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Certified Nutrition Specialist > Random Stuff for CNS > Flashcards

Random Stuff for CNS Flashcards

1
Q

If you are allergic to birch pollen you may also be allergic to _____

A

Apples

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2
Q

If you are allergic to ragweed you may also be allergic to _____ (3)

A

Cucumber, echinacea, and/or zucchini.

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3
Q

4 Diagnostic methods for Type 2 Diabetes

A

Fasting glucose (8 hr fast) > 125
2 hr glucose tolerance test > 199
Random glucose > 199
HbA1c > 6.4%

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4
Q

Glutathione collaborates with these two vitamins.

A

Vitamin C
Vitamin E

offers protection for both water and lipid soluble surfaces in membranes

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5
Q

Where is glutathione synthesized?

A

In all cells of the body

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6
Q

Functions of gluthathione (3)

A

Neutralizing free radicals
Detoxification
Support Immune Function

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7
Q

Osmotic diarrhea

A

Poor absorption of osmotically active solutes in intestines, like sugars

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8
Q

What may worsen osmotic diarrhea?

A

Sugar alcohols
Lactose
Fructose
Large amounts of sucrose

(draw more water into the intestines)

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9
Q

Where is Apolipoprotein B-100 synthesized?

A

Liver

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10
Q

Where is Apolipoprotein B-48 synthesized?

A

Small intestine

(think…smaller number, small intestine)

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11
Q

What lab values tend to be out of range for someone with anorexia nervosa?

A

elevated LDL
elevated HDL

hypoglycemia and hypoalbuminemia can occur

serum albumin usually normal

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12
Q

What is the process of digesting food called?

A

enzymatic hydrolysis

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13
Q

How many double bonds do saturated fatty acids have?

A

None

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14
Q

How many double bonds do monounsaturated fatty acids have?

A

1+

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15
Q

How many double bonds do polyunsaturated acids have?

A

2+

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16
Q

The tricarboxylic acid cycle primarily operates in _____ conditions

TCA
Citric Acid Cycle

A

Aerobic

energy metabolism
molecules oxidized to CO2, releasing energy to ATP

90% of energy derived from food is processed in TCA (along with oxidative phosphorylation)

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17
Q

Diabetes Type 1.5 is called ____

A

LADA is also called ____

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults

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18
Q

What is LADA?

A

Diabetes Type 1.5

Has features of both
slow developing

Lost beta cell functioning slower than Type 1 but faster than Type 2`

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19
Q

Glucagon is secreted in the ______ cells of the _____

A

Alpha cells of pancreas

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20
Q

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has how many carbons?

A

20

5 double bonds

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21
Q

Common Saturated Fatty Acids

My Palmreader Stares At Lines

A

Myrisitic (C14:0)
Palmitic (C16:0)
Stearic (C18:0)
Arachidic (C20:0)
Forgot one

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22
Q

Osteoblast = bone _____
Osteoclast = bone _____

A

Bone FORMATION = _____
Bone RESORPTION = _____

Blasts Build
Clasts Collect

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23
Q

Normal BP

A

<120/80 (AND)

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24
Q

Signs of inflammation

(common and technical terms)

A

Pain/dolor
Heat/calor
Redness/rubor
Swelling/tumor
Loss of function/functio laesa

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25
Metabolic Syndrome criteria
WC Men - 40+ WC Women - 35+ HDL Men - <40 HDL Women - <50 BP 130/85+ Fasting glucose 100+ 3 or more
26
Glycemic INDEX ranges High Moderate Low
High 70+ Moderate 56-69 Low <=55
27
Blood Pressure Ranges Normal Elevated Hypertension 1 Hypertension 2 Crisis
Normal <120 AND <80 Elevated. 120-129 AND <80 Hypertension 1 130-139 OR 80-89 Hypertension 2 140+ OR 90+ Crisis. 180+ and/or 120+
28
epidemiology as in the epidemiology of a particular disease
How often Why study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why
29
What does albumin do?
Transports hormones, enzymes, medications, minerals, fatty acids, and other blood constituents maintains osmotic pressure of blood (helps to prevent edema)
29
What stimulates glucagon?
Low blood glucose
30
Low blood glucose levels stimulate this enzyme and inhibit this enzyme.
stimulates glucagon inhibits insulin
31
Glucagon stimulates what? Inhibits what? promotes what?
Stimulates gluconeogenesis glycogenolysis Inhibits glycogenesis Promotes lipolysis ketogenesis
32
4 types of diarrhea
Osmotic = poorly absorbed solutes, lactose intolerance, dumping syndrom Secretory = bacterial or viral (pulls in water to flush out pathogen Exudative = UC or radiation Limited mucosal contact = Crohns', failure to adequately mix chyme in the stomach
33
SIBO can make you deficient in which nutrients? (8)
B12 also Thiamine Niacin A,D,E,K Iron
34
When thinking of methylation, think of this food group
Animal proteins Vegans and vegetarians likely need extra help with methylation issues
35
The nutritional support for methylation is very similar to the support for what organ?
Liver
36
what is a methyl group?
Carbon with 4 hydrogens attached
37
Vasopressin is also known as what?
ADH Anti-diuertic hormone
38
Respiratory quotient
CO2 released/O2 absorbed Carbs = 1 Protein = .8 Fat = .7 Mixed = .8
39
Glycemic index vs load
index - quality load - quantity load measures the impact on blood glucose
40
What is trypsinogen and where is it stored?
Inactive form of trypsin (digests proteins) Pancreas Inactive form is stored because active form would damage (think digest) the pancreas
41
Where does methylfolate’s methyl group go?
To cobalamin to become methycobalamin
42
Where does methylcobalamin’s methyl group go?
To homocysteine
43
Elevated BP
120-129 and <80
44
Hypertension Stage 1
130-139 or 80-89
45
Hypertension Stage 2
140+ or 90+
46
Hypertensive Crisis
180+ and/or 120+
47
What does the kidney regulate? (3)
Water and electrolytes Blood pressure Acid-base balance
48
What does the kidney excrete? (2)
Metabolic waste products Foreign chemicals/toxins
49
What vitamin is activated in the kidney?
Vitamin D
50
In what organs does gluconeogenesis take place?
Liver Kidneys
51
Which blood pressure hormone does the kidney secrete?
Renin Ren- (for renal) -in (for protein) Protein from the kidney
52
What is the function of renin?
To raise blood pressure
53
How is renin related to the other hormones in RAAS?
Renin converts angiotenisogen to angiotensin I -ogen meaning to generate
54
Overview of RAAS
Renin is secreted to raise blood pressure. It activates Angiotensin I Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II Angiotensin II initiates aldosterone release (Blood vessels constrict and blood pressure is raised)
55
Where is angiotensin created?
Its precursor (angiotensiogen) is created in the Liver
56
Where is aldosterone created?
Adrenal glands
57
What does aldosterone regulate? (3)
Water Holds onto Sodium Gets rid of Potassium
58
What is gluconeogensis?
Creation of glucose when all stores are diminished Created from noncarbohydrate sources (Creating new glucose)
59
What is glycogenolysis?
Retrieving glycogen Turning glycogen back into glucose (Cleaving the glycogen)
60
What is glycogenesis?
Creation of glycogen (storage form of glucose)
61
New name for NAFLD
MASLD Metabolic dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
62
What do chief cells secrete? (2)
Pepsinogen Chymosin
63
What do the parietal cells secrete?
Hydrochloric acid
64
What do G cells secrete?
Gastrin
65
What do I cells secrete?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
66
What do delta cells secrete?
Somatastin
67
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released in response to what?
Ingested Fats Amino Acids Said another way...food
68
Somatistatin wants to ____ other enzymes
Inhibit
69
Gastrin is released in response to what?(3)
Ingestion of peptides and amino acids Gastric distention, Elevated stomach pH
70
What slows the release of gastrin? (Inhibits it) (2)
Sematostatin Reduced stomach pH
71
What is glycolysis?
Glucose to pyruvate Converting glucose to energy (ATP)
72
Insulin inhibits
Glycogenolysis (stored glycogen into usable glucose)
73
When glucose is low, the pancreas will secrete _____ to stimulate _____.
Glucagon Glycogenolysis
74
What is butyrate?
4 carbon short chain fatty acid produced from fermentation of fiber in intestines
75
What are some benefits of butyrate? (4-5)
increase mucous production decrease cell permeability promote tight junctions decrease pH can inhibit cancer
76
Alpha-linolenic acid is found in what type of foods?
Plant foods
77
How much ATP is generated from one glucose molecule?
30-32
78
How much ATP is generated from one triglyceride molecule?
107
79
Where is cholesterol synthesized?
Liver
80
Why is HDL considered the good cholesterol?
It recycles excess cholesterol from the bloodstream We want less free floating cholesterol so we want lots of these to clean it up.
81
What is the size and concentration of cholesterol in these lipoproteins?
VLDL - lots of cholesterol/very large LDL - moderate cholesterol and size HDL - low cholesterol and small
82
HDL transports cholesterol ___ the ____. VLDL transports cholesterol ____ the ____ to____
HDL transports free floating cholesterol back TO the liver. VLDL transports cholesterol FROM the liver to cells in the body
83
84
Cholesterol process
Chylomicrons deliver from food to liver Liver packages what it has made and what we have eaten from food and sends it off as VLDL In blood circulation, muscle and adipose tissues take what they need and turn it into LDL LDL is sent off to the organs Anything unused is repackaged in HDL and sent back to the liver
85
Food sources of short chain fatty acids
Eggs Animal Fat some nuts/seeds
86
Food sources of monounsaturated fats
Olive oil Almond oil Avocado oil Nuts Seeds includes Omega 9
87
Oils that are omega 6
Corn Soybean Sunflower Safflower Borage oil Black currant seed oil Evening primrose oil etc (if time, look up more)
88
Saturated fat intake guidelines
DGA - 22g (10%) AHA - 13g (5-6%)
89
Calorie increases during pregnancy and lactation
1st - no increase 2nd - 340 3rd - 450 lactation = 2000-2800 lactating takes 500 calories but recommend less to facilitate weight loss
90
Fats are absorbed through ____ absorption
Passive (higher concentration to lower concentration) Think Peanut Butter (P for passive and Fat)
91
Carbs are absorbed through ____ absorption
Facilitated (higher concentration to lower concentration) Think FFs for F(aciliated)
92
Proteins are absorbed through ____absorptions
Active Against concentration gradient (lower concentration to higher concentration) think Amino Acids
93
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
PalmReaders Ogle Lines And Arches Every Day
94
Common Micronutrient Deficiencies Post Bariatric Surgery
B12 (Cobalamin) Iron Copper Calcium Folate Thiamin Zinc Fat Soluble Can't Ingest Copious Calories For Thin Zone
95
Immunoglobulins
IgG - eliminate pathogens (CS) IgM - 1st line of defense IgA - secretory, mucus IgD - unknown IgE - allergy IgE = allergeeee emergency IgG = G for gut/food sensitivities
96
Sucrose =
Glucose + Fructose
97
Lactulose =
Fructose + Galactose
98
Lactose =
Glucose + Galactose
99
Maltose =
Glucose + Glucose
100
Trehalose =
Glucose + Glucose
101
Disaccharides that break into 2 glucose molecules
Maltose Trehalose

Certified Nutrition Specialist (12 decks)

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