Randoms Flashcards
(7 cards)
What are PMNs or PMLs?
**PMNs are polymorphonuclear/polymorphonuclear leukocyte cells - a type of white blood cell that helps to provide immune functions. There are three types of PMNs: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils “BEN” , each with granule-like particles inside (sometimes all are called granulocytes). Each of these is produced by granulopoeisis in the bone marrow. **
What are neutrophils?
What is their function?
Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell (granulocyte (has granules) or polymorphonuclear leukocyte). Neutrophil is the most common WBC (Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas). Produced in the bone marrow from stem cells, then released into blood when matured.
There are two types of neutrophils: segmented neutrophils (mature neutrophils) and band cells (immature neutrophils). Normally mature segmented neutrophils are released first, and immature band neutrophils are only released when there is something wrong going on (left shift).
Neutrophils are one of the first *minutes* to be found at the site of infection and are a major cell type in puss. They are great at phagocyting material (recognizing materials tagged with opsonins, engulfing material, making phagosome and releasing reactive oxygen species to digest bad guys up); they are also pretty good at releasing enzymes extracellularly to fight invaders (wiki calls these soluble anti-microbials) and at releasing cytokines to invite other immune cells to the party.
inflammation -> increased production of neturophils in the marrow + increased release -> chemotactic factors help neutrophils migrate through blood to infected site (especially follow IL-8 and C5a; as well as interferon-gamma and leukotrienne B4)
Endotoxin -> sequestration of neutrophils in the spleen, liver and lung; lowering neturophil count in the blood and increase in band cells
Reasons for neutrophil release?
bacterial infection
environmental exposure
some cancers
What is neutropenia? What are common causes of neutropenia?
Neutropenia ; -penia = less
Common causes of neutropenia include overwhelming inflammation/infection in which tissue demand for neutrophils outpaces bone marrow production, endotoxemia (acute), primary bone marrow disease (e.g. aplasia, hypoplasia, or myelophthisis1), or drugs/infections that suppress bone marrow production (e.g. estrogens, chemotherapeutics, chronic ehrlichiosis (bacteria that infect WBCs)).
**https://ahdc.vet.cornell.edu/clinpath/modules/hemogram/seg.htm **
What is neutrophilia? What are common causes?
Neutrophilia -philia = more
Neutrophilia is an increased numbers of neutrophils, and can occur due to the following mechanisms:
Common causes of neutrophilia include inflammation (either infectious or non-infectious [trauma, surgery, burns, etc.]), exogenous or endogenous corticosteroids (increase neutrophil count, but reduce their ability to bind to vessel walls =migrate, so their action is reduced; also cause lymphocytopenia; http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/437182_5), and epinephrine. Immune-mediated diseases such as immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (antibodies directed against own WBC) are also commonly associated with neutrophilia due to actions of inflammatory cytokines.
https://ahdc.vet.cornell.edu/clinpath/modules/hemogram/seg.htm
What are eosinophils?
Eosinophils are a type of granulocyte (type of leukocyte or WBC) produced in marrow, that gets released into the blood and migrates into tissue in response to immune stimulant.
Often due to presence of parasites and some infections, as well as other hypersensitivity reactions, such as allergies and asthma.
What is eosinophilia? What are some causes for it?
What is eosinopenia?
Eosinophilia
Eosinophilia is an increased numbers of eosinophils. It is most commonly associated with parasitism and hypersensitivity reactions. Certain neoplasms can also promote production and release of eosinophils. This is most commonly seen with mast cells tumors, but has also been described with lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and some other tumor types. The mechanism of this paraneoplastic eosinophilia is not always known, but can be due to release of cytokines by the neoplastic cells that promote eosinophil production (e.g. IL-5). Another potential cause for eosinophilia is Addison’s disease (Addison disease, chronic adrenal insufficiency, hypocortisolism, and hypoadrenalism) is a rare, chronic endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones (glucocorticoids and often mineralocorticoids)
Eosinopenia
Eosinopenia is a decreased numbers of eosinophils. It may be difficult to document because the eosinophil normal range may go down to zero. Eosinopenia is most commonly attributed to increased corticosteroids .
What are monocytes?
Monocytes are a type of white blood cells (leukocytes), largest of all leukocytes, differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells. Part of innate immune system. Unilobar, bean-shaped nuclei -> mononuclear and agranular.
MThey play multiple roles in immune function. Such roles include:
(1) replenishing resident macrophages under normal states, and
(2) in response to inflammation signals, monocytes can move quickly (approx. 8–12 hours) to sites of infection in the tissues and divide/differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to elicit an immune response
