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Flashcards in Random Repro Facts Deck (31)
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1
Q

Genotype of Kleinfelter’s

A

XXY or XXXY (basically a male XY w an extra X)

2
Q

Genotype of Turner’s

A

45 XO

3
Q

Genotype of pure gonadal dysgenesis

A

46 XY or XX- normal sex hormone karyotype form of gonadal dysgenesis

4
Q

Meckel-Gruber syndrome

A

Congenital malformation syndrome
-mutation in basal body protein involved in cilia function

-microcephaly, occipital encephalocele, cleft lip, polydactyly, cystic kidneys

5
Q

Williams syndrome

A

Malformation association type of syndrome

-elastin gene deletion, but also has cocktail party personality and mental retardation due to other gene deletions

6
Q

Why can it be hard to treat epilepsy during pregnancy?

A

B/c the drugs used (Dilantin, Valproate) cause birth defects, but are needed to control disease in the mother. So usually just give the mother as low a dose as possible for as long as you can during pregnancy and hope the child is born w/o defects (since risk is doubled from normal, but not definite)

7
Q

What is the most common teratogen?

A

Alcohol

8
Q

Are cigarettes a teratogen?

A

No b/c not shown to affect development

9
Q

What happens to the risk of Turner Syndrome w/ increasing maternal age?

A

Nothing, Turners (45, X) is not associated w/ maternal age even tho 2/3 of cases occur in the oocyte

10
Q

High AFP levels during pregnancy indicates what?

A

Neural tube defect, or something causing increased AFP (major fetal protein) to spill into amniotic fluid

11
Q

On what day does the endometrium accept the fertilized ovum?

A

Day 22

-correlates w/ peak in progesterone

12
Q

Describe the glandular structure of the secretory endometrium

A

Highly organized

-glands lined up evenly spaced and parallel to each other while perpendicular to the surface

13
Q

What percent of the fully thickness endometrium is the stratum basalis?

A

Lower 1/3 is the regenerative stratum basalis while the upper 2/3 is the sheded stratum functionalis

14
Q

Describe cytologically what you see in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle

A

Mitotic figures in both the granulosa and stromal cells b/c endometrium is undergoing hyperplasia and hypertrophy

15
Q

Differentiate granulosa and luteal cells

A

The same cells just at different stages of differentiation. Granulosa cells are surrounding the ovum pre-ovulation and are secreting estrogen, then post-ovulation these same cells differentiate into luteal cells and make progesterone

16
Q

What is the prevalence of abnormal TSH or prolactin levels in women w/ secondary amenorrhea

A

About 5% of adult women w/ secondary amenorrhea will have abnormal TSH or prolactin

17
Q

What is the most common cause of primary amenorrhea?

A

50% of primary amenorrhea caused by chromosomal abnormalities (causing gonadal dysgenesis)

18
Q

Second most common cause of primary amenorrhea (behind chromosomal abnormality)

A

Mullerian agenesis = missing the upper 2/4 of the vagina and uterus
-so normal ovaries are secreting estrogen but no bleeding b/c of agenesis

19
Q

Turner’s syndrome

(a) histological finding of gonads
(b) neck appearance
(c) abnormal aorta
(d) estrogen level
(e) FSH/LH levels
(f) karyotype

A

Turner’s

(a) streak gonads
(b) webbed neck
(c) coarctation of aorta
(d) estrogen low b/c w/o second X chromosome you can’t properly develop ovaries
(e) FSH/LH high b/c no estrogen to feedback
(f) Karyotype: 50% XO

20
Q

What is the most common cause of secondary amenorrhea?

A

Poly-cystic ovaries

21
Q

How is prolactin secretion affected by

(a) dopamine
(b) TSH

A

(a) Dopamine inhibits prolactin secretion

(b) TSH stimulates prolactin secretion

22
Q

What is the most common endocrine problem in women of reproductive age?

A

PCOS = polycystic ovary syndrome

23
Q

Average age of menopause in the US

A

51 yoa

24
Q

Age where considered POI

A

Premature ovarian insufficiency when amenorrhea/menopause before age 40

25
Q

What are the guidelines for when women should start getting mammograms?

A

Start at age 40, or 10 years before the index case if there is a family history

26
Q

What is the most common benign tumor of the female breast?

A

Fibroadenoma

27
Q

Why does fertility decrease w/ age?

A

B/c of meoisis, chromosomes, and aneuploidy!!!!

If you implant an euploid embryo, decrease chance of miscarriage

28
Q

What is the most common cause of miscarriage?

A

Trisomy 16

29
Q

On what day do you implant an IVF zygote back into the mother?

A

Day 5- blastocyst stage

30
Q

Besides reduced miscarriage, what was a benefit of frozen-thawed embryo transfer?

A

Reduced rate of ectopic pregnancy

31
Q

What congenital motor disorder do twins have an increased risk of?

A

Twins have an increased risk of cerebral palsey- triplets have an even higher risk