Rapid Review Flashcards
(496 cards)
1
Q
Abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly
A
Budd-Chiari syndrome (posthepatic venous thrombosis)
2
Q
Abdominal pain, diarrhea, leukocytosis, recent antibiotic use
A
Clostridium difficile infection
3
Q
Achilles tendon xanthoma
A
Familial hypercholesterolemia (? LDL receptor signaling)
4
Q
Adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, DIC
A
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (meningococcemia)
5
Q
Anaphylaxis following blood transfusion
A
IgA deficiency
6
Q
Anterior “drawer sign” (+)
A
Anterior cruciate ligament injury
7
Q
Arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, hyperflexible joints
A
Marfan syndrome (fibrillin defect)
8
Q
Athlete with polycythemia
A
2° to erythropoietin injection
9
Q
Back pain, fever, night sweats
A
Pott disease (vertebral TB)
10
Q
Bilateral acoustic schwannomas
A
Neurofibromatosis type 2
11
Q
Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
A
Sarcoidosis (noncaseating granulomas)
12
Q
Black eschar on face of patient with diabetic ketoacidosis
A
Mucor or Rhizopus fungal infection
13
Q
Blue sclera
A
Osteogenesis imperfecta (type I collagen defect)
14
Q
Bluish line on gingiva
A
Burton line (lead poisoning)
15
Q
Bone pain, bone enlargement, arthritis
A
Paget disease of bone (? osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity)
16
Q
Bounding pulses, diastolic heart murmur, head bobbing
A
Aortic regurgitation
17
Q
Butterfly facial rash and Raynaud phenomenon in a young female
A
Systemic lupus erythematosus
18
Q
Cafe?-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules (iris hamartoma), cutaneous neurofibromas, pheochromocytomas, optic gliomas
A
Neurofibromatosis type I, pheochromocytoma, optic gliomas
19
Q
Cafe?-au-lait spots (unilateral), polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, multiple endocrine abnormalities
A
McCune-Albright syndrome (mosaic G-protein signaling mutation)
20
Q
Calf pseudohypertrophy
A
Muscular dystrophy (most commonly Duchenne, due to X-linked recessive frameshift mutation of dystrophin gene)
21
Q
Cervical lymphadenopathy, desquamating rash, coronary aneurysms, red conjunctivae and tongue
A
Kawasaki disease (treat with IVIG and aspirin)
22
Q
Cherry-red spots on macula
A
Tay-Sachs (ganglioside accumulation) or Niemann-Pick (sphingomyelin accumulation), central retinal artery occlusion
23
Q
Chest pain on exertion
A
Angina (stable: with moderate exertion; unstable: with minimal exertion or at rest)
24
Q
Chest pain, pericardial effusion/friction rub, persistent fever following MI
A
Dressler syndrome (autoimmune-mediated post-MI fibrinous pericarditis, 2-12 weeks after acute episode)
25
Chest pain with ST depressions on EKG
Unstable angina (troponins ?) or NSTEMI (troponins +)
26
Child uses arms to stand up from squat
Gowers sign (Duchenne muscular dystrophy)
27
Child with fever later develops red rash on face that spreads to body
Slapped cheeks (erythema infectiosum/fifth disease: parvovirus B19)
28
Chorea, dementia, caudate degeneration
Huntington disease (autosomal dominant CAG repeat expansion)
29
Chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications
Congenital toxoplasmosis
30
Chronic exercise intolerance with myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps, myoglobinuria
McArdle disease (skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency)
31
Cold intolerance
Hypothyroidism
32
Conjugate horizontal gaze palsy, horizontal diplopia
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (damage to MLF; may be unilateral or bilateral)
33
Continuous "machine-like" heart murmur
PDA (close with indomethacin; open or maintain with PGE analogs)
34
Cutaneous/dermal edema due to connective tissue deposition
Myxedema (caused by hypothyroidism, Graves disease [pretibial])
35
Cutaneous flushing, diarrhea, bronchospasm
Carcinoid syndrome (right-sided cardiac valvular lesions, 5-HIAA)
36
Dark purple skin/mouth nodules in a patient with AIDS
Kaposi sarcoma, associated with HHV-8
37
Deep, labored breathing/hyperventilation
Kussmaul respirations (diabetic ketoacidosis)
38
Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea
Pellagra (niacin [vitamin B3] deficiency)
39
Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, alcoholism or malnutrition
Wet beriberi (thiamine [vitamin B1] deficiency)
40
Dog or cat bite resulting in infection
Pasteurella multocida (cellulitis at inoculation site)
41
Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis
Sjo?gren syndrome (autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands)
42
Dysphagia (esophageal webs), glossitis, iron deficiency anemia
Plummer-Vinson syndrome (may progress to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma)
43
Elastic skin, hypermobility of joints, bleeding tendency
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (type V collagen defect, type III collagen defect seen in vascular subtype of ED)
44
Enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node
Virchow node (abdominal metastasis)
45
Episodic vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss
Meniere disease
46
Erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical T cells
Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) or Se?zary syndrome (mycosis fungoides + malignant T cells in blood)
47
Facial muscle spasm upon tapping
Chvostek sign (hypocalcemia)
48
Fat, female, forty, and fertile
Cholelithiasis (gallstones)
49
Fever, chills, headache, myalgia following antibiotic treatment for syphilis
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (rapid lysis of spirochetes results in endotoxin release)
50
Fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, diffuse rash
Measles
51
Fever, night sweats, weight loss
B symptoms (staging) of lymphoma
52
Fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis with abnormalcurvature
Peyronie disease (connective tissue disorder)
53
Golden brown rings around peripheral cornea
Kayser-Fleischer rings (copper accumulation from Wilson disease)
54
Gout, intellectual disability, self-mutilating behavior in a boy
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, X-linked recessive)
55
Hamartomatous GI polyps, hyperpigmentation of mouth/feet/hands/genitalia
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (inherited, benign polyposis can cause bowel obstruction; ? cancer risk, mainly GI)
56
Hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, osteoporosis, aseptic necrosis of femur, bone crises
Gaucher disease (glucocerebrosidase deficiency)
57
Hereditary nephritis, sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts
Alport syndrome (mutation in collagen IV)
58
Hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocility
Klu?ver-Bucy syndrome (bilateral amygdala lesion)
59
Hyperreflexia, hypertonia, Babinski sign present
UMN damage
60
Hyporeflexia, hypotonia, atrophy, fasciculations
LMN damage
61
Hypoxemia, polycythemia, hypercapnia
Blue bloater (chronic bronchitis: hyperplasia of mucous cells)
62
Indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
Nonpainful: chancre (1° syphilis, Treponema pallidum) Painful, with exudate: chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
63
Infant with "cherry-red" spot on macula, hepatosplenomegaly, and neurodegeneration
Niemann-Pick disease (genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency)
64
Infant with cleft lip/palate, microcephaly or holoprosencephaly, polydactyly, cutis aplasia
Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)
65
Infant with hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly
Cori disease (debranching enzyme deficiency) or Von Gierke disease (glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency, more severe)
66
Infant with microcephaly, rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, and structural heart defect
Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18)
67
Jaundice, palpable distended non-tender gallbladder
Courvoisier sign (distal obstruction of biliary tree)
68
Large rash with bull's-eye appearance
Erythema chronicum migrans from Ixodes tick bite (Lyme disease: Borrelia)
69
Lucid interval after traumatic brain injury
Epidural hematoma (middle meningeal artery rupture)
70
Male child, recurrent infections, no mature B cells
Bruton disease (X-linked agammaglobulinemia)
71
Mucosal bleeding and prolonged bleeding time
Glanzmann thrombasthenia (defect in platelet aggregation due to lack of GpIIb/IIIa)
72
Muffled heart sounds, distended neck veins, hypotension
Beck triad of cardiac tamponade
73
Multiple colon polyps, osteomas/soft tissue tumors, impacted/ supernumerary teeth
Gardner syndrome (subtype of FAP)
74
Myopathy (infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), exercise intolerance
Pompe disease (lysosomal ?-1,4-glucosidase deficiency)
75
Neonate with arm paralysis following difficult birth
Erb-Duchenne palsy (superior trunk [C5-C6] brachial plexus injury: "waiter's tip")
76
No lactation postpartum, absent menstruation, cold intolerance
Sheehan syndrome (pituitary infarction)
77
Nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech, bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Multiple sclerosis
78
Painful blue fingers/toes, hemolytic anemia
Cold agglutinin disease (autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis, CLL)
79
Painful fingers/toes changing color from blue to white to red with cold or stress
Raynaud phenomenon (vasospasm in extremities)
80
Painful, raised red lesions on pads of fingers/toes
Osler nodes (infective endocarditis, immune complex deposition)
81
Painless erythematous lesions on palms and soles
Janeway lesions (infective endocarditis, septic emboli/ microabscesses)
82
Painless jaundice
Cancer of the pancreatic head obstructing bile duct
83
Palpable purpura on buttocks/legs, joint pain, abdominal pain (child), hematuria
Henoch-Scho?nlein purpura (IgA vasculitis affecting skin and kidneys)
84
Pancreatic, pituitary, parathyroid tumors
MEN 1 (autosomal dominant)
85
Periorbital and/or peripheral edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia
Nephrotic syndrome
86
Pink complexion, dyspnea, hyperventilation
Pink puffer (emphysema: centriacinar [smoking], panacinar [?1-antitrypsin deficiency])
87
Polyuria, renal tubular acidosis type II, growth failure, electrolyte imbalances, hypophosphatemic rickets
Fanconi syndrome (multiple combined dysfunction of the proximal convoluted tubule)
88
Pruritic, purple, polygonal planar papules and plaques (6 P's)
Lichen planus
89
Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
Horner syndrome (sympathetic chain lesion)
90
Pupil accommodates but doesn't react
Argyll Robertson pupil (neurosyphilis)
91
Rapidly progressive limb weakness that ascends following GI/upper respiratory infection
Guillain-Barre? syndrome (acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy subtype)
92
Rash on palms and soles
Coxsackie A, 2° syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
93
Recurrent cold (noninflamed) abscesses, unusual eczema, high serum IgE
Hyper-IgE syndrome (Job syndrome: neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality)
94
Red "currant jelly" sputum in alcoholic or diabetic patients
Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia
95
Red "currant jelly" stools
Acute mesenteric ischemia (adults), intussusception (children)
96
Red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola
Paget disease of the breast (sign of underlying neoplasm)
97
Red urine in the morning, fragile RBCs
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
98
Renal cell carcinoma (bilateral), hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, pheochromocytoma
von Hippel-Lindau disease (dominant tumor suppressor gene mutation)
99
Resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability, shuffling gait
Parkinson disease (loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta)
100
Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
Roth spots (bacterial endocarditis)
101
Severe jaundice in neonate
Crigler-Najjar syndrome (congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
102
Severe RLQ pain with palpation of LLQ
Rovsing sign (acute appendicitis)
103
Severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness
McBurney sign (acute appendicitis)
104
Short stature, cafe? au lait spots, thumb/radial defects, ? incidence of tumors/leukemia, aplastic anemia
Fanconi anemia (genetic loss of DNA crosslink repair; often progresses to AML)
105
Single palmar crease
Down syndrome
106
Situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, infertility
Kartagener syndrome (dynein arm defect affecting cilia)
107
Skin hyperpigmentation, hypotension, fatigue
1° adrenocortical insufficiency (e.g., Addison disease) causes ACTH and ?-MSH production)
108
Slow, progressive muscle weakness in boys
Becker muscular dystrophy (X-linked missense mutation in dystrophin; less severe than Duchenne)
109
Small, irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white centers
Koplik spots (measles; rubeola virus)
110
Smooth, moist, painless, wart-like white lesions on genitals
Condylomata lata (2° syphilis)
111
Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails
Bacterial endocarditis
112
Strawberry tongue
Scarlet fever, Kawasaki disease
113
Streak ovaries, congenital heart disease, horseshoe kidney, cystic hygroma at birth, short stature, webbed neck, lymphedema
Turner syndrome (45,XO)
114
Sudden swollen/painful big toe joint, tophi
Gout/podagra (hyperuricemia)
115
Swollen gums, mucosal bleeding, poor wound healing, petechiae
Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency: can't hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis)
116
Swollen, hard, painful finger joints
Osteoarthritis (osteophytes on PIP [Bouchard nodes], DIP [Heberden nodes])
117
Systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo)
Aortic stenosis
118
Telangiectasias, recurrent epistaxis, skin discoloration, arteriovenous malformations, GI bleeding, hematuria
Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome
119
Thyroid and parathyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma
MEN 2A (autosomal dominant RET mutation)
120
Thyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma, ganglioneuromatosis
MEN 2B (autosomal dominant RET mutation)
121
Toe extension/fanning upon plantar scrape
Babinski sign (UMN lesion)
122
Unilateral facial drooping involving forehead
LMN facial nerve (CN VII) palsy; UMN lesions spare the forehead
123
Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis in a male
Reactive arthritis associated with HLA-B27
124
Vascular birthmark (port-wine stain) of the face
Nevus flammeus (benign, but associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome)
125
Vomiting blood following gastroesophageal lacerations
Mallory-Weiss syndrome (alcoholic and bulimic patients)
126
Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy
Whipple disease (Tropheryma whipplei)
127
Worst headache of my life
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
128
Anticentromere antibodies
Scleroderma (CREST)
129
Anti-desmoglein (epithelial) antibodies
Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)
130
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
Goodpasture syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)
131
Antihistone antibodies
Drug-induced SLE (e.g., hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)
132
Anti-IgG antibodies
Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonnie?re deformity)
133
Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)
1° biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)
134
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)
Microscopic polyangiitis and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome) (MPO-ANCA/ p-ANCA); granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener; PR3- ANCA/c-ANCA)
135
Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA)
SLE (type III hypersensitivity)
136
Antiplatelet antibodies
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
137
Anti-topoisomerase antibodies
Diffuse systemic scleroderma
138
Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies
Celiac disease (diarrhea, weight loss)
139
Apple core lesion on barium enema x-ray
Colorectal cancer (usually left-sided)
140
Atypical lymphocytes
EBV
141
Azurophilic peroxidase ? granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeloblasts
Auer rods (AML, especially the promyelocytic [M3] type)
142
Bacitracin response
Sensitive: S. pyogenes (group A); resistant: S. agalactiae (group B)
143
Bamboo spine on x-ray
Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)
144
Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)
145
Basophilic stippling of RBCs
Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia
146
Bloody or yellow tap on lumbar puncture
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
147
Boot-shaped heart on x-ray
Tetralogy of Fallot (due to RVH)
148
Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules
Actinomyces israelii
149
Bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging
Pancoast tumor (can compress cervical sympathetic chain and cause Horner syndrome)
150
Brown tumor of bone
Hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica (deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives brown color)
151
Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy
Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)
152
Cellular crescents in Bowman capsule
Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis
153
Chocolate cyst of ovary
Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)
154
Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils
Homer-Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma)
155
Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs
Cystic fibrosis (autosomal recessive mutation in CFTR gene fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)
156
? AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormalities
157
Degeneration of dorsal column fibers
Tabes dorsalis (3° syphilis), subacute combined degeneration (dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal, spinocerebellar tracts affected)
158
Delta wave on EKG, short PR interval, supraventricular tachycardia
Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome (Bundle of Kent bypasses AV node)
159
Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra
Parkinson disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)
160
Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum
Curschmann spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)
161
Disarrayed granulosa cells arranged around collections of eosinophilic fluid
Call-Exner bodies (granulosa cell tumor of the ovary)
162
Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with "raisinoid" nuclei and hyperchromasia
Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer)
163
Electrical alternans (alternating amplitude on EKG)
Pericardial tamponade
164
Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies
Owl eye appearance of CMV
165
Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei with central clearing
Orphan Annie eyes nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)
166
Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell
Mallory body (alcoholic liver disease)
167
Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell
Lewy body (Parkinson disease)
168
Eosinophilic globule in liver
Councilman body (viral hepatitis, yellow fever), represents hepatocyte undergoing apoptosis
169
Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal and cerebellar neurons
Negri bodies of rabies
170
Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain
Senile plaques (Alzheimer disease)
171
Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions ("owl's eye")
Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin lymphoma)
172
Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells
Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)
173
Hair on end ("Crew-cut") appearance on x-ray
?-thalassemia, sickle cell disease (marrow expansion)
174
hCG elevated
Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo, and multiple pregnancy)
175
Heart nodules (granulomatous)
Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)
176
Heterophile antibodies
Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
177
Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions
Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)
178
High level of d-dimers
DVT, PE, DIC
179
Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)
Ghon complex (1° TB: Mycobacterium bacilli)
180
Honeycomb lung on x-ray or CT
Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis
181
Hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)
Trousseau syndrome (adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung)
182
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic anemia (B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms; folate deficiency: no neurologic symptoms)
183
Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
Conn syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)
184
Hypochromic, microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (fetal hemoglobin sometimes present)
185
Increased AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
Dating error, anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)
186
Increased uric acid levels
Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics
187
Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies
Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or VZV)
188
Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum
Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: chance of mesothelioma)
189
Keratin pearls on a skin biopsy
Squamous cell carcinoma
190
Large granules in phagocytes, immunodeficiency
Che?diak-Higashi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)
191
Lead pipe appearance of colon on abdominal imaging
Ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)
192
Linear appearance of IgG deposition on glomerular and alveolar basement membranes
Goodpasture syndrome
193
Low serum ceruloplasmin
Wilson disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)
194
Lumpy bumpy appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (due to deposition of IgG, IgM, and C3)
195
Lytic ("punched-out") bone lesions on x-ray
Multiple myeloma
196
Mammary gland ("blue domed") cyst
Fibrocystic change of the breast
197
Monoclonal antibody spike
Multiple myeloma (usually IgG or IgA), Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS consequence of aging), Waldenstro?m (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia, Primary amyloidosis
198
Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus
Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)
199
Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium x-ray
String sign (Crohn disease)
200
Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener; PR3-ANCA/ c-ANCA) and Goodpasture syndrome (anti-basement membrane antibodies)
201
Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals
Gout (monosodium urate crystals)
202
Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)
203
Novobiocin response
Sensitive: S. epidermidis; resistant: S. saprophyticus
204
Nutmeg appearance of liver
Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure or Budd-Chiari syndrome
205
Onion skin periosteal reaction
Ewing sarcoma (malignant small blue cell tumor)
206
Optochin response
Sensitive: S. pneumoniae; resistant: viridans streptococci (S. mutans, S. sanguis)
207
Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area
Codman triangle on x-ray, Ewing sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis)
208
Podocyte fusion or "effacement" on electron microscopy
Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)
209
Polished, "ivory-like" appearance of bone at cartilage erosion
Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)
210
Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of tau protein
Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer disease) and Pick bodies (Pick disease)
211
Psammoma bodies
Meningiomas, papillary thyroid carcinoma, mesothelioma, papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium and ovary
212
Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy
Glioblastoma multiforme
213
RBC casts in urine
Glomerulonephritis
214
Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells
Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)
215
Recurrent infections, eczema, thrombocytopenia
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
216
Renal epithelial casts in urine
Intrinsic renal failure (e.g., ischemia or toxic injury)
217
Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent
Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals)
218
Rib notching
Coarctation of the aorta
219
Ring-enhancing brain lesion in AIDS
Toxoplasma gondii, CNS lymphoma
220
Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tingible body-laden macrophages ("starry sky" histology)
Burkitt lymphoma (t[8:14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV; "starry sky" made up of malignant cells)
221
Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons
Pick bodies (Pick disease: progressive dementia, changes in personality)
222
Soap bubble in femur or tibia on x-ray
Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)
223
Spikes on basement membrane, "dome-like" subepithelial deposits
Membranous nephropathy (nephrotic syndrome)
224
Stacks of RBCs
Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)
225
Steeple sign on CXR
Croup (parainfluenza virus)
226
Stippled vaginal epithelial cells
Clue cells (Gardnerella vaginalis)
227
Streptococcus bovis bacteremia
Colon cancer
228
Tennis racket-shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells
Birbeck granules (Langerhans cell histiocytosis)
229
Thousands of polyps on colonoscopy
Familial adenomatous polyposis (autosomal dominant, mutation of APC gene)
230
Thrombi made of white/red layers
Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)
231
Thumb sign on lateral neck x-ray
Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)
232
Thyroid-like appearance of kidney
Chronic pyelonephritis (usually due to recurrent infections)
233
Tram-track appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
234
Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles
Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)
235
Waxy casts with very low urine flow
Chronic end-stage renal disease
236
WBC casts in urine
Acute pyelonephritis
237
WBCs that look "smudged"
CLL (almost always B cell)
238
Wire loop glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy
Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (usually seen with lupus)
239
Yellowish CSF
Xanthochromia (e.g., due to subarachnoid hemorrhage)
240
Absence seizures (treatment)
Ethosuximide
241
Acute gout attack (treatment)
NSAIDs, colchicine, glucocorticoids
242
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3) (treatment)
All-trans retinoic acid
243
ADHD (treatment)
Methylphenidate, CBT, atomoxetine
244
Alcoholism (treatment)
Disulfiram, acamprosate, naltrexone, supportive care
245
Alcohol withdrawal (treatment)
Long-acting benzodiazepines
246
Anorexia (treatment)
Nutrition, psychotherapy, mirtazapine
247
Anticoagulation during pregnancy (treatment)
Heparin
248
Arrhythmia in damaged cardiac tissue (treatment)
Class IB antiarrhythmic (lidocaine, mexiletine)
249
B12 deficiency (treatment)
Vitamin B12 supplementation (work up cause with Schilling test)
250
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (treatment)
?1-antagonists, 5?-reductase inhibitors, PDE-5 inhibitors
251
Bipolar disorder (treatment)
Mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium, valproic acid, carbamazepine), atypical antipsychotics
252
Breast cancer in postmenopausal woman (treatment)
Aromatase inhibitor (anastrozole)
253
Buerger disease (treatment)
Smoking cessation
254
Bulimia nervosa (treatment)
SSRIs
255
Candida albicans (treatment)
Topical azoles (vaginitis); nystatin, fluconazole, caspofungin (oral/esophageal); fluconazole, caspofungin, amphotericin B (systemic)
256
Carcinoid syndrome (treatment)
Octreotide
257
Chlamydia trachomatis (treatment)
Doxycycline (+ ceftriaxone for gonorrhea coinfection), erythromycin eye drops (prophylaxis in infants)
258
Chronic gout (treatment)
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (e.g., allopurinol, febuxostat)
259
Chronic hepatitis B or C (treatment)
IFN-? (HBV and HCV); ribavirin, simeprevir, sofosbuvir (HCV)
260
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (treatment)
Imatinib
261
Clostridium botulinum (treatment)
Antitoxin
262
Clostridium difficile (treatment)
Oral metronidazole; if refractory, oral vancomycin
263
Clostridium tetani (treatment)
Antitoxin
264
CMV (treatment)
Ganciclovir, foscarnet, cidofovir
265
Crohn disease (treatment)
Corticosteroids, infliximab, azathioprine
266
Cryptococcus neoformans (treatment)
Fluconazole (in AIDS patients)
267
Cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis (treatment)
Mesna
268
Depression (treatment)
SSRIs (first-line)
269
Diabetes insipidus (treatment)
Desmopressin (central); hydrochlorothiazide, indomethacin, amiloride (nephrogenic)
270
Diabetes mellitus type 1 (treatment)
Dietary intervention (low carbohydrate) + insulin replacement
271
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (treatment)
Dietary intervention, oral hypoglycemics, and insulin (if refractory)
272
Diabetic ketoacidosis (treatment)
Fluids, insulin, K+
273
Enterococci (treatment)
Vancomycin, aminopenicillins/cephalosporins
274
Erectile dysfunction (treatment)
Sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil
275
ER ? breast cancer (treatment)
Tamoxifen
276
Ethylene glycol/methanol intoxication (treatment)
Fomepizole (alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor)
277
Haemophilus influenzae (B) (treatment)
Rifampin (prophylaxis)
278
Generalized anxiety disorder (treatment)
SSRIs, SNRIs (first line); buspirone (second line)
279
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener) (treatment)
Cyclophosphamide, corticosteroids
280
Heparin reversal (treatment)
Protamine sulfate
281
HER2/neu ? breast cancer (treatment)
Trastuzumab
282
Hyperaldosteronism (treatment)
Spironolactone
283
Hypercholesterolemia (treatment)
Statin (first-line)
284
Hypertriglyceridemia (treatment)
Fibrate
285
Immediate anticoagulation (treatment)
Heparin
286
Infertility (treatment)
Leuprolide, GnRH (pulsatile), clomiphene
287
Influenza (treatment)
Oseltamivir, zanamivir
288
Kawasaki disease (treatment)
IVIG, high-dose aspirin
289
Legionella pneumophila (treatment)
Macrolides (e.g., azithromycin)
290
Long-term anticoagulation (treatment)
Warfarin, dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban
291
Malaria (treatment)
Chloroquine, mefloquine, atovaquone/proguanil (for blood schizont), primaquine (for liver hypnozoite)
292
Malignant hyperthermia (treatment)
Dantrolene
293
Medical abortion (treatment)
Mifepristone
294
Migraine (treatment)
Abortive therapies (e.g., sumatriptan, NSAIDs); prophylaxis (e.g., propranolol, topiramate, CCBs, amitriptyline)
295
Multiple sclerosis (treatment)
Disease-modifying therapies (e.g., ?-interferon, natalizumab); for acute flares, use IV steroids
296
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (treatment)
RIPE (rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol)
297
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (treatment)
Ceftriaxone (add doxycycline to cover likely concurrent C. trachomatis)
298
Neisseria meningitidis (treatment)
Penicillin/ceftriaxone, rifampin (prophylaxis)
299
Neural tube defect prevention (treatment)
Prenatal folic acid
300
Osteomalacia/rickets (treatment)
Vitamin D supplementation
301
Osteoporosis (treatment)
Calcium/vitamin D supplementation (prophylaxis); bisphosphonates, PTH analogs, SERMs, calcitonin, denosumab (treatment)
302
Patent ductus arteriosus (treatment)
Close with indomethacin; open or maintain with PGE analogs
303
Pheochromocytoma (treatment)
?-antagonists (e.g., phenoxybenzamine)
304
Pneumocystis jirovecii (treatment)
TMP-SMX (prophylaxis in AIDS patient)
305
Prolactinoma (treatment)
Cabergoline/bromocriptine (dopamine agonists)
306
Prostate adenocarcinoma/uterine fibroids (treatment)
Leuprolide, GnRH (continuous)
307
Prostate adenocarcinoma (treatment)
Flutamide
308
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (treatment)
Antipseudomonal penicillins, aminoglycosides, carbapenems
309
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (idiopathic) (treatment)
Sildenafil, bosentan, epoprostenol
310
Rickettsia rickettsii (treatment)
Doxycycline, chloramphenicol
311
Schizophrenia (negative symptoms) (treatment)
Atypical antipsychotics
312
Schizophrenia (positive symptoms) (treatment)
Typical and atypical antipsychotics
313
SIADH (treatment)
Fluid restriction, IV hypertonic saline, conivaptan/tolvaptan, demeclocycline
314
Sickle cell disease (treatment)
Hydroxyurea ( fetal hemoglobin)
315
Sporothrix schenckii (treatment)
Itraconazole, oral potassium iodide
316
Stable angina (treatment)
Sublingual nitroglycerin
317
Staphylococcus aureus (treatment)
MSSA: nafcillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin (antistaphylococcal penicillins); MRSA: vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, ceftaroline
318
Streptococcus bovis (treatment)
Penicillin prophylaxis; evaluation for colon cancer if linked to endocarditis
319
Streptococcus pneumoniae (treatment)
Penicillin/cephalosporin (systemic infection, pneumonia), vancomycin (meningitis)
320
Streptococcus pyogenes (treatment)
Penicillin prophylaxis
321
Temporal arteritis (treatment)
High-dose steroids
322
Tonic-clonic seizures (treatment)
Levetiracetam, phenytoin, valproate, carbamazepine
323
Toxoplasma gondii (treatment)
Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine
324
Treponema pallidum (treatment)
Penicillin
325
Trichomonas vaginalis (treatment)
Metronidazole (patient and partner)
326
Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux) (treatment)
Carbamazepine
327
Ulcerative colitis (treatment)
5-ASA preparations (e.g., mesalamine), 6-mercaptopurine, infliximab, colectomy
328
UTI prophylaxis (treatment)
TMP-SMX
329
Warfarin reversal (treatment)
Fresh frozen plasma (acute), vitamin K (chronic)
330
Actinic (solar) keratosis (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
331
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Cushing ulcer (? intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)
332
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
333
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Skip lesions (Crohn disease)
334
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Atherosclerosis
335
Aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch (MCM cause/important assoc.)
3° syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
336
Aortic aneurysm, thoracic (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
337
Aortic dissection (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Hypertension
338
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
339
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)
340
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer (MCM cause/important assoc.)
H. pylori
341
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
S. pneumoniae
342
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Group B streptococcus/E.coli (newborns), S. pneumoniae/N. meningitidis (kids/teens)
343
Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)
344
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)
345
Brain tumor (adults) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma
346
Brain tumor (kids) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
347
Breast cancer (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Invasive ductal carcinoma
348
Breast mass (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
349
Breast tumor (benign) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Fibroadenoma
350
Cardiac 1° tumor (kids) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
351
Cardiac manifestation of lupus (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)
352
Cardiac tumor (adults) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; "ball and valve")
353
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Chiari II malformation
354
Chronic arrhythmia (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
355
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
356
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina (MCM cause/important assoc.)
DES exposure in utero
357
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension (MCM cause/important assoc.)
21-hydroxylase deficiency
358
Congenital cardiac anomaly (MCM cause/important assoc.)
VSD
359
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
360
Constrictive pericarditis (MCM cause/important assoc.)
TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)
361
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis (MCM cause/important assoc.)
LAD \> RCA \> circumflex
362
Cretinism (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism
363
Cushing syndrome (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy), Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol) , ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease) Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
364
Cyanosis (early; less common) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
365
Cyanosis (late; more common) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
VSD, ASD, PDA
366
Death in CML (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Blast crisis
367
Death in SLE (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Lupus nephropathy
368
Dementia (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
369
Demyelinating disease in young women (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Multiple sclerosis
370
DIC (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery
371
Dietary deficit (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Iron
372
Diverticulum in pharynx (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
373
Ejection click (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Aortic stenosis
374
Esophageal cancer (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
375
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
S. aureus, B. cereus
376
Glomerulonephritis (adults) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
377
Gynecologic malignancy (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
378
Heart murmur, congenital (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Mitral valve prolapse
379
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Mitral \> aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
380
Helminth infection (U.S.) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides
381
Hematoma—epidural (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
382
Hematoma—subdural (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
383
Hemochromatosis (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, "bronze diabetes," and ? risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
384
Hepatocellular carcinoma (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)
385
Hereditary bleeding disorder (MCM cause/important assoc.)
von Willebrand disease
386
Hereditary harmless jaundice (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
387
HLA-B27 (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriatic arthritis
388
HLA-DR3 (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Diabetes mellitus type 1, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis
389
HLA-DR4 (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis
390
Holosystolic murmur (MCM cause/important assoc.)
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
391
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Virchow triad ( risk of thrombosis)
392
Hypertension, 2° (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Renal disease
393
Hypoparathyroidism (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
394
Hypopituitarism (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
395
Infection 2° to blood transfusion (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Hepatitis C
396
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease (MCM cause/important assoc.)
S. aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase ?)
397
Intellectual disability (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
398
Kidney stones (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Calcium = radiopaque; Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease ? organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus species, and S. saprophyticus); Uric acid = radiolucent
399
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
400
Liver disease (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Alcoholic cirrhosis
401
Lysosomal storage disease (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Gaucher disease
402
Male cancer (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Prostatic carcinoma
403
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Hodgkin lymphoma
404
Malignancy (kids) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
405
Metastases to bone (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Prostate, breast \> lung \> thyroid
406
Metastases to brain (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Lung \> breast \> genitourinary \> melanoma \> GI
407
Metastases to liver (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Colon \>\> stomach, pancreas
408
Mitochondrial inheritance (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
409
Mitral valve stenosis (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Rheumatic heart disease
410
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
411
Myocarditis (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Coxsackie B
412
Nephrotic syndrome (adults) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
413
Nephrotic syndrome (kids) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Minimal change disease
414
Neuron migration failure (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
415
Nosocomial pneumonia (MCM cause/important assoc.)
S. aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric gram-negative rods
416
Obstruction of male urinary tract (MCM cause/important assoc.)
BPH
417
Opening snap (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Mitral stenosis
418
Opportunistic infection in AIDS (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
419
Osteomyelitis (MCM cause/important assoc.)
S. aureus (most common overall)
420
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Salmonella
421
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Pseudomonas, Candida, S. aureus
422
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Serous cystadenoma
423
Ovarian tumor (malignant) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
424
Pancreatitis (acute) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Gallstones, alcohol
425
Pancreatitis (chronic) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
426
Patient with ALL /CLL /AML /CML (MCM cause/important assoc.)
ALL: child, CLL: adult \> 60, AML: adult ? 65, CML: adult 45-85
427
Pelvic inflammatory disease (MCM cause/important assoc.)
C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae
428
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (BCR-ABL) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
429
Pituitary tumor (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma
430
1° amenorrhea (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Turner syndrome (45,XO)
431
1° bone tumor (adults) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Multiple myeloma
432
1° hyperaldosteronism (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
433
1° hyperparathyroidism (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
434
1° liver cancer (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, ?1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease)
435
Pulmonary hypertension (MCM cause/important assoc.)
COPD
436
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
437
Renal tumor (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)
438
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Cor pulmonale
439
S3 heart sound (MCM cause/important assoc.)
? ventricular filling pressure (e.g., mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles
440
S4 heart sound (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
441
2° hyperparathyroidism (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
442
Sexually transmitted disease (MCM cause/important assoc.)
C. trachomatis (usually coinfected with N. gonorrhoeae)
443
SIADH (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
444
Site of diverticula (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Sigmoid colon
445
Sites of atherosclerosis (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Abdominal aorta \> coronary artery \> popliteal artery \> carotid artery
446
Stomach cancer (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Adenocarcinoma
447
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
448
t(14;18) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)
449
t(8;14) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)
450
t(9;22) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL activation, tyrosine kinase oncogene)
451
Temporal arteritis (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
452
Testicular tumor (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)
453
Thyroid cancer (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Papillary carcinoma
454
Tumor in women (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
455
Tumor of infancy (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Strawberry hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
456
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
457
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
458
Type of Hodgkin lymphoma (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Nodular sclerosing (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
459
Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
460
UTI (MCM cause/important assoc.)
E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
461
Vertebral compression fracture (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
462
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe (MCM cause/important assoc.)
HSV-1
463
Vitamin deficiency (U.S.) (MCM cause/important assoc.)
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
464
Sensitivity
Sensitivity = TP / (TP + FN)
465
Specificity
Specificity = TN / (TN + FP)
466
Positive predictive value
PPV = TP / (TP + FP)
467
Negative predictive value
NPV = TN / (FN + TN)
468
Odds ratio (for case-control studies)
OR = (a/c)/(b/d)= ad/bc
469
Relative risk
RR =[a/(a + b)]/[c/(c + d)]
470
Attributable risk
AR= a/(a+b)?c/(c+d)
471
Relative risk reduction
RRR = 1 ? RR
472
Absolute risk reduction
ARR=c/(c+d)-a/(a+b)
473
Number needed to treat
NNT = 1/absolute risk reduction
474
Number needed to harm
NNH = 1/attributable risk
475
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
p2 +2pq+q2 =1 p+q = 1
476
Volume of distribution
Vd = amount of drug in the body plasma drug concentration
477
Half-life
t1?2 = (0.693 × Vd)/CL
478
Drug clearance
CL = rate of elimination of drug = Vd × Ke (elimination constant) plasma drug concentration
479
Loading dose
LD = (Cp × Vd)/F
480
Maintenance dose
D = (Cp × CL × ?)/ F
481
Cardiac output equation
CO = rate of O2 consumption/(arterial O2 content ? venous O2 content); CO = stroke volume × heart rate
482
Mean arterial pressure equation
MAP = cardiac output × total peripheral resistance MAP = 2 ?3 diastolic + 1 ?3 systolic
483
Stroke volume equation
SV = EDV - ESV
484
Ejection fraction equation
EF= SV/EDV =(EDV?ESV)/EDV
485
Resistance equation
Resistance = driving pressure (?P) = 8? (viscosity) × length flow (Q) ?r4
486
Capillary fluid exchange equation
Jv = net fluid flow = Kf[(Pc ? Pi) ? ?(?c ? ?i)]
487
Renal clearance equation
Cx = UxV/Px
488
Glomerular filtration rate equation
GFR = Uinulin × V/Pinulin = Cinulin; GFR = Kf [(PGC - PBS) - (?GC - ?BS)]
489
Effective renal plasma flow equation
eRPF = U(PAH) × V/P(PAH) = C(PAH)
490
Renal blood flow equation
RBF = RPF/(1?Hct)
491
Filtration fraction equation
FF = GFR/RPF
492
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation (for extracellular pH)
pH = 6.1 + log [HCO3?]/(0.03 Pco2 )
493
Winters formula equation
Pco2 =1.5[HCO3-]+8±2
494
Physiologic dead space equation
VD = VT × (PaCO2 ? PECO2)/PaCO2
495
Pulmonary vascular resistance equation
PVR = (P[pulm artery] - P[L atrium])/ cardiac output
496
Alveolar gas equation
PAo2 = PIo2 - Paco2/R
