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Question

terms of business for a building surveying practice

Answer 1

Scope of Work: We will provide building surveying services as outlined in the agreed scope of work. This will be discussed and agreed with the client before commencing any work. Fees: Our fees will be charged on a time and expense basis or a fixed fee, as agreed with the client. All fees will be confirmed in writing before the commencement of any work. Payment Terms: Payment terms are 30 days from the date of the invoice. We reserve the right to charge interest on late payments at a rate of 5% per annum above the base rate of the Bank of England. Liability: We carry professional indemnity insurance to cover our work. Our liability is limited to the amount of our professional indemnity insurance. Confidentiality: We will keep all information provided by the client confidential and will not disclose it to any third party without the client's written consent. Health and Safety: We will comply with all relevant health and safety regulations while undertaking the work. Dispute Resolution: In the event of any dispute arising from our work, we will work with the client to resolve it amicably. If this is not possible, we will refer the matter to arbitration. Intellectual Property: All intellectual property rights arising from our work will remain the property of the client. Termination: Either party may terminate the agreement at any time by giving one month's written notice. In the event of termination, the client will be invoiced for work completed up to that point. Governing Law: These terms of business shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of England and Wales.

Answer 2

Dampness is a common issue in timber buildings, particularly in areas with high humidity and rainfall. It can lead to the decay of the wood and compromise the structural integrity of the building. Understanding the pathology of damp in timber buildings is crucial for effective prevention and treatment of the issue. Dampness in timber buildings can arise from a variety of sources. The most common sources include rainwater ingress through the roof or walls, rising damp from the ground, and condensation caused by inadequate ventilation or insulation. The presence of moisture in timber creates the ideal environment for fungal growth, which is the main cause of timber decay. Fungi are ubiquitous microorganisms that exist in the natural environment. When conditions are right, they can colonize wood and break down its components, including the cellulose and lignin, which are responsible for the wood's strength and rigidity. The decay process begins with the germination of fungal spores on the surface of the wood. These spores require moisture and oxygen to grow, and they can obtain both from the surrounding environment. As the fungal hyphae penetrate the wood, they secrete enzymes that break down the wood's components into simpler compounds that can be absorbed by the fungus. The wood becomes discoloured, soft, and spongy, and it loses its strength and rigidity. In advanced stages of decay, the wood can crumble to the touch and may be unable to support the weight of the building. Different fungi species have different preferences for wood species, moisture content, and temperature. For example, the dry rot fungus (Serpula lacrymans) prefers wood with a moisture content of 20-30%, while the wet rot fungi (such as Coniophora puteana) can grow in wood with a moisture content of up to 50%. The identification of the fungal species involved in timber decay is important for effective treatment, as different fungi require different control measures. In addition to fungal decay, dampness in timber buildings can also lead to insect infestation. Insects such as wood-boring beetles and termites are attracted to damp wood, which provides them with a source of moisture and nutrients. The insects can tunnel into the wood and cause significant damage to the structure. The presence of insect activity should be identified and treated in conjunction with fungal decay. Preventing and treating dampness in timber buildings requires a multifaceted approach. Firstly, the sources of dampness should be identified and remedied. This may involve repairing leaks in the roof or walls, installing damp-proof courses, and improving ventilation and insulation. Secondly, the moisture content of the wood should be monitored and controlled. This can be achieved by ensuring adequate ventilation and heating, using timber treatments to reduce moisture absorption, and regularly inspecting the wood for signs of decay. Finally, any fungal or insect infestations should be identified and treated using appropriate control measures, such as fungicides or insecticides. In conclusion, the pathology of damp in timber buildings involves the growth of fungi in wood that has been exposed to moisture. The decay process begins with the germination of fungal spores on the wood's surface and progresses as the fungi penetrate the wood and break down its components. The identification of the fungal species involved is important for effective treatment. In addition to fungal decay, dampness in timber buildings can also lead to insect infestation, which should be treated in conjunction with fungal decay. Effective prevention and treatment of dampness in timber buildings requires a multifaceted approach that addresses the sources of dampness, controls the moisture content of the wood, and treats any fungal or insect infestations.

Answer 3

However, the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) in the UK provides general guidance for contractors on the types of insurance that may be relevant to their work. According to the HSE, contractors should consider the following types of insurance: Public liability insurance: This covers contractors against claims made by third parties for injury, illness or damage caused by their work. Employer's liability insurance: This is a legal requirement in the UK and covers contractors against claims made by employees for injury or illness caused by their work. Professional indemnity insurance: This covers contractors against claims made by clients for losses or damage resulting from their professional services. Product liability insurance: This covers contractors against claims made by third parties for injury or damage caused by products they have supplied or installed. Contract works insurance: This covers contractors against damage or loss to the works they are carrying out, such as damage caused by fire, flood or theft. The specific types of insurance required will depend on the nature of the work being carried out and the risks involved. Contractors should consult with their insurance provider to ensure they have adequate coverage for their specific needs.

Answer 4

The principles of good negotiation involve a set of skills, behaviors, and strategies that can help individuals reach mutually beneficial agreements in various situations. Here are some key principles of good negotiation: Preparation: Good negotiators prepare thoroughly before entering into negotiations. They research the other party's interests, goals, and priorities, as well as their own goals and interests. Active listening: Good negotiators actively listen to the other party's concerns and needs, and seek to understand their perspective. They ask open-ended questions and listen carefully to the answers. Creativity: Good negotiators look for creative solutions that can benefit both parties. They explore various options and alternatives, and look for ways to expand the pie rather than simply divide it. Flexibility: Good negotiators are flexible and adaptable, and are willing to modify their approach if necessary. They are open to new ideas and are willing to compromise when it makes sense. Emotional intelligence: Good negotiators have emotional intelligence, which means they are aware of their own emotions and can manage them effectively. They also recognize and respond appropriately to the emotions of others. Assertiveness: Good negotiators are assertive, meaning they stand up for their own interests and needs without being aggressive or hostile. They use clear and direct communication to express their position. Patience: Good negotiators are patient and persistent, recognizing that negotiation can be a process that takes time. They are willing to keep working towards a solution even if it takes multiple meetings. Overall, the principles of good negotiation involve a combination of preparation, active listening, creativity, flexibility, emotional intelligence, assertiveness, and patience. By applying these principles, negotiators can build rapport, foster trust, and create mutually beneficial outcomes.

Answer 5

Collateral warranties are legal contracts that provide a third party, such as a purchaser or tenant of a property, with the right to sue the designer or contractor of the property in the event of defects or problems with the property. This type of warranty is often used in building design and construction to provide additional protection to the purchaser or tenant beyond what is provided in the original contract between the designer or contractor and the property owner. According to the article, collateral warranties can be beneficial because they give the third party the ability to seek legal action against the designer or contractor directly, without needing to rely on the property owner to do so. This can be especially important if the property owner is no longer involved in the project or is unwilling or unable to take legal action. The article notes that there are legal requirements for drafting and executing collateral warranties, including ensuring that the warranty is specific and clear in its terms, that it is signed by all parties involved, and that it is properly executed and registered. However, collateral warranties can also have potential drawbacks, such as their cost and the potential for confusion and disputes over their terms. The article notes that it is important to carefully consider the benefits and drawbacks of collateral warranties before deciding to use them. Overall, collateral warranties are a legal tool that can provide additional protection to third parties in building design and construction projects, but they require careful consideration and proper execution to be effective.

Answer 6

UK Flood Re is a government-backed insurance scheme in the United Kingdom that provides affordable home insurance to homeowners living in flood-prone areas. The scheme was established in 2016 in response to the increasing cost of flood insurance and the growing risk of flooding in the UK. Under the UK Flood Re scheme, insurers are required to offer affordable insurance to homeowners in high-risk flood areas, regardless of their flood risk. Insurers pay a fee to the scheme based on the flood risk associated with the property, and in return, they are able to offer affordable insurance to homeowners. The scheme covers standard home insurance policies, including buildings and contents insurance, and it is intended to provide stability to the insurance market and increase the availability of affordable flood insurance. While UK Flood Re provides important protection for homeowners in flood-prone areas, it is important to note that it is not a comprehensive solution to the problem of flooding in the UK. Homeowners in high-risk areas should still take steps to protect their property from flooding, such as installing flood barriers and taking out appropriate insurance coverage.

Answer 7

UK Pool Re (Pool Reinsurance Company Ltd) is a government-backed insurance scheme in the United Kingdom that provides terrorism insurance for commercial properties. The scheme was established in 1993 in response to the threat of terrorism in the UK. Under the UK Pool Re scheme, commercial property insurers are required to offer coverage for acts of terrorism, and in turn, they pay premiums into the scheme based on the risk associated with the properties they insure. If a terrorist attack occurs and results in significant losses for insurers, UK Pool Re will provide reinsurance to cover the losses. The purpose of UK Pool Re is to provide stability to the insurance market and ensure that businesses are able to obtain affordable coverage for acts of terrorism. The scheme also plays an important role in mitigating the impact of terrorism on the UK economy by reducing the financial impact on insurers and businesses. While UK Pool Re provides important protection for commercial properties in the event of a terrorist attack, it is important to note that it does not cover all types of losses that may result from a terrorist attack, such as losses related to business interruption or cyber attacks. Businesses should carefully evaluate their risks and obtain appropriate insurance coverage to protect themselves from a wide range of potential threats.

Answer 8

The document describes the legal duties of different dutyholders in relation to health and safety in the construction industry. Here are the summary paragraphs for each dutyholder: 1. Clients: Clients are responsible for ensuring that construction work is carried out safely and without risks to health. They must appoint competent designers and contractors and ensure that the project is properly managed. Clients must also ensure that health and safety risks are identified and controlled, and that adequate welfare facilities are provided for workers. 2. Designers: Designers must ensure that the design of the structure is safe and without risks to health, and that it takes account of the general principles of prevention. They must also provide information about any residual risks that cannot be eliminated and about the safe use of the structure. 3. Principal contractors: Principal contractors are responsible for ensuring that the construction work is carried out safely and without risks to health. They must plan, manage, and monitor the construction phase of the project, and ensure that all workers on the site are competent and properly trained. Principal contractors must also ensure that the site is safe and that welfare facilities are provided for workers. 4. Contractors: Contractors must ensure that their work is carried out safely and without risks to health, and that it complies with the health and safety plan for the project. They must also ensure that their workers are competent and properly trained, and that they are provided with adequate welfare facilities. 5. Workers: Workers have a duty to take reasonable care of their own health and safety, and that of others who may be affected by their work. They must cooperate with their employer and follow instructions on health and safety matters. Workers must also report any hazards, accidents, or near misses to their employer. In summary, each dutyholder in the construction industry has specific legal duties to ensure the health and safety of workers and others who may be affected by the construction work. These duties include identifying and controlling risks, providing welfare facilities, ensuring competence and training, and cooperating with others on the project.

Answer 9

The primary sections of a risk assessment typically include: 1. Hazard identification: Identifying the hazards or potential hazards associated with the activity, process or environment. 2. Risk evaluation: Evaluating the risks associated with the identified hazards in terms of the likelihood and severity of harm. 3. Risk control: Implementing measures to control or eliminate the identified risks. This can include implementing safety measures, providing personal protective equipment, or modifying the activity, process or environment. 4. Record keeping: Keeping records of the risk assessment process, including the hazards identified, the risks evaluated and the control measures implemented. 5. Review and update: Regularly reviewing and updating the risk assessment to ensure that it remains relevant and effective in managing risks. 6. Communication: Communicating the findings of the risk assessment to all relevant parties, such as workers, supervisors, and management, to ensure that everyone is aware of the risks and control measures in place.

Answer 10

The primary parts of a method statement typically include: 1. Project information: This section includes details about the project, such as the location, client, contractor, project start and end dates, and a brief description of the work to be undertaken. 2. Scope of work: This section outlines the specific tasks or activities that will be carried out as part of the project. 3. Hazards and risks: This section identifies the hazards and risks associated with the work, and outlines the control measures that will be put in place to minimize or eliminate those risks. 4. Method of work: This section outlines the step-by-step process that will be used to carry out the work, including any equipment or materials that will be used, and any special procedures or precautions that will be required. 5. Quality control: This section outlines the procedures and checks that will be put in place to ensure that the work is completed to a high standard. 6. Environmental considerations: This section outlines any environmental considerations that need to be taken into account during the project, such as waste disposal or protection of natural habitats. 7. Health and safety: This section outlines the measures that will be put in place to ensure the health and safety of those involved in the work, including any personal protective equipment (PPE) that will be required. 8. Emergency procedures: This section outlines the procedures that will be put in place to deal with emergencies or accidents that may occur during the work. 9. Signature and approval: This section is where the method statement is signed and approved by the responsible person or persons, such as the project manager or site supervisor.

Answer 11

In a consultancy business, WIP (Work in Progress) analysis can be used in financial accounting to evaluate the performance of ongoing projects and to provide a more accurate picture of the company's financial position. Consultancy firms typically bill clients for their services based on the amount of time spent on a project. As such, WIP analysis can help to track the time spent by consultants on each project and the corresponding revenue generated. This information can be used to assess the profitability of each project and to identify any potential issues that may be affecting project performance. WIP analysis can also help to ensure that revenue recognition is done correctly. As consultants often work on long-term projects, it is important to recognize revenue only for the work that has been completed. WIP analysis can help to track the progress of each project and to determine the percentage of work that has been completed, which can then be used to recognize revenue accordingly. Overall, WIP analysis in financial accounting can help consultancy businesses to improve their project management and financial reporting processes. By providing a more accurate picture of ongoing projects and revenue generation, it can help businesses to make more informed decisions and to improve their financial performance.

Answer 12

The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) has published the fourth edition of its guidance document on asbestos legal requirements and best practice for property professionals and clients. The document sets out the responsibilities of surveyors and other professionals in managing asbestos risks in buildings. The guidance notes that surveyors have a crucial role to play in identifying and managing asbestos risks in buildings. They are responsible for ensuring that asbestos is identified and assessed correctly, and that the appropriate measures are taken to manage any identified risks. This includes conducting surveys of buildings to identify the presence of asbestos and assessing the condition of any asbestos-containing materials (ACMs) that are found. The guidance provides a detailed framework for the management of asbestos risks, which includes four key stages: identification, assessment, management, and review. Surveyors are responsible for ensuring that each of these stages is carried out in accordance with best practice and legal requirements. In the identification stage, surveyors are responsible for conducting a comprehensive survey of the building to identify the presence of asbestos. This includes identifying the type of asbestos present and assessing the condition of any ACMs that are found. In the assessment stage, surveyors must assess the level of risk posed by any identified asbestos, taking into account factors such as the type of asbestos, its location, and its condition. In the management stage, surveyors are responsible for developing an asbestos management plan that sets out the measures that will be taken to manage the identified risks. This may include removing or encapsulating asbestos-containing materials, or implementing measures to prevent damage or disturbance to ACMs. The guidance emphasizes the importance of monitoring and reviewing the asbestos management plan regularly to ensure that it remains effective and up-to-date. Throughout the process, surveyors must ensure that they communicate effectively with clients and other stakeholders, providing clear and concise reports that detail the identified asbestos risks and the recommended measures for managing them. The guidance also stresses the importance of surveyors being aware of their legal obligations in relation to asbestos management and of staying up-to-date with changes to the legal and regulatory landscape. Overall, the guidance document underscores the crucial role that surveyors play in managing asbestos risks in buildings. By following the appropriate procedures and ensuring effective communication with clients and stakeholders, surveyors can help to ensure that asbestos risks are effectively managed, and that buildings remain safe for occupants.

Answer 13

Asbestos poses significant risks to human health, and it is essential to manage these risks effectively in buildings. The management of asbestos risks involves four key stages: identification, assessment, management, and review. The identification stage involves conducting a comprehensive survey of the building to identify the presence of asbestos. The survey must identify the type of asbestos present and assess the condition of any asbestos-containing materials (ACMs) found. The survey should be conducted by a competent person and should follow an appropriate methodology. Once asbestos has been identified, the assessment stage involves assessing the level of risk posed by the asbestos. This involves considering factors such as the type of asbestos, its location, and its condition. The assessment should be carried out by a competent person who has the necessary knowledge and skills to make an accurate assessment of the risks. In the management stage, the risks associated with asbestos must be managed effectively. This may involve removing or encapsulating ACMs, implementing measures to prevent damage or disturbance to ACMs, or managing the risks through other means. A detailed asbestos management plan should be developed, which sets out the measures that will be taken to manage the identified risks. The final stage of the process is review, which involves monitoring and reviewing the asbestos management plan regularly to ensure that it remains effective and up-to-date. The review should take account of any changes to the building or its use, changes in the legal or regulatory landscape, or changes to best practice in asbestos management. Throughout the process, effective communication with clients and stakeholders is essential. Surveyors and other professionals must provide clear and concise reports that detail the identified asbestos risks and the recommended measures for managing them. They must also ensure that they are aware of their legal obligations in relation to asbestos management and stay up-to-date with changes in the legal and regulatory landscape. In conclusion, the management of asbestos risks involves a detailed process that includes identification, assessment, management, and review. By following this process and ensuring effective communication with clients and stakeholders, professionals can help to ensure that asbestos risks are effectively managed, and that buildings remain safe for occupants.

Answer 14

The 2005 Fire Safety Order (FSO) is a legal framework that was introduced to promote fire safety. The FSO is enforced by the local fire and rescue authority, which has the power to inspect premises, require improvements to be made, and take enforcement action if necessary. Non-compliance with the FSO can result in fines, imprisonment, or both. In conclusion, the 2005 Fire Safety Order is a comprehensive legal framework that places a duty on building owners, occupiers, and employers to promote fire safety in non-domestic premises. The FSO requires a fire risk assessment to be carried out, appropriate fire safety measures to be put in place, and information, instruction, and training to be provided to employees and other people who may be at risk from fire. The FSO also contains specific requirements for different types of premises and requires regular review and updating of the fire risk assessment. By complying with the FSO, building owners and occupiers can help to ensure that their premises are safe for employees, visitors, and the public, and can avoid the risk of fines, imprisonment, or other enforcement action.

Answer 15

the 2022 Building Safety Act updates the 2005 Fire Safety Order by introducing new responsibilities for building owners, managers, and developers, and by improving building safety measures. The Act includes the creation of the Building Safety Regulator, the introduction of the Building Safety Bill, new provisions for the regulation of construction products, and measures to improve accountability and transparency.

Answer 16

Employers are required to ensure compliance with the Equality Act 2010 by taking a proactive and comprehensive approach to promoting equality and diversity in the workplace. Here are some ways employers can ensure compliance: 1. Develop an Equality and Diversity Policy: Employers should develop a clear policy that sets out the company’s commitment to promoting equality and diversity, and the steps it will take to ensure compliance with the law. This policy should be communicated to all employees and regularly reviewed. 2. Provide Equality and Diversity Training: Employers should provide training to all employees on the principles of equality and diversity, including unconscious bias training. This will help employees to understand their responsibilities and to identify and challenge discrimination in the workplace. 3. Monitor and Review Employment Practices: Employers should regularly review their employment practices, such as recruitment, promotion, and training, to ensure that they are fair and free from discrimination. This includes monitoring diversity data and taking action to address any imbalances or disparities. 4. Make Reasonable Adjustments: Employers are required to make reasonable adjustments to support employees with disabilities or long-term health conditions. This includes providing equipment or making changes to the work environment to enable disabled employees to carry out their job role. 5. Address Complaints of Discrimination: Employers should take all complaints of discrimination seriously and investigate them promptly and fairly. This includes ensuring that all employees know how to raise a complaint and that there are clear procedures in place to deal with complaints. By taking these steps, employers can ensure that they comply with the Equality Act 2010 and promote a culture of equality and diversity in the workplace. This will help to create a positive working environment where all employees feel valued and respected, and where discrimination is not tolerated.

Answer 17

Wet and dry rot are two different types of fungal decay that can affect timber within a building. Wet rot occurs when timber becomes damp and is exposed to moisture for a prolonged period. Dry rot, on the other hand, is caused by a specific type of fungus that can spread rapidly and cause extensive damage to timber. During a building inspection, wet rot can be identified by checking for signs of dampness, such as staining or fungal growth on timber or surrounding materials. The affected timber may also appear darker in color, be soft to the touch, and show signs of cracking or distortion. Dry rot can be more difficult to identify as it often occurs in hidden areas such as roof voids, behind wall linings, or under floorboards. Signs of dry rot include distinctive fruiting bodies that can appear as a mushroom-like growth or a pancake-shaped disc on the timber. The timber may also appear dry and brittle, and there may be signs of cracking or shrinking. In addition to visual inspections, a moisture meter can be used to identify areas of dampness in timber. This can help to identify areas where wet rot may be present. It is important to identify and treat both wet and dry rot as they can weaken the structural integrity of a building and pose a risk to the health of occupants. If either type of rot is identified during a building inspection, it is important to consult with a specialist in timber preservation to determine the best course of action to treat the affected areas and prevent further damage.

Answer 18

Some of the typical concrete defects and causes of concrete failure include: Cracking: This is one of the most common defects in concrete. It can be caused by several factors, such as shrinkage during curing, settlement or movement of the foundation, overloading, and exposure to temperature changes or freeze-thaw cycles. Spalling: Spalling is a type of surface damage that occurs when small pieces of the concrete surface break off. This is often caused by exposure to chemicals, such as de-icing salts or acidic substances, or by freeze-thaw cycles. Scaling: Scaling is similar to spalling, but it occurs when larger pieces of the surface layer break off, leaving a rough and uneven surface. This can be caused by poor curing, exposure to freeze-thaw cycles, or by the use of low-quality aggregates. Honeycombing: Honeycombing is a defect that occurs when voids or pockets of air are left in the concrete during casting. This can be caused by poor compaction or vibration, or by using a low slump concrete mix. Discoloration: Discoloration is a common issue that affects the appearance of the concrete. It can be caused by a variety of factors, such as variations in the water content of the mix, use of different batches of aggregates, or exposure to chemical contaminants. Corrosion: Corrosion of the reinforcing steel is a major cause of concrete failure. This can be caused by exposure to moisture or chloride ions, which can penetrate the concrete and corrode the steel, leading to cracking and spalling. Alkali-aggregate reaction: This is a chemical reaction that occurs between the alkaline cement paste and certain types of reactive aggregates, resulting in cracking, spalling, and other types of damage. In order to prevent concrete defects and failure, it is important to use quality materials, follow proper construction practices, and conduct regular inspections and maintenance.

Answer 19

According to the Leslie Sellers research document, assessing rising damp should be done in a systematic and careful manner. The following steps are recommended: 1. Initial Visual Inspection: A thorough visual inspection should be performed to identify potential sources of moisture ingress and visible signs of dampness such as stains, salts, and mold growth. It is important to inspect the internal and external surfaces of the walls and floors, as well as the surrounding soil and drainage systems. 2. Moisture Mapping: This involves using moisture meters and sensors to determine the extent of dampness and moisture content in the walls and floors. This helps to identify the areas of the building that are most affected by rising damp. 3. Salts Analysis: Salts analysis involves taking samples of wall plaster and analyzing them for the presence of hygroscopic salts. The presence of these salts is an indicator of rising damp, and the type of salt can provide information on the extent and severity of the problem. 4. Timber and Masonry Inspection: Timber and masonry structures should be inspected for signs of decay or damage, which can be caused by prolonged exposure to damp conditions. This is important to ensure that the structural integrity of the building is not compromised. 5. Diagnosis: Based on the findings of the previous steps, a diagnosis of rising damp can be made. The extent and severity of the problem should be assessed to determine the appropriate remedial action. Overall, it is important to undertake a comprehensive assessment of rising damp to ensure that the root cause of the problem is identified and appropriate remedial action is taken. Failure to address rising damp can lead to serious structural damage and health risks for occupants of the building.

Answer 20

When moisture rises through masonry walls, it can carry salts from the ground with it. The three primary types of salts found in damp masonry walls are nitrates, chlorides, and sulfates. Nitrates are commonly found in fertilizers and animal waste, and they can indicate the presence of organic matter in the soil beneath a building. Chlorides come from saltwater, such as from seawater or road salt, and can lead to corrosion of metal elements in the building. Sulfates are often found in areas with high levels of sulfurous or sulfuric acid in the ground, and they can cause damage to cement-based materials in the building. It is essential to identify the type of salt present in a damp masonry wall, as each requires a different remediation approach.

Answer 21

When water moves through masonry walls, it can dissolve salts that are present in the wall and carry them to the surface, leaving behind visible residue. There are three primary types of salts found in damp masonry walls: nitrates, chlorides, and sulfates. Nitrates are often found in walls that have been exposed to agricultural fertilizers or animal urine. The presence of nitrates is typically identified by yellow or orange stains on the surface of the wall. Nitrates are not typically a significant threat to the structure of the wall, but they can cause cosmetic damage and may indicate that the wall has been exposed to other harmful substances. Chlorides are often found in walls that have been exposed to seawater or road salts. The presence of chlorides is typically identified by white or grey powder or crystals on the surface of the wall. Chlorides can be particularly damaging to the structure of the wall as they can cause corrosion of embedded metals such as steel reinforcement. If chlorides are identified, it is essential to take action to prevent further damage to the structure. Sulfates are often found in walls that have been exposed to groundwater or construction materials such as cement and mortar. The presence of sulfates is typically identified by white or brown stains on the surface of the wall. Sulfates can cause significant damage to the structure of the wall over time, leading to cracking and spalling. If sulfates are identified, it is essential to take action to prevent further damage to the structure. The treatment of each type of salt depends on the severity of the problem and the specific circumstances of the building. In general, the first step is to identify the source of the dampness and address it to prevent further salt formation. If the problem is relatively minor, the salts can be removed from the surface of the wall using gentle brushing or washing with water. However, if the problem is more severe, it may be necessary to remove and replace affected sections of the wall, or to apply specialist treatments to prevent further damage. In summary, the three primary types of salts found in damp masonry walls are nitrates, chlorides, and sulfates. Each type of salt indicates a specific source of dampness and requires a different approach to treatment. It is important to identify the type of salt present and take appropriate action to prevent further damage to the structure of the wall.

Answer 22

Brickwork can deteriorate or become distressed due to a variety of factors, including natural aging, environmental exposure, poor construction practices, and lack of maintenance. Some common forms of deterioration and distress that can affect brickwork include: 1. Efflorescence: This is a white powdery substance that appears on the surface of bricks due to the migration of soluble salts to the surface. It can be caused by excessive moisture or poor ventilation and can be removed by washing with water. 2. Spalling: This is the flaking or breaking away of the surface layer of a brick. It can be caused by freeze-thaw cycles, exposure to acidic pollutants, or poor quality bricks. Spalling can weaken the structural integrity of the brickwork and require repair or replacement. 3. Cracking: Cracks can occur due to the natural drying and shrinkage of the bricks or from external forces such as settlement or impact. Cracks can allow moisture to penetrate the brickwork, leading to further damage and deterioration. 4. Mortar deterioration: The mortar joints between bricks can deteriorate due to exposure to the elements, poor quality materials, or incorrect mixing ratios. Deteriorated mortar can compromise the strength and stability of the brickwork and require repointing. 5. Structural movement: Brickwork can be affected by structural movement due to subsidence, settlement, or other causes. This can lead to cracking, bulging, or leaning of the brickwork and require stabilization or repair. Overall, proper maintenance and regular inspections can help to prevent or mitigate the deterioration and distress of brickwork. When issues are identified, it is important to address them promptly to avoid further damage and potential safety hazards.

Answer 23

Common defects found in pitched roofs include: 1. Missing or broken roof tiles or slates: This can be caused by various reasons, including weathering, poor installation, or inadequate maintenance. Symptoms include visible gaps or holes on the roof surface, water leaks, or damp patches on the ceiling. 2. Sagging or uneven roof: This can occur when the timber framework of the roof becomes weakened or damaged, often due to moisture or insect infestation. Symptoms include visible sagging or unevenness in the roof structure or roofline, and potential leaks or water ingress. 3. Blocked gutters and downpipes: Debris such as leaves, twigs, and moss can accumulate in gutters and downpipes, causing blockages that prevent water from draining off the roof properly. Symptoms include water overflow or spillage from the gutter system, and potential water damage to the walls or foundation of the building. Common defects found in flat roofs include: 1. Ponding or standing water: Flat roofs are prone to water pooling, which can cause significant damage to the roof structure over time. Symptoms include visible pools or puddles of water on the roof surface, and potential water ingress or leaks. 2. Blistering or cracking in the roof surface: This can be caused by various factors, including age, weathering, and poor installation. Symptoms include visible blisters or cracks on the roof surface, and potential leaks or water ingress. 3. Poor drainage: A flat roof must be designed with adequate drainage to prevent water from accumulating on the roof surface. Poor drainage can result in ponding or standing water, as well as potential leaks or water ingress. Symptoms include visible water pooling or standing on the roof surface, and potential water damage to the building's interior or exterior.

Answer 24

The RICS Home Survey Standard provides a framework for conducting property surveys, including the inspection process. The inspection process for a home survey involves a visual inspection of the property, its grounds and outbuildings, as well as a non-intrusive inspection of services, fixtures and fittings. The inspection process aims to identify visible defects and potential problems that could affect the property's value or need further investigation. The inspector will consider the property's age, construction, location, and condition, as well as any visible signs of damage or deterioration. The inspection process will typically include an assessment of the following areas: - Roof and chimneys: The inspector will examine the roof structure, coverings, flashings and chimney stacks to identify any defects or signs of damage. - Walls and external joinery: The inspector will assess the condition of the walls, cladding, windows, and doors, and identify any signs of defects or decay. - Grounds and outbuildings: The inspector will examine the site, outbuildings, and other features, such as boundary walls, fences, and gates. - Services: The inspector will examine the condition of the plumbing, heating, and electrical systems, as well as any other services. - Fixtures and fittings: The inspector will assess the condition of the fixtures and fittings, including kitchen units, sanitary ware, and built-in furniture. The inspector will also report on any issues that may require further investigation, such as the presence of asbestos, damp or timber defects. The report will include a clear description of the defect, the likely cause, and any recommendations for remedial action. Overall, the inspection process is designed to provide the client with an objective assessment of the property's condition and help them make informed decisions about their purchase or maintenance of the property.

Answer 25

The RICS (Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors) has three levels of home surveys: Condition Report, HomeBuyer Report, and Building Survey. The main difference between the three surveys is the level of detail provided in each. A Condition Report is the most basic level of survey and provides an overview of the property's condition, highlighting any significant issues. It is suitable for relatively new or conventional properties that are in good condition. A HomeBuyer Report provides more detail than a Condition Report and includes a visual inspection of accessible parts of the property. It includes information on any major issues that may affect the property’s value and includes advice on repairs and maintenance. A Building Survey is the most comprehensive survey and is suitable for larger or older properties or those that have undergone significant alterations. It provides a detailed report on the property's condition and highlights any defects, including structural problems or issues that may require urgent attention. In summary, the difference between the RICS listed three home survey levels is the level of detail provided in each. The Condition Report is a basic overview, the HomeBuyer Report provides more detail, and the Building Survey is the most comprehensive survey. The choice of survey level depends on the property type, age, and condition.

Answer 26

Categorised as: Health and Safety, all appropriate PPE, access and egress arrangements, bin bags, Access, keys, ladder, Emergency contact, screwdrive, pliers, hammer, drainage key, socket / spanners, knife Observation Torch, Binoculars, magnifying glass, borescope, ca Measuring, Tape, Laser, spirit level, plumb bob, damp/ moisture meter, thermometer, hygrometer, probe/ awl Recording Camera, notes, drawings, sketches,

Answer 27

Concrete is commonly assumed to be fireproof. However, high temperatures can cause significant damage to concrete slabs during building fires. When exposed to high temperatures, the moisture trapped in the concrete can expand, causing the concrete to crack and spall (a process where the surface of the concrete breaks away in small pieces). This can weaken the structural integrity of the concrete and result in the collapse of the building. Another way that concrete slabs can be affected during high-temperature fires is through the loss of strength due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures. The strength of concrete is dependent on its curing process and the materials used to make it. During a fire, the heat can cause the chemical bonds in the concrete to break down, resulting in a loss of strength. Additionally, the steel reinforcement bars in the concrete can also be affected by high temperatures. As steel is a good conductor of heat, it can quickly heat up and expand when exposed to high temperatures. This can cause the steel to lose its strength and bond with the surrounding concrete, further weakening the structural integrity of the slab. Overall, it is essential to consider the effects of high-temperature building fires on concrete slabs during the design and construction process. Appropriate fire protection measures, such as fire-resistant coatings or the use of fire-resistant materials, can be used to mitigate the potential damage and help maintain the structural integrity of the building.

Answer 28

The process of drying buildings using high temperature heating and background heating are different in terms of their approach and efficiency. High temperature heating involves using temporary heaters to increase the temperature inside the building to a high level (typically above 40°C) for a certain period. This approach is more efficient and effective at drying the building quickly, as the high temperature increases the rate of evaporation of moisture from the structure and contents. High temperature heating is typically used for drying buildings after flood or water damage or in other situations where a quick drying process is required. Background heating, on the other hand, involves using the building's existing heating system to maintain a consistent temperature of around 20°C over a longer period (typically several weeks or even months). This approach is less efficient than high temperature heating, as it relies on natural air movement and diffusion to evaporate moisture from the structure and contents. However, it is a more practical approach for drying buildings affected by dampness or condensation, or for maintaining a consistent humidity level in the building. In summary, high temperature heating is a more efficient and effective approach for quickly drying buildings after water damage, while background heating is a more practical approach for maintaining a consistent humidity level in the building over a longer period.

Answer 29

The factors in deciding whether a building is adequately dried out following a flood include: 1. Moisture Content: The moisture content of all materials in the building must be measured and compared to acceptable levels for each material type. Moisture meters and hygrometers are used to measure the moisture content of building materials. 2. Time: The time it takes for a building to dry out depends on the extent of the flood damage, the amount of water present, and the drying process used. In general, the longer the building remains wet, the greater the chance of mold growth and structural damage. 3. Temperature and Humidity: Temperature and humidity levels must be controlled during the drying process to ensure effective drying. High humidity levels can slow the drying process, while high temperatures can cause materials to warp and crack. 4. Ventilation: Proper ventilation is essential for effective drying. Airflow helps to evaporate moisture from building materials and reduce humidity levels. Inadequate ventilation can lead to poor drying results and the development of mold. 5. Structural Integrity: The structural integrity of the building must be assessed following a flood to ensure that it is safe to occupy. Any damage to the foundation, walls, or roof must be repaired before the drying process begins. 6. Monitoring: The drying process must be monitored to ensure that moisture levels are decreasing and that the building is drying out effectively. Moisture measurements should be taken regularly to track progress and make adjustments to the drying process as necessary.

Answer 30

When water vapour comes into contact with smoke deposits that have settled on surfaces such as steel beams, it can react with the chloride ions present in the smoke to produce hydrochloric acid. This is known as the chlorine corrosion process. Hydrochloric acid can corrode the steel elements of a building, resulting in loss of strength, deformation, and potentially catastrophic structural failure. The acid can also cause discoloration and damage to other materials, such as masonry and plaster. In addition to the chlorine corrosion process, other factors can contribute to the formation of hydrochloric acid in a fire-damaged building. These include the use of fire retardants that contain ammonium salts, as well as the presence of acidic gases, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, that can be released during combustion. It is therefore essential to carry out a thorough assessment of the extent of smoke and water damage following a fire and to take appropriate measures to clean and treat affected surfaces to prevent the formation of hydrochloric acid and other corrosive agents. This may involve the use of specialized cleaning agents and coatings designed to neutralize acids and prevent further corrosion. It is also important to ensure that adequate ventilation is provided to remove any residual gases and to monitor the condition of steel elements over time to detect and address any signs of corrosion.

Answer 31

Following a flood in a masonry construction building, a typical moisture monitoring process involves the following steps: 1. Initial assessment: The first step is to assess the extent of the water damage, including the affected areas, the type of materials affected, and the level of moisture saturation. 2. Moisture mapping: Moisture mapping involves using moisture meters and thermal imaging cameras to determine the moisture content of various materials and areas within the building. This helps to identify areas that require further attention. 3. Drying plan: Based on the moisture mapping results, a drying plan is developed to determine the best methods for drying the affected areas. This may involve using dehumidifiers, fans, heaters, or a combination of these methods. 4. Regular monitoring: Moisture monitoring involves regularly checking the moisture levels in the affected areas to ensure that the drying process is effective. This may involve using moisture meters, thermal imaging cameras, or other monitoring equipment. 5. Documentation: Throughout the moisture monitoring process, detailed records are kept of the moisture levels in each area, as well as the methods used to dry the affected areas. This documentation is important for insurance purposes and may also be required by local authorities. 6. Completion: Once the moisture levels have returned to normal levels, and any necessary repairs or restoration work has been completed, the moisture monitoring process is considered complete. Overall, a thorough moisture monitoring process is critical following a flood in a masonry construction building to ensure that any remaining moisture is properly addressed, preventing further damage such as mold growth or structural damage.

Answer 32

Modern methods of construction (MMC) refer to a wide range of building methods and techniques that are designed to improve the efficiency, quality, and sustainability of the construction process. In the UK, there are several types of MMC that are becoming increasingly popular in the construction industry. 1. Offsite manufacturing (OSM): This involves the production of building components, modules, or entire buildings in a factory or offsite location. These components are then transported to the construction site for assembly. OSM can reduce construction time and waste, improve quality control, and increase safety. 2. Prefabrication: This is a method of constructing buildings using pre-made sections or modules. Prefabricated sections can be made from a variety of materials, including timber, steel, and concrete. They can be assembled onsite quickly and efficiently, reducing the need for manual labor and improving quality control. 3. Modular construction: This is a type of prefabrication that involves constructing entire buildings from pre-made modules. Modular buildings can be assembled quickly and efficiently, and can be customized to meet specific design requirements. 4. 3D printing: This is a relatively new construction method that involves using large-scale 3D printers to create building components. 3D printing can produce complex geometries and shapes that are difficult to achieve using traditional construction methods. 5. Green construction: This is a type of construction that is designed to be sustainable and eco-friendly. Green construction methods include using renewable materials, reducing waste, and improving energy efficiency. 6. Smart construction: This is a type of construction that incorporates smart technology, such as sensors and automation, to improve efficiency and reduce costs. Smart construction can improve safety, reduce waste, and provide real-time data on building performance. Overall, MMC offers a range of benefits over traditional construction methods, including faster construction times, improved quality control, and greater sustainability. As a result, MMC is becoming increasingly popular in the UK construction industry.

Answer 33

The 5 types of sub-structure and their benefits and drawbacks are: 1. Strip foundations: Strip foundations are the most common type of sub-structure used in the UK. They consist of a strip of concrete that supports the weight of the building. Benefits of strip foundations include that they are relatively easy and cost-effective to construct, and can be designed to suit a variety of soil types. However, they may not be suitable for heavy structures or unstable soil types. 2. Raft foundations: Raft foundations are large, solid slabs of reinforced concrete that spread the load of the building over a larger area. Benefits of raft foundations include that they can be used on soft or unstable soils, and can reduce the amount of excavation required. However, they can be more expensive than strip foundations. 3. Piled foundations: Piled foundations are used when the soil is not strong enough to support the weight of the building. They consist of piles, which are long, slender columns driven into the ground, and a reinforced concrete beam that sits on top of the piles. Benefits of piled foundations include that they can be used on poor soil conditions, and can support heavy loads. However, they can be more expensive than other types of foundation, and require specialist equipment for installation. 4. Pad foundations: Pad foundations are used for lighter structures such as garden sheds, conservatories, and single-storey extensions. They consist of a small concrete pad that supports the load of the building. Benefits of pad foundations include that they are quick and easy to install, and can be used on a variety of soil types. However, they may not be suitable for heavy structures or unstable soil types. 5. Basement foundations: Basement foundations are used when additional space is required below ground level. They consist of a concrete slab that forms the floor of the basement, and reinforced concrete walls that support the weight of the building. Benefits of basement foundations include that they can provide additional living space, and can reduce the height of the building. However, they can be more expensive than other types of foundation, and require specialist construction techniques.

Answer 34

Here are 5 types of piled foundations and their benefits and drawbacks: 1. Bored piles: Benefits - high load-carrying capacity, versatility in design and construction, ability to penetrate through difficult ground conditions. Drawbacks - high cost, risk of ground heave during construction, noise and vibration issues during installation. 2. Driven piles: Benefits - suitable for a wide range of soil conditions, cost-effective for small to medium-sized structures, relatively quick to install. Drawbacks - limited load-carrying capacity, potential noise and vibration issues during installation, risk of damage to adjacent structures. 3. Screw piles: Benefits - minimal excavation required, less disruptive to the site and environment, quicker installation than other types of piles, suitable for a range of soil conditions. Drawbacks - limited load-carrying capacity, can be affected by ground movement, high cost for larger structures. 4. Micro piles: Benefits - suitable for low headroom and confined spaces, able to support high loads, low vibration and noise during installation. Drawbacks - limited availability of contractors, difficult to install in rocky ground, potential for corrosion of steel elements. 5. Sheet piles: Benefits - suitable for retaining walls and cofferdams, relatively quick to install, no excavation required, can be used in areas with limited access. Drawbacks - limited load-carrying capacity, difficult to install in hard ground conditions, risk of damage to adjacent structures. It's worth noting that the suitability of each type of piled foundation depends on various factors, such as the ground conditions, load requirements, and site restrictions. Therefore, a thorough site investigation and analysis are necessary to determine the most appropriate type of piled foundation for a particular project.

Answer 35

In the UK, a conservation officer is a specialist officer employed by local authorities or other organisations involved in the conservation and preservation of heritage buildings, sites, and areas. Their primary role is to ensure that development proposals and construction projects comply with the regulations and guidelines related to conservation and heritage protection. Conservation officers provide advice and guidance to developers, architects, and other professionals involved in construction projects to ensure that the proposed designs and works meet the required standards of conservation and protection. They also work closely with local planning authorities to assess development proposals and provide recommendations on heritage conservation issues, such as the impact of proposed developments on the historic environment. The responsibilities of a conservation officer may include carrying out site inspections, reviewing planning applications and building consent applications, and providing feedback and recommendations to developers and architects. They may also be involved in the preparation and implementation of conservation policies and strategies, such as conservation area appraisals and management plans. Conservation officers may work on a wide range of projects, from small-scale alterations and renovations to large-scale new developments. They are responsible for ensuring that the proposed works are sympathetic to the historic fabric and character of the building or site, and that any new development does not have an adverse impact on the surrounding heritage environment. In addition to their advisory role, conservation officers may also be responsible for enforcing the regulations and guidelines related to conservation and heritage protection. They may carry out investigations into breaches of regulations and may take enforcement action where necessary, such as issuing enforcement notices or prosecuting offenders. Overall, the role of a conservation officer is to ensure that the historic environment is protected and conserved for future generations, while also promoting sustainable development and economic growth. By providing specialist advice and guidance to developers and local authorities, they help to ensure that new developments are compatible with the historic environment and contribute to the preservation of our built heritage.

Answer 36

In the UK, various statutory applications are required for a construction project to ensure that it is compliant with all relevant regulations and legislation. These applications may vary depending on the size and nature of the project, but some common ones include: 1. Planning permission: This is a formal application made to the local planning authority (LPA) that outlines the proposed development and how it complies with local and national planning policies. Planning permission is necessary for most types of development, including new buildings, extensions, and changes of use. 2. Building Regulations approval: This is a set of technical requirements that ensure the health, safety, and welfare of people in and around buildings. Building Regulations approval is necessary for most types of building work, including structural alterations, extensions, and changes of use. 3. Listed building consent: If a building is listed, it is protected by law, and any alterations or additions to it require listed building consent. This application is made to the LPA, and it considers the impact of the proposed works on the building's heritage value. 4. Party Wall Act: This legislation applies to works that involve building on or near a party wall (a wall shared between two properties). The act requires that building owners serve notice to any affected neighbouring properties and obtain their consent before starting work. 5. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): For certain types of development, an EIA may be required to assess the potential environmental impacts of the proposed works. This assessment considers factors such as noise, air quality, and biodiversity, and the results inform the decision-making process for planning permission. Other statutory applications that may be required for a construction project include highway and drainage approvals, tree preservation orders, and conservation area consent. It is important to ensure that all necessary applications are submitted and approved before starting any construction work to avoid delays, fines, or other legal consequences.

Answer 37

The RICS Black Book is a collection of professional standards and guidance published by the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS). The ‘Black Book’ is a collection of technical practice documents which covers all processes throughout the construction project life cycle. The documents are essential development tools for junior professionals working through their APC and useful guides to best practice for more experienced professionals. includes: Change control and management Commercial management of construction Conflict Avoidance and Dispute Resolution Construction Security and Performance Docs Cost Reporting Defining Completion on Construction Works E-tendering Employer's Agent: D&B Final Account Procedures Fluctuations Interim Valuations and Payment Lender’s Independent Monitoring Surveyor Life Cycle Costing Management of Risk Retention Subcontracting Tendering Strategies Termination of Contract, Corporate Recovery and Insolvency Value Management and Value Engineering Valuing Change

Answer 38

An Interim Valuation Certificate of Payment is a document used in construction contracts to request payment for work that has been completed up to a certain point. The typical details included on an Interim Valuation Certificate of Payment may vary depending on the specific contract, but some common items that may be included are: 1. Contractor and Client details: The name and contact details of the contractor and client will usually be included. 2. Contract details: The specific details of the contract, such as the date, the contract sum, and the contract period. 3. Valuation period: The period covered by the valuation, which will usually be stated in the contract. 4. Description of the work completed: A description of the work that has been completed up to the valuation date, along with any relevant drawings, specifications or other documentation. 5. Measurement of work: The quantities of work completed, usually measured in accordance with the contract drawings and specifications. 6. Valuation of work: The valuation of the work completed, which may include adjustments for any variations or changes to the contract. 7. Retention: The amount of retention that is being held by the client, which is usually a percentage of the contract sum. 8. Deductions: Any deductions that may be made, such as for previous payments, or for liquidated damages. 9. Certification: The certification of the Interim Valuation Certificate of Payment by the client's representative, and any conditions that may need to be met before payment is made. 10. Payment: The amount of payment that is due to the contractor, and any details of how and when the payment will be made.

Answer 39

The RICS publication "Defining Completion of Construction Works" aims to provide guidance on the completion process of construction projects. The document defines completion as the point in time when the work is finished and the project is handed over from the contractor to the client. The document identifies that completion is an important aspect of the construction process as it triggers the start of the defects liability period, which is a period during which the contractor is liable for any defects found in the works. The publication outlines a series of steps and criteria that should be considered when determining whether the works are complete. These steps include reviewing the contract, inspecting the works, assessing the quality of the work, and ensuring that all necessary documentation is in place. The publication also provides guidance on the process of issuing a certificate of completion, which is a formal document that confirms that the works have been completed in accordance with the contract. The certificate of completion is an important document as it triggers the start of the defects liability period. Overall, the guidance provided in the publication aims to ensure that completion is a well-defined and well-managed process that ensures the quality of the work and protects the interests of both the client and the contractor.

Answer 40

In JCT contracts, Relevant Events and Relevant Matters refer to events or circumstances that can impact the progress of the construction project and may entitle the contractor to an extension of time. However, there are differences between the two: - Relevant Events: These are specific events that are defined in the JCT contract and include events such as instructions for variations, delays in the supply of materials, and exceptionally adverse weather conditions. If a Relevant Event occurs, the contractor may be entitled to an extension of time to complete the works. - Relevant Matters: These are circumstances that are not necessarily events and are not specifically defined in the JCT contract. Examples of Relevant Matters include unforeseen ground conditions or the late issue of instructions. If a Relevant Matter occurs, the contractor may also be entitled to an extension of time. The key difference between Relevant Events and Relevant Matters is that Relevant Events are specifically defined in the JCT contract, whereas Relevant Matters are more general circumstances that are not defined in the contract. In both cases, however, the contractor must demonstrate that the event or circumstance has caused delay or disruption to the construction project in order to be entitled to an extension of time.

Answer 41

The purpose of the retention clause in a JCT contract is to provide the employer with a form of security in case of defects or incomplete work by the contractor. The retention is typically a percentage of the payment due to the contractor and is held back by the employer until the completion of the works. The amount of retention varies depending on the contract, but it is usually around 3% to 5% of the contract sum. At valuation stages, the retention is held back from the payment due to the contractor. This means that the contractor will receive a reduced payment, with the retention amount being held back by the employer. The retention is released to the contractor once the works are completed and any defects are rectified. The retention clause is included in the JCT contract to encourage the contractor to complete the works to a high standard and to provide an incentive for them to rectify any defects. The retention also provides some protection to the employer in case of any unforeseen issues or problems with the works.

Answer 42

The RICS (Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors) Ethical Code is a set of professional and ethical standards that members of RICS must follow in their work. The code outlines the principles and values that RICS members must adhere to, including integrity, professional competence, confidentiality, and professional behavior. The RICS Ethical Code sets out the following requirements for RICS members: - Act with integrity: Members must act honestly and with integrity, and avoid any behavior that could damage the reputation of the profession. - Always provide a high standard of service: Members must provide a high standard of service and act in the best interests of their clients. - Act in a competent manner: Members must maintain their professional knowledge and skills to ensure they provide competent advice to clients. - Act in a professional and respectful manner: Members must not engage in discriminatory behavior, harassment, or bullying. The RICS Ethical Code is designed to maintain high professional standards, promote ethical behavior, and protect the interests of clients and the public.

Answer 43

Adjudication and arbitration are two commonly used methods for resolving construction disputes in the UK. Adjudication is a process where a third-party adjudicator is appointed to make a decision on a dispute, usually within a short timeframe of 28 days. The decision of the adjudicator is binding and enforceable unless challenged through arbitration or litigation. Adjudication is often used for disputes arising during the course of the construction project. On the other hand, arbitration is a more formal process where a neutral third-party arbitrator is appointed to hear and determine the dispute. The arbitrator's decision is binding and enforceable, and the process is often more formal and time-consuming than adjudication. Arbitration is often used for more complex disputes that cannot be resolved through negotiation or adjudication. The advantages of adjudication include its speed and cost-effectiveness, as well as its flexibility and informality. Adjudication is a quick and efficient way to resolve disputes, and its decisions are binding unless challenged through arbitration or litigation. The advantages of arbitration include its finality and enforceability, as well as its ability to handle complex disputes. Arbitration is a more formal process, and its decisions are binding and enforceable, providing finality and certainty to the parties involved. Overall, both adjudication and arbitration have their advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of method will depend on the nature and complexity of the dispute, as well as the preferences of the parties involved.

Answer 44

RICS has published the "Countering Bribery and Corruption, Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing, 1st Edition," a guidance note that outlines best practices for professionals in the property sector. The document highlights the importance of upholding ethical standards and complying with legal requirements to maintain the integrity of the industry and protect society from harmful activities. The guidance note emphasizes that RICS members must adhere to domestic and international laws and regulations regarding countering bribery, corruption, money laundering, and terrorist financing. It details the importance of understanding the risks associated with these illicit activities and implementing effective controls to mitigate them. The document outlines a risk-based approach that RICS members should adopt, including conducting risk assessments, due diligence, and ongoing monitoring. It also recommends that organizations develop and maintain written policies and procedures in relation to countering these threats. These policies should cover areas such as client acceptance, reporting obligations, staff training, and record-keeping. RICS members are advised to carry out due diligence on clients, suppliers, and partners to identify potential risks and maintain accurate records of transactions and relationships. The guidance note also highlights the importance of having systems in place to report suspicious activities to relevant authorities and protect whistleblowers from retaliation. In addition to addressing legal obligations, the document underscores the need for professionals to act ethically and responsibly by avoiding conflicts of interest and promoting transparency in all business dealings. By adhering to these guidelines, RICS members can contribute to a more secure and ethical property sector, safeguarding their reputation and the public interest.

Answer 45

The RICS Ethics Decision Tree is a tool designed to help RICS members and professionals in the property sector make ethical decisions in their work. While the exact format of the decision tree may vary, the general principles offer a step-by-step approach to guide professionals through the decision-making process when faced with ethical dilemmas. Here is an outline of the key steps in the RICS Ethics Decision Tree: 1. Identify the issue: Recognize the potential ethical dilemma or problem at hand. Consider the relevant facts and circumstances surrounding the situation. 2. Consult RICS standards and regulations: Review the RICS professional standards, guidance notes, and any relevant regulations to understand the expected behavior and requirements for RICS members in such situations. 3. Consider the law: Ensure that your decision complies with all applicable laws and regulations, including domestic and international legal requirements. 4. Assess stakeholder impact: Evaluate how your decision might affect various stakeholders, such as clients, colleagues, the public, or the environment. Consider the potential consequences and the long-term implications of your actions. 5. Identify potential conflicts of interest: Determine if there are any conflicts of interest that could impact your decision-making process or compromise your professional integrity. 6. Reflect on your values: Consider your personal principles and values, as well as RICS' core values of integrity, honesty, and professionalism. Think about how your decision aligns with these values. 7. Seek advice: Consult with colleagues, mentors, or other professionals if you are uncertain about the best course of action. Discuss the situation and gather different perspectives to help inform your decision. 8. Make a decision: Based on the information gathered and the ethical considerations, make an informed decision that upholds the highest standards of professional conduct. 9. Document your decision: Keep a record of your decision-making process, including the factors you considered and the rationale behind your final decision. 10. Review and learn: Reflect on your decision and its outcomes, identify any lessons learned, and use these insights to improve your future decision-making. By following these steps, RICS members can ensure they make ethical decisions that align with professional standards, legal requirements, and the best interests of all stakeholders involved.

Answer 46

RICS has published the "Conflicts of Interest Global, 1st Edition," a guidance note that provides best practices for professionals in the property sector to identify, manage, and mitigate conflicts of interest. The document emphasizes that maintaining the highest ethical standards and upholding the public interest are crucial for RICS members and regulated firms. The guidance note outlines the importance of understanding different types of conflicts of interest, including actual, potential, and perceived conflicts. RICS members are advised to be aware of these conflicts and manage them effectively to maintain trust and integrity in their professional relationships. To prevent conflicts of interest, the document recommends adopting a proactive approach, which includes implementing appropriate policies, procedures, and systems within an organization. Key elements of an effective conflicts management framework include: 1. Identification: Regularly assess and identify conflicts of interest that may arise from an organization's activities, relationships, or services. 2. Management: Implement strategies to manage, mitigate, or eliminate identified conflicts of interest. 3. Disclosure: Ensure transparency by disclosing relevant conflicts of interest to affected parties in a timely and appropriate manner. 4. Record-keeping: Maintain accurate and up-to-date records of identified conflicts of interest and the measures taken to address them. 5. Training and awareness: Educate staff on the importance of managing conflicts of interest and provide them with the necessary tools and knowledge to identify and manage such situations effectively. 6. Monitoring and review: Regularly review the effectiveness of the conflicts management framework and make improvements as necessary. RICS members are encouraged to seek guidance from the organization's professional standards and regulations, as well as relevant laws and industry best practices, when managing conflicts of interest. By adhering to these guidelines, RICS members can maintain the highest standards of professionalism, protect their reputation, and uphold the public interest in the property sector.

Answer 47

Subsidence is the downward movement or sinking of the ground, which can cause damage to buildings and other structures built on the affected land. Subsidence can occur due to various reasons, such as geological processes, water-related issues, or human activities like mining or construction. The type of cracking that appears in a building affected by subsidence can depend on various factors, including the severity and duration of the subsidence, the type of soil, and the design and construction of the building. Some common types of cracking that can occur due to subsidence include: 1. Vertical cracking: This type of cracking appears as a single, straight line that runs vertically through the wall. It can be caused by a downward movement of the ground beneath the foundation. 2. Diagonal cracking: Diagonal cracks often appear at a 45-degree angle and can be caused by uneven settling of the foundation. 3. Horizontal cracking: Horizontal cracks often appear along the mortar joints and can be caused by lateral pressure from the movement of the soil. 4. Stair-step cracking: This type of cracking appears as a series of steps in the masonry or concrete blocks and can be caused by differential movement of the foundation. To remedy cracking caused by subsidence, it is essential to first identify and address the underlying cause of the subsidence. For example, if the subsidence is caused by water-related issues like leaks or drainage problems, those issues should be addressed first to prevent further subsidence. Next, the affected building may need to be stabilized and its foundation repaired. This can involve techniques like underpinning or grouting, which reinforce and stabilize the foundation to prevent further movement. Finally, the cracks in the building's structure may need to be repaired, which can involve filling them with specialized materials like epoxy or polyurethane resins. Overall, remedying the damage caused by subsidence can be a complex process that requires careful planning and expertise. It is important to consult with a qualified professional, such as a structural engineer or building contractor, to determine the most appropriate course of action.

Answer 48

Listed building consent is required in the UK for any proposed construction work that will affect the character or appearance of a listed building or its setting. Listed buildings are those that are considered to be of special architectural or historic interest and are protected by law. The application process for listed building consent typically involves the following steps: 1. Initial Consultation: The first step in the process is to consult with the local planning authority to determine whether or not listed building consent is required. This consultation may involve submitting preliminary plans or sketches of the proposed works. 2. Submitting the Application: Once it has been determined that listed building consent is required, an application must be submitted to the local planning authority. This application should include detailed plans and drawings of the proposed works, as well as any relevant supporting documentation. 3. Review and Assessment: The local planning authority will review the application and assess the impact of the proposed works on the listed building and its setting. They may also consult with other organizations or individuals, such as Historic England, to obtain their views on the proposal. 4. Decision: The local planning authority will then make a decision on the application. They may grant consent, grant consent with conditions, or refuse consent. 5. Appeals: If the application is refused, the applicant has the right to appeal the decision. This appeal must be made within six months of the decision and will be heard by the Planning Inspectorate. It is important to note that carrying out works to a listed building without obtaining the necessary listed building consent is a criminal offense and can result in legal action and financial penalties. Therefore, it is essential to follow the proper application process and obtain consent before starting any construction work on a listed building in the UK.

Answer 49

Application for Listed Building Consent for Alterations, Extension or Demolition of a Listed Building Planning (Listed Building and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 An application for listed building consent should be submitted for all applications requiring alteration, extension, or demolition to a listed building. Listed building consent Listed building consent is a type of planning control, which protects buildings of special architectural or historical interest. These controls are in addition to any planning regulations which would normally apply. Listed building status can also result in the requirement for planning permission where it wouldn’t ordinarily be required - for example, the erection of means of enclosure. The controls apply to any works for the demolition of a listed building, or for its alteration or extension, which is likely to affect its character as a building of special architectural or historical interest. It is a criminal offence to carry out work which needs listed building consent without obtaining it beforehand. What is a listed building? A 'listed building' is a building, object or structure that has been judged to be of national importance in terms of architectural or historic interest and included on a special register, called the List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest. Buildings are listed to help protect the physical evidence of our past, including buildings, which are valued and protected as a central part of our cultural heritage and our sense of identity. Historic buildings also add to the quality of our lives, being an important aspect of the character and appearance of our towns, villages, and countryside. What part of the building is listed? It is important to note that the term ‘listed building’ includes: The building itself Any object or structure fixed to it Any object or structure that has been within the curtilage of the building since 1948 Planning permission may also be required for works involving the external alteration/extension of the listed building, where works affect the character of the building. In this situation, a full planning application or householder planning application and listed building consent should be submitted. Please note: It is not possible to make an application for “outline” listed building consent. Any application must give sufficient detail; including a plan and other drawings necessary, to allow the impact of the works on the building to be properly assessed. Listed building consent may be granted subject to conditions. This may be regarding: The preservation of particular features of the building, either as part of it or after it is removed Making good of any damage caused to the building by the works after work is completed Reconstruction of the building or any parts of it following the proposed works, using the original materials as far as possible, and any alterations within the building as laid down in the conditions Listed building consent for demolition of a listed building may also be granted, subject to a condition that the building shall not be demolished before an agreement outlining how the site will be redeveloped is made, and planning permission has been granted for such a redevelopment, has been granted. Retrospective consent: Listed building consent can be made after work to a listed building has taken place. However, work is only authorised from the actual date the consent is given, so anyone carrying out the demolition of a listed building, or altering or extending in a way which would affect its character prior to this can still be prosecuted. What are the criteria for a building having listed status? The Department of Digital, Culture, Media and Sport uses the following criteria to decide which buildings to include on the list of protected buildings: Architectural interest: buildings of importance because of their design, decoration and craftsmanship Historic interest: buildings which illustrate an aspect of the nation's social, economic, cultural or military history Historic association: buildings that demonstrate close historical association with nationally important people or events Group value: buildings that form part of an architectural ensemble, such as squares, terraces or model villages In broad terms, buildings that are eligible for listed status are as follows: All buildings built before 1700 that survive in anything like their original condition Most buildings of 1700-1840, although selection is necessary Between 1840 and 1914 only buildings of definite quality and character; the selection is designed to include the major works of principal architects Between 1914 and 1939 selected buildings of high quality or historic interest A limited number of outstanding buildings after 1939, but at least ten years old, and usually more than 30 years old Grades of listed buildings Listed buildings are classified into grades as follows: Grade I - buildings of exceptional interest Grade II* - particularly important and more than special interest Grade II - buildings of special interest, warranting every effort being made to preserve them (this is the most common) Information required Within an application for listed building consent, you will be required to provide a site plan, location plan, design and access statement and heritage assessment. With enough detail included to support your application and allow the local authority to fully understand and evaluate the proposal. Design and access statement For some applications for listed building consent a Design and Access statement is required, allowing local planning authorities and other parties to understand the analysis and design of a proposal. Including the key architectural and historic features of the building and what justifies its designation as a listed building. Allowing for an understanding to be drawn of the key design principles and how they take the historic context into account, alongside the local plan policies. Heritage impact assessments The National Planning Policy Framework set out the need to provide the local authority with enough information to understand the impact of the proposal on any heritage asset which is affected. The heritage impact assessment does not replace a design and access statement, but it can be used to make up part of the statement. Prior to the submission of your application, you will be required to know: Details of listed building grading – if not known, this information can be found in the National Heritage List for England, which is available on Historic England’s website Detailed description of the proposed works (including existing and proposed materials and finishes) together with details of those part(s) of the building likely to be affected A statement of the applicant's interest (ownership, tenancy etc) in the listed building(s) and any interest of any other person You will need to check whether your building is exempt from Listed Building Consent or requires any alternative consents such as Ecclesiastical Exemptions. More information around Ecclesiastical Exemption is available through Historic England. It is often helpful to discuss your proposal with your local authority before you send in your application – this is known as 'pre-application advice'. Your local authority will normally have details of how to go about this on its website. Timeline Listed building consent should be granted within 8 weeks. This begins when the Local Planning Authority validates the application. This includes a 21-day consultation period where neighbours and interested parties can comment on the proposal. Fees There is no fee for an application for listed building consent.

Answer 50

Loss and damage Developing countries have been seeking financial assistance for loss and damage – money needed to rescue and rebuild the physical and social infrastructure of countries devastated by extreme weather – for nearly three decades. Finally achieving agreement on a fund is a major milestone. Now comes the difficult part – the fund must be set up, and filled with cash. There is no agreement yet on how the finance should be provided and where it should come from. 1.5C The 2015 Paris agreement contained two temperature goals – to keep the rise “well below 2C” above pre-industrial levels, and “pursuing efforts” to keep the increase to 1.5C. Science since then has shown clearly that 2C is not safe, so at Cop26 in Glasgow last year countries agreed to focus on a 1.5C limit. As their commitments on cutting greenhouse gas emissions were too weak to stay within the 1.5C limit, they also agreed to return each year to strengthen them, a process known as the ratchet. At Cop27, some countries tried to renege on the 1.5C goal, and to abolish the ratchet. They failed, but a resolution to cause emissions to peak by 2025 was taken out, to the dismay of many. Gas The final text of Cop27 contained a provision to boost “low-emissions energy”. That could mean many things, from wind and solar farms to nuclear reactors, and coal-fired power stations fitted with carbon capture and storage. It could also be interpreted to mean gas, which has lower emissions than coal, but is still a major fossil fuel. Many countries at Cop27, particularly those from Africa with large reserves to exploit, came to Sharm el-Sheikh hoping to strike lucrative gas deals. Fossil fuels Last year at Glasgow, a commitment to phase down the use of coal was agreed. It marked the first time a resolution on fossil fuels had been included in the final text – some would say, incredibly for 30 years of conferences on climate change. At Cop27, some countries – led by India – wanted to go further and include a commitment to phase down all fossil fuels. That was the subject of intense wrangling late into Saturday night, but in the end it failed and the resolution included was the same as that in Glasgow. World Bank reform A growing number of developed and developing countries are calling for urgent changes to the World Bank and other publicly funded finance institutions, which they say have failed to provide the funding needed to help poor countries cut their greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the impacts of the climate crisis. Reform of the kind widely discussed at Cop27 could involve a recapitalisation of the development banks to allow them to provide far more assistance to the developing world. Nicholas Stern, a climate economist and peer, has calculated the developing world will need $2.4tn (£2tn) a year from 2030. But this is only about 5% more than the investment they would require anyway, much of which would go into high-carbon infrastructure. The World Bank could provide about half of those funds, he estimates. Adaptation Building flood defences, preserving wetlands, restoring mangrove swamps and regrowing forests – these measures, and more, can help countries to become more resilient to the impacts of climate breakdown. But poor countries often struggle to gain funding for these efforts. Of the $100bn a year rich countries promised they would receive from 2020 – a promise still not fulfilled – only about $20bn goes to adaptation. In Glasgow, countries agreed to double that proportion, but at Cop27 some sought to remove that commitment. After some struggle, it was reaffirmed. Tipping points, the IPCC and health Since Cop26, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has published the key parts of its latest vast assessment of climate science, warning of catastrophic impacts that can only be averted by sharp and urgent cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. The IPCC was set up by the UN to advise on science, yet some countries wished to remove references to its latest findings from the final text. Instead of that, a reference to the key finding of “tipping points” was put in – a warning that the climate does not warm in a gradual and linear fashion, but that we risk tripping feedback loops that will lead to rapidly escalating effects. These include the heating of the Amazon, which could turn the rainforest to savannah, transforming it from a carbon sink to a carbon source, and the melting of permafrost that releases the powerful greenhouse gas methane. Also inserted was a reference to “the right to a clean healthy and sustainable environment”. Medical professionals have begun to play a much more prominent role in climate talks, and in climate protests, drawing a clear link between global heating and health.

Answer 51

Sure, here's a summary of the RICS guidance note on Japanese knotweed: The RICS guidance note on Japanese knotweed provides information on the risks and responsibilities associated with the presence of this invasive species on property. The guidance note advises that surveyors and valuers should be aware of the potential for knotweed to cause damage to buildings and infrastructure, and should take steps to identify and report its presence. The guidance note also outlines the legal requirements for the management and control of knotweed, including the duty to prevent its spread to neighboring properties and the potential liability for damages caused by its spread. In addition, the guidance note provides information on the treatment and eradication of knotweed, and advises that property owners and buyers should seek expert advice on the most appropriate course of action. Overall, the guidance note emphasizes the importance of taking a proactive and responsible approach to the management of Japanese knotweed in order to minimize the risks and protect the value of property.

Answer 52

Management of health and safety at work regulations Manual handling operations regulations Display screen equipment regulations Workplace (health and safety and welfare) regulations Provision and use of work equipment regulations Personal protective equipment, (PPE) regulations

Answer 53

Before asbestos works, begin in the UK, the duty holder or employer must notify the appropriate regulatory body. The notification requirements depend on the type and duration of the work been carried out. See HSE website and L144 ACOP Notification to the health and safety executive, for licensed asbestos work, where is Bestos removal, in capsulation, or certain types of repair are planned the duty holder or employer must notify the HSC at least 14 days before the work starts. This notification is done through the HSE‘s online. Asbestos notification system. Notification to the relevant enforcing authority, for non-licensed asbestos work the risk is lower, and the work is not subject to a license duty holder or employer must notify the relevant authority (usually the local authority) in writing before the work commences.