”

Answer 10

B

Question 11

A nurse is performing medication reconciliation for a patient who has been transferred from another facility. The patient is taking several prescription drugs and over-the-counter supplements.
What are the key steps the nurse should take during the medication reconciliation process to ensure safety? (Select all that apply)

A. Compare the patient’s current medication list with the medications prescribed at the new facility.
B. Document any discrepancies between the medications and resolve them with the healthcare provider.
C. Discontinue all over-the-counter supplements since they are not part of the patient’s prescribed medications.
D. Verify the patient’s understanding of each medication, including its purpose, dose, and frequency.
E. Contact the pharmacy to ensure all medications are available and can be administered as ordered.

Answer 11

A. B. D.

Question 12

A 75-year-old patient is prescribed an oral medication for hypertension. The nurse knows that age-related changes can affect drug absorption and metabolism.
Which of the following age-related factors should the nurse consider when administering this medication? (Select all that apply)

A. Decreased gastric motility may delay the absorption of oral medications.
B. Increased renal function may accelerate drug excretion.
C. Reduced liver enzyme activity may prolong drug metabolism.
D. Older adults typically have increased body water, affecting drug distribution.
E. Decreased albumin levels may increase the concentration of free drug in the bloodstream.

Answer 12

A. C. E

Question 13

A nurse is administering two medications that have different potencies but are used to treat the same condition. The patient asks what it means for one drug to be “more potent” than the other.
Which of the following is the nurse’s best explanation of drug potency?

A. “A more potent drug will always have a faster onset of action.”
B. “A more potent drug will require a higher dose to produce the same therapeutic effect as a less potent drug.”
C. “A more potent drug requires a lower dose to achieve the same effect as a less potent drug.”
D. “Potency refers to how long the drug stays active in your system.”

Answer 13

C.

Question 14

A nurse is administering a medication that undergoes significant first-pass metabolism. The patient asks why the oral dose is so much higher than the IV dose.
Which of the following should the nurse include in the explanation about the first-pass effect?

A. “The oral medication passes directly into the bloodstream, so a higher dose is needed.”
B. “The first-pass effect means that a significant amount of the oral drug is metabolized by the liver before reaching systemic circulation.”
C. “Oral drugs do not undergo metabolism, so a higher dose is always required.”
D. “First-pass metabolism increases the potency of oral medications, allowing them to be more effective.”

Answer 14

B.

Question 15

A nurse is preparing to administer a liquid medication to a 3-year-old child. The nurse is aware of special considerations for pediatric patients in terms of drug metabolism and excretion.
Which of the following should the nurse consider when administering the medication to this child? (Select all that apply)

A. Children’s liver enzyme systems are immature, which can affect drug metabolism.
B. Pediatric patients often require higher drug doses because they metabolize drugs faster than adults.
C. Children have a lower body water percentage, which affects drug distribution.
D. Drug absorption in children may be slower due to decreased gastric acidity.
E. Renal function is fully developed in children, so drug excretion is similar to adults.

Answer 15

A. B. D.

Question 16

A patient has been prescribed a new antihypertensive medication. The nurse is teaching the patient about possible side effects and when to report them.
Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching about adverse drug reactions?

A. “If you experience dizziness, it means the drug is not working, and you should stop taking it immediately.”
B. “You should report any new or unusual symptoms, such as persistent dizziness or swelling, to your healthcare provider.”
C. “It is normal to experience severe side effects for the first few weeks, and you should wait to report them.”
D. “Side effects only occur when the drug is taken in higher-than-prescribed doses.”

Answer 16

B.

Question 17

A nurse is caring for a patient who is prescribed two drugs that are metabolized by the same liver enzyme. The nurse knows that drug interactions could occur due to competition for metabolism.
Which pharmacokinetic process is most affected by this interaction?

A. Absorption
B. Distribution
C. Metabolism
D. Excretion

Answer 17

C.

Question 18

A nurse is preparing to administer a high-alert medication, which requires special precautions.

What are the nurse’s responsibilities when administering a high-alert medication? (Select all that apply)
A. Perform an independent double-check with another nurse before administering the medication.
B. Administer the medication without delay, even if unsure of the dosage.
C. Verify the patient’s identity using at least two identifiers.
D. Ensure that the medication is labeled correctly and matches the order.
E. Document the administration immediately after giving the medication.

Answer 18

A. C. D. E.

Question 19

A nurse administers a drug that binds to a receptor and produces a therapeutic response. The patient asks how the drug works.

Which of the following best explains how a drug works at the receptor level?
A. The drug blocks the receptor and prevents any effect.
B. The drug mimics the body’s natural chemicals and activates the receptor to produce a response.
C. The drug reduces the body’s ability to respond by inactivating the receptor.
D. The drug binds to the receptor permanently and cannot be removed from the system.

Answer 19

B.

Question 20

A nurse is caring for a 2-year-old child who has been prescribed an oral liquid antibiotic. The parent asks why the nurse is using a special measuring device for the medication.

Which of the following statements by the nurse explains the reason for using a special measuring device for pediatric patients?
A. “Pediatric patients require larger doses, so we use a larger measuring device.”
B. “Accurate measurement of liquid medications is important because children have different metabolic rates than adults.”
C. “The device ensures the medication is absorbed more quickly.”
D. “Using a measuring spoon helps the child swallow the medication more easily.”

Answer 20

B.

Question 21

A nurse is administering an oral medication that is affected by the patient’s gastric pH. The patient has been taking antacids for indigestion.

How might the patient’s use of antacids affect the absorption of the oral medication?
A. The antacids may increase the gastric pH, leading to reduced absorption of the medication.
B. Antacids will enhance drug absorption by lowering gastric pH.
C. Antacids have no effect on drug absorption.
D. Antacids increase the bioavailability of the drug by speeding up gastric emptying.

Answer 21

A.

Question 22

A nurse is caring for a patient who develops a severe rash after taking a new medication. The patient asks what might have caused the rash.

Which of the following is the nurse’s best explanation of an adverse drug reaction?
A. “An adverse drug reaction is an unexpected effect that occurs at a normal dose of a drug.”
B. “An adverse drug reaction is always a sign of drug toxicity.”
C. “Adverse drug reactions only occur when the drug is taken in excess.”
D. “This is likely an allergic reaction, which means the drug is working as intended.”

Answer 22

A.

Question 23

A nurse is teaching a patient about the medications they will be taking. The patient notices that the medications have both generic and trade names and asks why this is important.

Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching? (Select all that apply)
A. “The trade name is the brand name given by the manufacturer, while the generic name is the chemical name.”
B. “Generic drugs are usually more expensive than their trade-name counterparts.”
C. “Generic drugs must meet the same standards for quality and efficacy as trade-name drugs.”
D. “Knowing both names can help you avoid confusion and ensure you receive the correct medication.”
E. “Trade names can vary by country, but the generic name remains the same worldwide.”

Answer 23

C.
D.
E. trade name (or brand name) of a drug is often different depending on the country, but the generic name, which is based on the drug’s chemical structure, remains consistent across countries.

Question 24

A nurse administers the wrong dose of a medication to a patient. After realizing the error, the nurse begins the process of reporting and resolving the error.

Which actions should the nurse take to ensure the correct steps are followed after a medication error? (Select all that apply)
A. Notify the healthcare provider immediately.
B. Complete an incident report according to facility policy.
C. Hide the error to avoid disciplinary action.
D. Monitor the patient closely for any adverse effects.
E. Inform the patient and family about the error.

Answer 24

A. B. D. E

Question 25

A 78-year-old patient has been prescribed several medications for chronic conditions. The nurse understands that age-related changes may affect how these drugs are metabolized. Which of the following age-related changes can influence drug metabolism in older adults? (Select all that apply) A. Decreased hepatic blood flow. B. Increased gastrointestinal motility. C. Reduced liver enzyme activity. D. Increased glomerular filtration rate. E. Decreased renal function.

Answer 25

A. C. E.

Question 26

A patient is prescribed a drug with a narrow therapeutic index. The healthcare provider orders regular blood tests to monitor drug levels. Why is regular monitoring of drug levels important for a drug with a narrow therapeutic index? A. There is a wide margin between the therapeutic and toxic doses. B. It ensures that the drug stays within the therapeutic range, preventing toxicity. C. Drugs with a narrow therapeutic index do not require frequent monitoring. D. It helps the nurse determine how often the patient should take the drug.

Answer 26

B.

Question 27

A pregnant patient asks the nurse whether she can continue taking her over-the-counter cold medications. Which of the following responses by the nurse is appropriate? A. "It’s safe to continue all over-the-counter medications during pregnancy since they are not prescription drugs." B. "Consult with your healthcare provider before taking any medications during pregnancy, even over-the-counter ones." C. "Only prescription drugs pose a risk during pregnancy, so you can continue using over-the-counter medications." D. "There’s no need to worry about medications affecting the baby, especially after the first trimester."

Answer 27

B.

Question 28

A nurse is teaching a patient about the medications they will be taking. The patient notices that the medications have both generic and trade names and asks why this is important. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching? (Select all that apply) A. "The trade name is the brand name given by the manufacturer, while the generic name is the chemical name." B. "Generic drugs are usually more expensive than their trade-name counterparts." C. "Generic drugs must meet the same standards for quality and efficacy as trade-name drugs." D. "Knowing both names can help you avoid confusion and ensure you receive the correct medication." E. "Trade names can vary by country, but the generic name remains the same worldwide."

Answer 28

C. D. E.

Question 29

A patient with chronic headaches inquires about the difference between prescription medications and over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers. Which of the following distinctions should the nurse provide regarding prescription and OTC medications? A. "OTC medications are always safer than prescription medications." B. "Prescription medications are usually used for more severe conditions, while OTC medications are for mild symptoms." C. "OTC medications do not have side effects, while prescription medications always do." D. "You can take as much OTC medication as you want without consulting a healthcare provider."

Answer 29

B.

Question 30

A nurse is counseling a pregnant patient about medication use during pregnancy. The patient expresses concern about the effects of drugs on the fetus. Which of the following factors should the nurse explain that can affect drug pharmacokinetics in pregnant women? (Select all that apply) A. Increased blood volume may enhance drug distribution. B. Decreased gastrointestinal motility can delay drug absorption. C. Increased liver enzyme activity can speed up drug metabolism. D. Enhanced renal clearance can lead to faster drug elimination. E. Pregnancy does not affect drug pharmacokinetics.

Answer 30

A. B. C. D.

Question 31

A nurse is administering an antibiotic to an infant and is aware that pharmacodynamics differs in this age group compared to adults. Which of the following pharmacodynamic considerations should the nurse take into account when administering medications to infants? (Select all that apply) A. Infants have a higher metabolic rate, requiring larger doses of medications. B. The immature blood-brain barrier may increase the risk of central nervous system effects. C. Drug responses may be unpredictable due to immature organ function. D. Infants have an increased percentage of body water, affecting drug distribution. E. Drug elimination is typically faster in infants than in adults.

Question 32

A 15-year-old patient is prescribed a medication for acne. The parent expresses concern about the side effects. Which of the following considerations should the nurse discuss regarding medication use in adolescents? (Select all that apply) A. Adolescents may have different side effects than adults due to hormonal changes. B. Medications may affect growth and development during adolescence. C. Adolescents may be less compliant with medication regimens than younger children. D. All medications are equally effective in adolescents as they are in adults. E. Adolescent patients may require higher doses due to increased metabolic demands.

Question 33

A nurse is assessing an older adult patient who takes multiple medications. The patient expresses concern about potential drug interactions. Which of the following factors should the nurse consider when evaluating pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in older adults? (Select all that apply) A. Decreased liver function can lead to prolonged drug half-life. B. Increased body fat can affect drug distribution and storage. C. Older adults typically have a higher percentage of lean body mass. D. Decreased renal function can impair drug excretion and increase toxicity risk. E. Drug metabolism is typically faster in older adults compared to younger populations.

Answer 33

B. C. D.

Question 34

A pregnant patient is interested in using complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies for nausea and vomiting. Which of the following should the nurse include in the teaching regarding CAM therapies during pregnancy? (Select all that apply) A. "Always consult your healthcare provider before starting any CAM therapy." B. "Many herbal supplements are safe to use during pregnancy without risk." C. "Some CAM therapies can interact with prescribed medications and affect pregnancy outcomes." D. "Acupressure and ginger are commonly recommended for pregnancy-related nausea." E. "It is safe to use any CAM therapy that has been effective for friends or family."

Answer 34

A. C. D.

Question 35

A nurse is teaching a patient about potential drug interactions between a prescribed medication and herbal supplements they are taking. Which of the following should the nurse explain about how pharmacodynamics can be affected by these interactions? A. "Some herbal supplements can enhance the therapeutic effect of prescription medications." B. "Interactions between drugs and herbal supplements can only lead to increased side effects." C. "Herbal supplements do not affect how other medications work in your body." D. "It is important to monitor for changes in therapeutic effects when combining medications with herbal products."

Answer 35

D.

Question 36

Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between a generic name and a trade name of a drug? A. "The generic name is always longer and more complex than the trade name." B. "The trade name is the name given by the original manufacturer, while the generic name is its chemical name." C. "The generic name is the non-proprietary name, while the trade name is the brand name given by the manufacturer." D. "The trade name is usually used in clinical settings, while the generic name is used in patient education."

Answer 36

C. "The generic name is the non-proprietary name, while the trade name is the brand name given by the manufacturer." Rationale: The generic name is a non-proprietary name recognized universally, while the trade name (or brand name) is developed by the manufacturer for marketing purposes. The trade name can be more memorable and marketable, but both names refer to the same active ingredient.

Question 37

A nurse is educating a patient about the safe use of OTC medications for managing allergies. The patient asks how to determine which OTC medication to use. Which of the following points should the nurse include in the education? (Select all that apply) A. "Always read the label for dosage instructions and active ingredients." B. "You can take multiple OTC medications at once if they treat different symptoms." C. "Consult your healthcare provider if you have underlying health conditions." D. "Be cautious with combination products as they may contain ingredients you are already taking." E. "OTC medications are risk-free and do not have side effects."

Answer 37

A. C. D

Question 38

A nurse is caring for a toddler who is prescribed a medication that is known to have age-specific pharmacokinetics. The nurse is reviewing the medication dosage. Which factors should the nurse consider when determining the appropriate dosage for pediatric patients? (Select all that apply) A. Weight and age of the child B. The child's ability to metabolize drugs based on developmental stage C. The dosage of the medication approved for adults D. The child's current health status and any coexisting conditions E. The potential for drug accumulation due to immature organ function

Answer 38

A. B. D. E.

Question 39

An older adult patient is prescribed a new medication. The nurse knows that older adults may experience different pharmacodynamic responses compared to younger patients. Which of the following factors may influence drug response in older adults? (Select all that apply) A. Changes in receptor sensitivity B. Decreased body fat and increased lean body mass C. Comorbid conditions and polypharmacy D. Enhanced metabolism of drugs E. Altered pharmacodynamics affecting efficacy and toxicity

Answer 39

A. C. E.

Question 40

A patient is considering using a herbal supplement alongside prescribed medications for chronic pain. The nurse is assessing potential interactions. Which of the following statements should the nurse make regarding CAM therapies? (Select all that apply) A. "Herbal supplements can interact with prescription medications and may alter their effects." B. "It's safe to combine herbal supplements with medications without consulting your healthcare provider." C. "Always inform your healthcare provider about any CAM therapies you are using." D. "The FDA does not regulate herbal supplements as strictly as prescription medications." E. "Herbal supplements are guaranteed to be effective because they are natural."

Answer 40

A. C. D.

Question 41

A nurse prepares to administer an oral medication to an infant. The infant is fussy and refuses to take the medication. What strategies should the nurse consider to ensure effective medication administration? (Select all that apply) A. Use a syringe to administer the medication directly into the infant's cheek. B. Mix the medication with a large amount of juice or formula to mask the taste. C. Administer the medication when the infant is calm and relaxed. D. Encourage the parent to hold the infant securely during administration. E. Allow the infant to choose the flavor of the medication to increase acceptance.

Answer 41

A. C. D.

Question 42

A pregnant patient is diagnosed with gestational hypertension and prescribed medication. The patient is concerned about the effects on the fetus. Which of the following should the nurse emphasize when discussing medication use during pregnancy? (Select all that apply) A. "Some medications can cross the placenta and affect fetal development." B. "Always take medications as prescribed, even if you have concerns." C. "It's important to weigh the risks and benefits of any medication during pregnancy." D. "All medications are safe during pregnancy as long as they are prescribed." E. "Consult with your healthcare provider about any over-the-counter medications you are considering."

Answer 42

A. C. E.

Question 43

An older adult patient is taking multiple OTC medications for arthritis pain relief. The nurse is reviewing the medication list. Which of the following should the nurse assess when evaluating the patient's OTC medication use? (Select all that apply) A. The potential for drug-drug interactions with prescription medications B. The patient's understanding of proper dosages and administration C. The effects of age-related changes on drug metabolism and elimination D. The duration of OTC medication use and effectiveness E. The patient's preference for natural remedies over pharmaceuticals

Answer 43

A. B. C. D.

Question 44

A nurse is reviewing a medication that is primarily distributed in body fat and is prescribed to an older adult. The nurse is aware of the pharmacokinetics involved. Which of the following should the nurse consider regarding the drug's distribution in older adults? A. Increased body fat may lead to prolonged drug action and accumulation. B. Decreased fat stores will enhance the drug's effectiveness. C. Distribution is unaffected by age-related changes. D. The drug will have a shorter half-life due to increased fat stores.

Answer 44

A.

Question 45

A nurse is caring for a school-age child with a chronic condition requiring long-term medication management. The nurse understands that children may have unique pharmacodynamic responses. What should the nurse consider regarding pharmacodynamics in pediatric patients? (Select all that apply) A. Children may have an increased sensitivity to certain medications compared to adults. B. Drug dosing for children can be calculated based on weight or body surface area. C. Children may metabolize drugs differently based on their developmental stage. D. Pharmacodynamics in children is similar to that of adults, requiring standard adult dosing. E. The potential for adverse effects may be greater in pediatric patients due to developmental differences.

Answer 45

A. B. C. E.

Question 46

A nurse is teaching a group of nursing students about the concepts of potency and efficacy in pharmacology. Which of the following statements about potency and efficacy should the nurse include in the teaching? (Select all that apply) A. "Potency refers to the amount of a drug needed to produce a given effect." B. "Efficacy refers to the maximum effect a drug can produce regardless of the dose." C. "A drug with high potency is always more effective than a drug with low potency." D. "Efficacy is independent of the drug’s dose." E. "Two drugs can have the same efficacy but different potencies."

Answer 46

A. B. D. E.

Question 47

Which of the following considerations should the nurse keep in mind when choosing between these medications? (Select all that apply) A. "The patient’s pain level and response to previous medications." B. "Potency is more important than efficacy in pain management." C. "Efficacy is crucial for achieving adequate pain relief." D. "Patient preferences regarding side effects and routes of administration." E. "Both potency and efficacy must be considered in the context of the patient’s needs."

Answer 47

A. C. D. E

Question 48

A nurse is reviewing medication options for an older adult with chronic pain. Two drugs are available: one is highly potent but has significant side effects, while the other has lower potency but is well tolerated. What should the nurse prioritize when selecting a medication for this patient? (Select all that apply) A. "Selecting the drug with the highest potency to manage pain effectively." B. "Considering the patient’s overall health status and potential for adverse effects." C. "Evaluating the patient’s previous experiences with pain medications." D. "Focusing solely on the drug’s efficacy rather than its side effects." E. "Taking into account the patient’s quality of life and functional ability."

Answer 48

B. C. E.

Question 49

A nurse is monitoring a patient who has been prescribed a new medication. The patient reports only partial relief of symptoms despite following the prescribed regimen. Which of the following actions should the nurse take to evaluate the drug's efficacy? (Select all that apply) A. "Document the patient's report and notify the healthcare provider." B. "Assume the medication is ineffective and discontinue it." C. "Assess the patient's understanding of the medication regimen." D. "Consider potential drug interactions that may affect efficacy." E. "Reassess the patient’s symptoms after an appropriate time frame."

Answer 49

A. C. D. E

Question 50

A healthcare provider is choosing a medication for a patient with a severe infection. The provider considers both the potency and efficacy of available antibiotics. What should the nurse understand about the relationship between potency and treatment outcomes? (Select all that apply) A. "Higher potency drugs may require lower doses to achieve the desired effect." B. "Efficacy is more critical than potency when selecting antibiotics." C. "A potent antibiotic will always have a broader spectrum of activity." D. "Both potency and efficacy should guide treatment decisions in antibiotic selection." E. "The most potent drug is not always the best choice for every patient."

Answer 50

A. B. D. E.

Question 51

A nurse is educating a patient who is starting a new medication that has a high efficacy but lower potency compared to their previous medication. Which of the following points should the nurse emphasize during the education? (Select all that apply) A. "You may need to take a higher dose of this new medication to achieve similar results." B. "This medication will produce a maximum effect regardless of the dose." C. "Monitor your symptoms closely, as it may take time to see the full effects." D. "Higher potency medications are always preferred for effectiveness." E. "It is important to take the medication exactly as prescribed to achieve the best results."

Answer 51

A. C. E.

Question 52

A nurse is reviewing a medication prescribed for a pediatric patient. The medication has demonstrated high efficacy in clinical trials but lower potency. What considerations should the nurse keep in mind regarding this medication in pediatric patients? (Select all that apply) A. "Dosage adjustments may be necessary based on the child's weight and age." B. "Higher doses may be needed due to lower potency." C. "Efficacy in clinical trials may not translate directly to individual patient response." D. "Monitoring for side effects is less critical due to its high efficacy." E. "Parent education is essential to ensure adherence to the medication regimen."

Answer 52

A. B. C. E.

Question 53

A patient with a chronic condition is being treated with a medication that has a high therapeutic index. The nurse is evaluating the drug's efficacy and safety. Which of the following should the nurse consider regarding the drug's efficacy? (Select all that apply) A. "A high therapeutic index indicates a wider margin of safety." B. "Efficacy may vary based on individual patient factors." C. "The drug’s high potency guarantees effective symptom relief." D. "Regular monitoring is still essential despite the high therapeutic index." E. "Patient education on potential side effects is unnecessary with this medication."

Answer 53

A. B. D

Question 54

A nurse is assessing the effectiveness of a newly prescribed medication in a patient with hypertension. The medication has a high potency but variable efficacy among different patients. What actions should the nurse take to evaluate the patient's response to this medication? (Select all that apply) A. "Measure blood pressure regularly to assess the medication’s effectiveness." B. "Assume the medication is ineffective if blood pressure does not normalize within a week." C. "Document any side effects experienced by the patient." D. "Inquire about the patient's adherence to the medication regimen." E. "Consult the healthcare provider if the patient expresses concerns about effectiveness."

Answer 54

A. C. D. E.

Question 55

A nurse prepares to administer medication to a patient and recalls the Five Rights of Medication Administration. Which of the following actions demonstrate the nurse's adherence to the Five Rights of Medication Administration? (Select all that apply) A. "Verifying the patient's identity by checking the wristband." B. "Administering the medication before checking the drug's compatibility with the patient’s other medications." C. "Double-checking the medication label for the correct drug name and dosage." D. "Asking the patient about any known allergies before administration." E. "Documenting the medication administration after it has been given."

Answer 55

A. C. D.

Question 56

A nurse realizes they have administered the wrong dose of medication to a patient. What is the nurse's priority action after discovering the medication error? A. "Document the error in the patient’s chart." B. "Notify the healthcare provider and monitor the patient for adverse effects." C. "Inform the patient about the error immediately." D. "Reassess the patient's vital signs and symptoms."

Answer 56

B.

Question 57

A nurse is conducting a medication reconciliation for a patient being admitted to the hospital. Which steps in the nursing process should the nurse take to ensure effective medication reconciliation? (Select all that apply) A. "Gather a comprehensive list of the patient’s current medications, including OTC and CAM therapies." B. "Assume the patient knows their medications and skip asking about adherence." C. "Compare the patient's home medication list with the prescribed medications." D. "Consult the healthcare provider about any discrepancies found." E. "Educate the patient about the importance of maintaining a medication list."

Answer 57

A. C. D. E

Question 58

A nurse is assessing a patient who has recently experienced side effects from a new medication. Which actions should the nurse take to investigate potential medication errors? (Select all that apply) A. "Review the patient’s medication administration record (MAR) for accuracy." B. "Discuss the patient's concerns with the healthcare team." C. "Ignore the side effects as they are common with this medication." D. "Assess the patient for signs and symptoms of medication toxicity." E. "Encourage the patient to read the medication information leaflet for side effects."

Answer 58

A. B. D.

Question 59

A nurse is preparing to administer multiple medications to a patient with complex needs. Which of the following nursing process steps should be prioritized to ensure safe medication administration? (Select all that apply) A. "Assessment of the patient's current health status and medication history." B. "Diagnosis of potential nursing problems related to medication administration." C. "Setting a goal to administer all medications within 15 minutes." D. "Implementing safety checks for each medication before administration." E. "Evaluation of the patient’s response to medications after administration."

Answer 59

A. B. D. E

Question 60

A nurse administers a new medication to a patient and is scheduled to assess the patient afterward. Which actions should the nurse take during the evaluation phase related to medication administration? (Select all that apply) A. "Reassess the patient’s symptoms to determine the effectiveness of the medication." B. "Document the medication administration in the patient's chart." C. "Discuss any side effects experienced by the patient." D. "Do not assess the patient if they report feeling fine." E. "Report any unexpected outcomes or reactions to the healthcare provider."

Answer 60

A. B. C. E.

Question 61

A patient expresses concern about the number of medications they are prescribed and their potential interactions. Which actions should the nurse take to address the patient's concerns and ensure safe medication administration? (Select all that apply) A. "Reassure the patient that their medications are safe and ignore their concerns." B. "Review the patient's medication list for potential interactions." C. "Encourage the patient to speak to their healthcare provider about their concerns." D. "Educate the patient on the importance of adherence to prescribed medications." E. "Document the patient's concerns and discuss them with the healthcare team."

Answer 61

B. C. D. E.

Question 62

A nurse is conducting a training session on preventing medication errors for new staff. Which strategies should the nurse include in the training regarding the Five Rights of Medication Administration? (Select all that apply) A. "Always check the patient’s identification before administering medication." B. "It is acceptable to administer medications without verifying the order." C. "Ensure the right medication is given at the right time as per the schedule." D. "Double-check dosages, especially for high-risk medications." E. "Always document after administration to avoid confusion."

Answer 62

A. C. D. E

Question 63

After an incident report is filed due to a medication error, the nurse is involved in the follow-up process. Which actions should the nurse take to participate in the follow-up process? (Select all that apply) A. "Review the circumstances that led to the medication error." B. "Discuss the error openly with the patient and their family." C. "Participate in staff training to prevent similar errors in the future." D. "Blame others involved in the medication administration process." E. "Document findings and recommend changes to improve safety protocols."

Answer 63

A. C. E.

Question 64

A nurse is developing a patient education program focused on medication safety. Which topics should the nurse include to promote safe medication practices? (Select all that apply) A. "The importance of adhering to prescribed dosages and schedules." B. "How to read and interpret medication labels effectively." C. "Why it’s acceptable to mix medications with food without checking for interactions." D. "Recognizing potential side effects and knowing when to contact a healthcare provider." E. "Understanding the importance of reporting any medication errors."

Answer 64

A. B. D. E.

Question 65

A nurse prepares to administer a medication to a patient in a busy hospital unit. The nurse has several patients with similar names and must ensure correct identification. Which of the following actions should the nurse take to adhere to the Right Patient before administering the medication? (Select all that apply) A. "Ask the patient to state their name and date of birth." B. "Check the patient's wristband against the MAR." C. "Assume the patient in bed 3 is the right patient because they are the only one in the room." D. "Verify the patient's identity using two identifiers." E. "Confirm the patient's identity verbally, even if the nurse knows them well."

Answer 65

A. B. D. E.

Question 66

The nurse is preparing to administer a medication that was ordered as a "PRN" (as needed) medication for pain relief. Upon reviewing the MAR, the nurse notices another patient with a similar medication name. What should the nurse do to ensure the Right Medication is given? (Select all that apply) A. "Check the medication label three times before administration." B. "Administer the medication without checking the MAR to save time." C. "Verify the drug name, dosage, and route on the MAR against the medication label." D. "Consult the pharmacy if there is any uncertainty about the medication." E. "Assume the order is correct if the medication looks familiar."

Answer 66

A. C. D

Question 67

A nurse is preparing to give a medication to a pediatric patient and notices that the dosage calculated from the prescription appears higher than the standard dosage range. What actions should the nurse take to ensure the Right Dose is administered? (Select all that apply) A. "Administer the medication as prescribed since it’s what was ordered." B. "Double-check the dosage calculation using a pediatric dosage reference." C. "Notify the healthcare provider to verify the ordered dosage." D. "Document the dose given, regardless of concerns about its appropriateness." E. "Consult with a pharmacist regarding pediatric dosing guidelines."

Answer 67

B. C. E.

Question 68

A nurse is scheduled to administer a medication to a patient at 0900. The nurse realizes it’s now 1030, and the patient hasn’t received the medication yet. Which actions should the nurse take regarding the Right Time of medication administration? (Select all that apply) A. "Administer the medication immediately and document the time given." B. "Notify the healthcare provider about the delay in administration." C. "Assess the patient's condition and need for the medication at this time." D. "Reassess the MAR for any other medications scheduled around that time." E. "Ensure the patient understands the importance of taking medications on time."

Answer 68

B. C. D.

Question 69

A nurse is educating a patient about their new prescription for a generic medication. The patient expresses concern about the effectiveness of the generic drug compared to the trade-name version they have been using. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching? A. "Generic drugs are required to have the same active ingredients, strength, dosage form, and route of administration as the trade-name drug." B. "Generic drugs are usually less effective because they are manufactured using different processes." C. "The effectiveness of a generic drug may vary depending on the pharmacy where it’s purchased." D. "Trade-name drugs are always more reliable than generic drugs for treating serious conditions."

Answer 69

A. "Generic drugs are required to have the same active ingredients, strength, dosage form, and route of administration as the trade-name drug."

Question 70

A patient has been switched from a trade-name drug to its generic equivalent. They ask the nurse if there is any difference in side effects between the two drugs. Which of the following is the nurse’s best response? A. "Generic drugs are less likely to cause side effects because they contain fewer inactive ingredients." B. "There may be a difference in the inactive ingredients, but the active ingredient is the same, so side effects are generally similar." C. "Side effects are more common with generic drugs because they are not as thoroughly tested as trade-name drugs." D. "If you experience any new side effects, it's best to switch back to the trade-name drug."

Answer 70

B. "There may be a difference in the inactive ingredients, but the active ingredient is the same, so side effects are generally similar."

Question 71

A patient taking a trade-name medication for a chronic condition is concerned about switching to a generic version because of cost. What should the nurse consider when responding to the patient’s concern? A. "The cost difference reflects the fact that trade-name drugs are always more effective than generics." B. "Switching to a generic drug can reduce costs, but the active ingredient, quality, and efficacy remain the same." C. "The difference in price means that you may experience different outcomes with the generic drug." D. "Generic drugs are less expensive because they require less testing and manufacturing control."

Answer 71

B. "Switching to a generic drug can reduce costs, but the active ingredient, quality, and efficacy remain the same."

Question 72

Which of the following best explains why generic OTC drugs are often less expensive than their trade name counterparts? A. "Generic drugs are produced using inferior ingredients." B. "Generic drugs do not require FDA approval." C. "Generic drugs do not incur the same marketing costs as trade name drugs." D. "Generic drugs are less effective than trade name drugs."

Answer 72

C. "Generic drugs do not incur the same marketing costs as trade name drugs." Rationale: Generic drugs are usually less expensive because they do not have the marketing expenses associated with promoting a new trade name drug. They are sold after the patent on the trade name drug has expired, allowing multiple manufacturers to produce them, increasing competition and lowering prices.

Question 73

When discussing the interchangeability of generic and trade name OTC drugs, which statement is correct? A. "Generic drugs can always be substituted for trade name drugs without consulting a healthcare provider." B. "Only a healthcare provider can determine whether a generic version is appropriate." C. "OTC generic drugs may have different formulations than their trade name versions." D. "Patients should always stick with their prescribed trade name drug for consistency."

Answer 73

B. "Only a healthcare provider can determine whether a generic version is appropriate." Rationale: While generic drugs are designed to be therapeutically equivalent to trade name drugs, a healthcare provider should be consulted to ensure that a substitution is appropriate for the patient's specific health needs and conditions.

Question 74

A nurse is providing education about the client's prescribed medications. Which statement best demonstrates the client's understanding of the drug's pharmacologic classification? a. "I am taking this medication for my high blood pressure." b. "This diuretic medication will cause me to urinate frequently." c. "By taking this medication, it will lower my risk for stroke." d. "This medication dilates the blood vessels to lower my blood pressure."

Answer 74

d. "This medication dilates the blood vessels to lower my blood pressure." Objective: Explain the basis for placing drugs into therapeutic and pharmacologic classes. Rationale: The pharmacologic classification addresses a drug's mechanism of action, or how a drug produces its physiological effect in the body. The client's statement "This medication dilates the blood vessels to lower my blood pressure" describes the mechanism of action of a vasodilator to lower systemic blood pressure. Therapeutic classification refers to what a particular drug does clinically; for example, "drug used for stroke" or "drug used for hypertension." The client statement "This diuretic medication will cause me to urinate frequently" describes the side effect of the drug.

Question 75

What does the FDA Pregnancy Category D indicate about the drug? A. "The drug is safe for use during pregnancy." B. "There is evidence of human fetal risk, but the potential benefits may warrant use." C. "The drug has been shown to cause fetal abnormalities in animal studies only." D. "The drug is contraindicated in pregnancy due to proven risk of fetal harm."

Answer 75

B.

Question 76

Why does the FDA conduct post-marketing surveillance of new drugs? A. "To monitor for safety issues that may not have been identified during clinical trials." B. "To check if patients are adhering to their prescribed medications." C. "To ensure that the drug continues to be effective in the general population." D. "To identify potential benefits of using the drug for other conditions."

Answer 76

A.

Question 77

What important information must be included on the drug's label, according to FDA regulations? A. "The drug’s cost and manufacturer’s name." B. "The drug’s therapeutic class and potential side effects." C. "The drug’s active ingredients, uses, and warnings." D. "The drug’s half-life and dosing schedule."

Answer 77

C.

Question 78

How should the nurse respond when explaining off-label drug use to a patient? A. "The drug is being used for an unapproved purpose based on clinical judgment." B. "The drug is being administered in a different formulation than usual." C. "The drug has been recalled by the FDA and is not for general use." D. "The drug is used for a rare disease and not widely available."

Answer 78

A.

Question 79

A nurse explains to a group of patients the risks involved in substituting a trade name drug for its generic counterpart. Which of the following should the nurse emphasize? A. "Substituting can be done without consulting your healthcare provider." B. "There may be differences in inactive ingredients that could affect tolerability." C. "All generics are identical to their trade name versions." D. "Trade names are always safer than generics."

Answer 79

B. "There may be differences in inactive ingredients that could affect tolerability."

Question 80

The nurse is giving medications to a patient in heart failure. The intravenous route is chosen instead of the intramuscular route. The nurse knows that the factor that most influences the decision about which route to use is the patient's a. altered biliary function. b. increased glomerular filtration. c. reduced liver metabolism. d. diminished circulation.

Answer 80

d.

Question 81

Each statement describes a phase of pharmacokinetics. Put the statements in order, with 1 indicating the phase that occurs first and 4 indicating the phase that occurs last. a. Enzymes in the liver transform the drug into an inactive metabolite. b. Drug metabolites are secreted through passive glomerular filtration into the renal tubules. c. A drug binds to the plasma protein albumin and circulates through the body. d. A drug moves from the intestinal lumen into the mesenteric blood system.

Answer 81

C D B A

Question 82

The nurse is reviewing factors that influence pharmacokinetics in the neonatal patient. Which factor puts the neonatal patient at risk with regard to drug therapy? a. Immature renal system b. Hyperperistalsis in the GI tract c. Irregular temperature regulation d. Smaller circulatory capacity

Answer 82

A.

Question 83

The physiologic differences in the pediatric patient compared with the adult patient affect the amount of drug needed to produce a therapeutic effect. The nurse is aware that one of the main differences is that infants have a. increased protein in circulation. b. fat composition lower than 0.001% c. more muscular body composition. d. water composition of approximately 75%

Answer 83

D.

Question 84

While teaching a 76-year-old patient about the adverse effects of his medications, the nurse encourages him to keep a journal of the adverse effects he experiences. This intervention is important for the elderly patient because of which alterations in pharmacokinetics? a. Increased renal excretion of protein-bound drugs b. More alkaline gastric pH, resulting in more adverse effects c. Decreased blood flow to the liver, resulting in altered metabolism d. Less adipose tissue to store fat-soluble drugs

Answer 84

C.

Question 85

A pregnant patient who is at 32 weeks' gestation has a cold and calls the office to ask about taking an over-the-counter medication that is rated as pregnancy category A. Which answer by the nurse is correct? a. "This drug causes problems in the human fetus, so you should not take this medication." b. "This drug may cause problems in the human fetus, but nothing has been proven in clinical trials. It is best not to take this medication." c. "This drug has not caused problems in animals, but no testing has been done in humans. It is probably safe to take." d. "Studies indicate that there is no risk to the human fetus, so it is okay to take this medication as directed if you need it."

Answer 85

D.

Question 86

The nurse is preparing to administer an injection to a preschool-age child. Which approaches are appropriate for this age group? (Select all that apply.) a. Explain to the child in advance about the injection. b. Provide a brief, concrete explanation about the injection. c. Encourage participation in the procedure. d. Make use of magical thinking. e. Provide comfort measures after the injection.

Answer 86

B. D. E.

Question 87

When caring for an elderly Chinese patient, the nurse recognizes that which of these cultural issues may influence the care of this patient? a. Radiographs are seen as a break in the soul's integrity. b. Hospital diets are interpreted as being healing and healthful. c. The use of heat may be an important practice for this patient. d. Being hospitalized is a source of peace and socialization for this culture.

Answer 87

C.

Question 88

A patient is being counseled for possible participation in a clinical trial for a new medication. After the patient meets with the physician, the nurse is asked to obtain the patient's signature on the consent forms. The nurse knows that this "informed consent" indicates which of the following? a. Once therapy has begun, the patient cannot withdraw from the clinical trial. b. The patient has been informed of all potential hazards and benefits of the therapy. c. The patient has received only the information that will help to make the clinical trial a success. d. No matter what happens, the patient will not be able to sue the researchers for damages.

Answer 88

B.

Question 89

A new drug has been approved for use and the drug manufacturer has made it available for sale. During the first 6 months, the FDA receives reports of severe adverse effects that were not discovered during the testing and considers withdrawing the drug. This illustrates which phase of investigational studies? a. Phase I b. Phase II c. Phase III d. Phase IV

Answer 89

D.

Question 90

A patient of Japanese decent describes a family trait that manifests frequently: She says that members of her family often have "strong reactions" after taking certain medications, but her white friends have no problems with the same dosages of the same drugs. The nurse recognizes that, because of this trait, which statement applies? a. She may need lower dosages of the medications prescribed. b. She may need higher dosages of the medications prescribed. c. She should not receive these medications because of potential problems with metabolism. d. These situations vary greatly, and her accounts may not indicate a valid cause for concern.

Answer 90

A.

Question 91

When evaluating polymorphism and medication administration, the nurse considers which factors? (Select all that apply.) a. Nutritional status b. Drug route c. Patient's ethnicity d. Cultural beliefs e. Patient's age

Answer 91

A C D E

Question 92

The nurse is reviewing the four clinical phases of investigational drug studies. Place the four phases in the correct order of occurrence. a. Studies that are voluntarily conducted by pharmaceutical companies to obtain more information about the therapeutic and adverse effects of a drug. b. Studies that involve small numbers of volunteers who have the disease or ailment that the drug is designed to diagnose or treat. c. Studies that involve small numbers of healthy subjects who do not have the disease or ailment that the drug is intended to treat. d. Studies that involve large numbers of patients who have the disease that the drug is intended to treat; these studies establish the drug's clinical effectiveness, safety, and dosage range.

Answer 92

4, 2, 1, 3

Question 93

During the medication administration process, it is important that the nurse remembers which guideline? a. When in doubt about a drug, ask a colleague about it before giving the drug. b. Ask what the patient knows about the drug before giving it. c. When giving a new drug, be sure to read about it after giving it. d. If a patient expresses a concern about a drug, stop, listen and investigate the concerns.

Answer 93

D.

Question 94

A 47-year-old patient with diabetes is being discharged to home and must take insulin injections twice a day. The nurse keeps in mind which concepts when considering patient teaching? a. Teaching needs to begin at the time of diagnosis or admission and is individualized to the patient's reading level. b. The nurse can assume that because the patient is in his forties he will be able to read any written or printed documents provided. c. The majority of teaching can be done with pamphlets that the patient can share with family members. d. A thorough and comprehensive teaching plan designed for an eleventh-grade reading level needs to be developed.

Answer 94

A

Question 95

The nurse is reviewing dietary supplements and recalls that under the DSHEA, manufacturers of dietary supplements are required to a. follow FDA standards for quality control b. prove efficacy and safety of dietary supplements. c. identify the active ingredients on the label. d. obtain FDA approval before the products are marketed

Answer 95

C.

Question 96

When educating patients about the safe use of herbal products, the nurse remembers to include which concept? a. Herbal and over-the-counter products are approved by the FDA and under strict regulation. b. Herbal products are tested for safety by the FDA and the U.S. Pharmacopeia. c. No adverse effects are associated with these products because they are natural and may be purchased without a prescription. d. Take the product with caution because labels may not contain reliable information.

Answer 96

D.

Question 97

The nurse is reviewing the drug history of a patient, and during the interview the patient asks, "Why are some drugs over-the-counter and others are not?" The nurse keeps in mind that criteria for over-the-counter status include: (Select all that apply.) a. The condition must be diagnosed by a health care provider. b. The benefits of correct usage of the drug outweigh the risks. c. The drug has limited interaction with other drugs. d. The drug is easy to use. e. The drug company sells OTC drugs at lower prices.

Answer 97

B. C. D