Random shit that I can't fucking remember to save my life Flashcards by Lucas Vandermyde

Q

DNA pol E

A

on the leading strand… synthesizes DNA

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Q

DNA pol Delta

A

on the lagging strand … fills in gaps

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Q

DNA pol Alpha

A

on the lagging strand

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Q

how are okazaki fragments put together?

A

FEN1 removes primer
DNA pol Delta fills in gap
DNA ligase (ATP dependent) seals gap

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Q

What is replicative senescence

A

when the telomerase activity is insufficient and the repeats are lost in each generation

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Q

What repeats are the telomeres?

A

GGGTTA

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Q

Depurination

A

Purine base is removed via hydrolysis of the n-glycosidic bond bw the base and the deoxyribose group

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Q

Deamination

A

amino group of purine or pyrimidine base is hydrolyzed
A-hypxanthine
G-xanthine
C- dU which is unnatural and bad

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Q

What does UV light do?

A

creates covalent linkage b/w adjacent pyrimidine bases… results in 2 major photoproducts that are bad
-p53 gene

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Q

What does methylation do to gene expression

A

silences it!

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Q

What repair mechanism is associated with Xeroderma pigmentosum?

A

Nucleotide excision repair

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Q

What disorder is caused by malfunctioning Transcription-coupled repair?

A

Cockayne syndrome

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Q

What are all the checkpoints in cell cycle?

A

G1-S
G2-M
Metaphase-Anaphase

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Q

in Meiosis, when does the cell become haploid?

A

after Meiosis I

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Q

Where does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase I of Meiosis

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Q

What protein will inhibit the CDK cyclin complex?

A

p27

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Q

What two enzymes P’s and deP’s the cyclin CDK complex respectively?

A

Wee kinase and CDC25 Phosphatase

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Q

What cyclin CDK complex gets us through the G1 checkpt?

A

CyclinD-CDK4

“ “- CDK6

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Q

What thing gets us from G1 into S phase?

A

CyclinE-CDK2

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Q

Which complex is the the one that gets us through S phase because it induces DNA synthesis?

A

CyclinA-CDK2

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Q

Which Complexes gets us through the G2 checkpoints?

A

CyclinA- CDK1
CyclinB- CDK1
btw, this gets us into mitosis so it’s kind of a big deal

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Q

Which checkpoint is the only one where CKI’s can’t inhibit the cyclin CDK complexes?

A

the G2 checkpoint

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Q

what happens at the metaphase-anaphase checkpoint?

A

all cyclin levels drop off

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Q

Wtf is p21?

A

a protein that is upregulated by p53 and it’s a CKI

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What keeps p53 inactive?

MDM2, it's kinda like Rb protein for EF2

What is p27?

a protein that binds cyclin cdk complex and stops it (by phosphorylating it???)

What is the difference between mosaicism and chimerism?

mosaic has genetically different cells with the same zygote while a chimera has genetically different cells with DIFFERENT zygotes

What is chimerism?

When fraternal twins fuse together... one of them could make the eggs for the girl and she could have a baby that's not really genetically related to her

When does the zona pellucida begin to dissipate?

when the blastocyst implants into the uterus | -the fucking embryo hatches remember?!?!?!

when does the cell change from totipotent to pluripotent?

when we change into a blastocyst

when does the primitive streak form?

during week 3

when does the differentiation of 3 primary germ layers form?

week 3

what forms the mesoderm?

the notochord.... all vertebrates have it... we kinda build vertebrae around it

What are the functions of the notochord?

- rigid axis that embryo develops around - foundation where vertebral column will form - brings about formation of the neural tube

What do GRK's do?

they bind P the G protein and make arrestin (3rd intracellular loop) bind to it.. thereby inactivating it

What do TF's have to interact with to be effective?

both a promoter or enhancer region as well as RNA pol II

What does RNA pol I make?

rRNA

What does RNA pol II make?

pre mRNA

What does RNA pol III make?

pre tRNA as well as the 5s rRNA

What inhibits RNA pol II and III?

alpha- Amanitin

What timeframe of development is critical for development?

Weeks 3-8, here the tetratogens from mom can fuck up the embryo

Which of the TF's we talked about can bind condesned chromatin during cell differentiation?

The Forkhead (fox) gene family

What does BMP-4 do?

blocks the neural formation | -it gets inhibited in order to PERMIT neurulation in the ectoderm

What signaling molecule has to bind to heparin sulfate to activate its receptors?

FGF's

What doe the Wnt family of signaling molecules do?

- different things in different classes of vertebrates - bind to frizzled and LRP receptors on cell surface - signal transduced to beta catenin - that enters nucleus and forms complex to activate transcription of Wnt target genes

What signaling molecules are good + regulators of growth?

SHH and FGF

What signaling molecule is a good - regulator of growth?

BMP

What does Retinoic Acid (metabolite of Vitamin A) do?

helps determine position along the embryonic anterior/posterior axis by serving as an intracellular signaling molecule that guides development of the posterior portion of the embryo -it acts through HOX genes

What are proto- oncogenes?

genes that are normally turned off | -they get GOF mutations to turn them into oncogenes and then cancer happens :(

What does osteopontin do?

made by osteoblasts.... has a - effect on the number of HSC's

What is the only CFU that makes 2 different cell lineages?

the Granulocyte-Macrophage CFU: it makes neutrophils and macrophages

Are HSC's pluripotent?

yes apparently

Are the Committed precursor cells pluripotent?

no, the are multipotent

What are the 3 types of hematopoietic growth factors?

CSF's, EPO and Thrombopoietin, and cytokines (interleukins) | -can be made outside the bone marrow as well as inside

What makes HSC's responsive to other cytokines in the fetal tissues and stromal cells?

Stem cell factor (SCF) also known as c-kit ligand

What is prostaglandin E2?

it protects the stomach

How are PG's made?

Stimulus makes AA (PLA2) come out of membrane, COX changes it to a PG or Tx -then PGD, E, and F and degraded by the lung OH-PGDH thing and the PGI and TxA are degraded by hydrolysis

Which eicosinoid stilumates vasodilation and inhibits platlet aggregation?

PGI2

Opposite of PGI2

TxA2

What are all of the things that PGE2 affects?

Temp, uterine contraction, vasculature permeability, gut motility/protection, and pain

What does PGI2 affect?

the renal and the vascular endothelium

What G protein do PGE and I stimulate?

G alpha (S)

What G ptn do PGF and TxA stimulate?

G q

What does PGE and I do to smooth muscles?

makes them RELAX

What does PGF and TxA do to smooth muscles?

makes them contract! Increase in Ca2+

What were the two balancing Autocoids we talked about with the heart?

PGI2 and TxA

Which COX is constitutive?

COX 1 | -it responds to all of the physiological stimuli

What are the consequences of a deficit in PGE2 and an Excess of PGE2?

deficit: ulcers excess: diarreah and cramps

What are PGE's and PGF's roles in birth?

PGE is to dilate the cervix | PGF is for uterine contraction

What happens if there is a deficit of PG's in the Kidney?

Na and H2O retention (edema)

Which COX is good at responding to pathological stimuli?

COX 2... it's a little more intense

Why are omega threes so great?

the can replace AA in membrane with EPA and this promotes vasodilation and lowers BP and inhibits platlet aggregation