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toefl preparation > rank C.1 > Flashcards

rank C.1 Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

replenish

A

to fill something up again
syn.) refill, restore, renew

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2
Q

substantiate

A

to support a claim with facts, or to show something to be true
syn.) confirm, prove, authenticate, verify

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3
Q

strenuous

A

needing or using a lot of physical or material effort or energy
syn.) intense, arduous, laborious

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4
Q

arduous

A

difficult, needing a lot of effort and energy

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5
Q

sleek

A

smooth, shiny and therefore looking well cared for
cf.) smooth, silky

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6
Q

subdue

A

to bring a person or group under control by using force
cf.) defeat, conquer, vanquish
eg.) Police say they have a range of methods available to them to subdue a person during a confrontation.

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7
Q

vanquish

A

to defeat an enemy or opponent, especially in war

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8
Q

sedentary

A

involving little exercise or physical activity
syn.) stationary, settled
eg.) My doctor says I should start playing sport because my lifestyle is too sedentary.

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9
Q

unrivaled

A

having no equal; better than any other of the same type
syn.) unequaled, unparelleled, matchless, peerless

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10
Q

contour

A

the shape of a mass of land or other object, especially its curved surfave or the curved shape formed by its outer edge
syn.) outline

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11
Q

irrevocably

A

in a way that is impossible to change
syn.) permanently, irreversibly, irretrievably

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12
Q

stunted

A

prevented from growing or developing to the usual size
syn.) underdeveloped, hindered, hampered
eg.) A few stunted trees were the only vegetation visible.

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13
Q

malleable

A

a malleable substance is easily changed into a new shape
syn.) flexible

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14
Q

encroachment

A

the act of gradually taking away someone else’s right, or taking control of someone’s time, work, etc…
syn.) (gradual) invation, intrusion
eg.) The new censorship laws are serious encroachments on freedom of expression.

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15
Q

earmark

A

to keep or intend something for a particular purpuse
syn) distribute, allot, allocate, designate
eg.) Five billion dollars of this year’s budget is already earmarked for hospital improvements.

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16
Q

prolific

A

producing a great number or amount of something
syn) fertile, fruitful, productive, abundant
eg.) He was probably the most prolific songwriter of his generation.

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17
Q

gauge

A

to calculate an amount, especially by using a measuring device
syn.) judgem assess, evaluate, appraise

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18
Q

engrave

A

to cut words, pictures, or patterns into the surfave of metal, stone, etc.
syn.) carve, incise, etch
eg.) The bracelet was engraved with his name and date of birth.

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19
Q

etch

A

to cut a pattern, picture etc. into a smooth surface, especially on metal or glass, using acid or a sharp instrument.
syn.) carve, incise, engrave
eg.) He etched his name on a piece of glass.

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20
Q

optimize

A

to make something as good as possible
syn.) make the best use of
eg.) We need to optimize our use of the existing technology.

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21
Q

supplant

A

to replace
syn.) replace, substitute, displace, supersede
eg.) Printed books will soon be supplanted by e-books.

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22
Q

supersede

A

to replace something, especially something older or more old-fashioned
syn.) replace, supplant, displace, substitute
eg.) Most of the old road has been superseded by the great interstate highways.

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23
Q

colossal

A

extremely large
syn.) enormous, monstrous, gigantic
eg.) They were asking a colossal amount of money for the house.

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24
Q

emanate

A

to express a quality or feeling through the way that you look and behave
syn.) emerge, spring, originate
eg.) Her face emanated sadness.

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25
sporadically
sometimes, but not regularly or continuously syn.) occasioncally, at intervals, infrequently eg.) Fighting continued throughout the afternoon and sporadically into Friday night.
26
stamp something out
to get rid of something that is wrong or harmful syn.) eliminate, eradicate, extirpate eg.) The new legislation is intended to stamp out child prostitution.
27
eradicate
to get rid of something completely or destroy something bad syn.) stamp sth out, eliminate, extirpate eg.) The government claims to be doing all it can to eradicate corruption.
28
extirpate
to remove or destroy something completely syn.) stamp sth out, eliminate, eradicate eg.) The maintenance of barn owls in this area where terrestrial predators of rodents have been widely extirpated should be encouraged.
29
stagnation
a situation in which something stays the same and does not grow and develop syn.) low growth, downturn
30
obsolete
not use any more, having been replaced by something newer and better or more fashionable syn.) out of date, outdated, unused, out of use
31
stipulate
to say exactly how something must be or must be done syn.) specify, define, state eg.) State laws stipulate that public education be free.
32
entail
to make something necessary, ot to involve something syn.) involve, cause,require, demand eg.) Such a large investment inevitably entails some risk.
33
ascendency
a position of power, strength, or success syn.) supremacy, dominance, predominance eg.) They are in danger of losing their political ascendancy (= controlling power).
34
ravage
to cause great damage to something syn.) destroy, demolish devastate, ruin eg.) The area has been ravaged by drought/floods/war.
35
discrepancy
a difference between two things that should be the same syn.) inconsistency, disparity, dissimilarity eg.) There is some discrepancy between the two accounts.
36
cogent
A cogent argument, reason, etc. is clearly expressed and persuades people to believe it. syn.) convincing, compelling eg.) Such timing events are used to assemble cogent hypotheses about ribosome origins and thereby obtain insights into this very early phase in biological evolution.
37
discrepant
showing a difference between two things that should be the same syn.) contradictory, incompatible eg.) These findings are discrepant with data from several other studies.
38
remnant
a small piece or amount of something that is left from a larger original piece or amount syn.) residue, remains, remainder
39
astounding
very surprising or shocking syn.) astonishing, incredible, amazing
40
intermittently
in a way that does not happen regularly or with periods in between syn.) occasionally, periodically eg,) In eastern north America, it rains intermittently throughout the year.
41
exorbitant
Exorbitant prices, demands, etc. are much too large. syn,) inordinate, excessive, undue
42
undue
to a level that is more than is necessary, acceptable, or reasonable eg,) Such a high increase will impose an undue burden on the local tax payer.
43
embodiment
(the embodiment of sth) someone or something that represents a a quality or an idea exactly eg.) The demigod Hercules from Greek mythology is the embodiment of masculinity.
44
epitome
(the epitome of something) the typical or highest example of a stated quality, as shown by a particular person or thing eg.) Even now in her sixties, she is the epitomw of French elegance.
45
surmise
a guess syn.) spectlation, conjecture, supposition eg.) The article is pure surmise and innuendo.
46
captivating
holding your attention by being extremely interesting, exciting, pleasant or attractive syn.) fascinating, extremely attractive, enthralling
47
enthralling
keeping someone's interest and attention completly
48
constellation
a group of famous or admired people all together in one place eg.) Jerusalem is a city that is known for the constellation of cultures.
49
unconsolidated
relating to or involving the separate financial accounts or results of each company in a group, not combined with the others syn.) loose, inconheret
50
disputatious
liking to argue and disagree, or arguing and disagreement a lot
51
contentious
causing, involving, or likely to cause disagreement and argument
52
manifold
many and of several different types eg.) Despite her manifold faults, she was a strong leader. syn.) diverse, varied, various
53
eerie
strange in a frightening and mysterious way eg.) He had the eerie feeling that he had met this stranger before. syn.) odd, strange
54
tenuous
A tenuous connection, idea, or situation is weak and possibly does not exist
55
eradicate
to get rig of sth completely or destroy sth bad syn.) remove, root up, extirpate, eliminate eg.) The US spends $50 billlion per year trying to eradicate drug use.
56
extirpate
to remove or destroy sth completely
57
lodge
to become stuch in a piece or position syn.) embed, implant eg.) The meteor flew in from outer space lodged in the rock.
58
gather momentum
to became faster, stronger, etc eg.) Business at the new book shop was slow at first, but soon it started to gather momentum.
59
arid
very dry and without enough rain for plants
60
sterile
(of a living being) unable to produce young, or (of land) unable to produce plants or crops
61
vacate
to leave a room, building, chair, etc. so that it is available for other people syn.) abandon, evactuate, void
62
buffer
to provide protection against harm syn.) protect, cushion
63
startified
arranged in separate layers syn.) layered
64
agitated
worried or angry syn.) turbulent, violent, tumultuous
65
appraisal
the act of examing some or something in order to judge their or its qualities, success, or needs syn.) evaluation, assessment, estimation
66
erroneous
wrong or galse syn.) wrong, incorrect, mistaken, false eg.) All of the team agreed that it was an erroneous conclusion.
67
partisan
strongly supporting a person, principle, or political party, often without considering or judging the matter very carefully syn.) proponent, supporter, advocate, adherent
68
dissipate
to (cause to) gradually diappear or waste syn.) disperse, scatter, spread, disseminate
69
disseminate
to spread or give out something, especially news, information, ideas, etc.., to a lot of people eg.) One of the organization's aim is to disseminate information about the disease.
70
adjacent
very near, next to, or touching eg.) In addition to the World Trade Center, adjacent buildings were damaged on 9/11.
71
assimilate
to become part of a group, counrty, society, etc., or to make someone or something become part of a group, country, society etc. cf.) absorb, take in, digest eg.) The research indicates thet the human mind can assimilate languages most repidly before the age of seven.
72
surmise
to guess something, without having much or any proof cf.) infer, guess, speculate, suspect eg.) Without any hard evidenct to rely upon, researchers can only surmise how the death of King Tutankhamen occurred.
73
endorse
to make a public statement of your approval or support for something or someone cf.) support, subscribe, back, advpcate eg.) The majority of British politicians endorsed the prime minister's decision to go to war.
74
assail
to attack someone violently or criticize someone strongly eg.) The victim had been assailed with repeated blows to the head and body.
75
deft
76
adroit
77
vestige
78
ponder
79
strew
80
encapsulate
81
jeopardy
82
paramount
83
unwiedly
84
ephemeral
85
fascilitate
86
exude
87
reciprocity
88
interplay
89
antecede
90
forerun
91
arid
92
parached
93
article
94
scrutiny
95
recompense
96
rudiments
97
clumsy
98
bind
99
turmoil
100
agitation

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