Rapid Review Flashcards
(439 cards)
1
Q
Abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly
A
Budd-Chiari syndrome (posthepatic venous thrombosis)
2
Q
Achilles tendon xanthoma
A
Familial hypercholesterolemia (low LDL receptor signaling)
3
Q
Adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, DIC
A
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (meningococcemia)
4
Q
Arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, hyper flexible joints
A
Marfans syndrome (fibrillin defect)
5
Q
Athlete with polycythemia
A
Erythropoietin injection
6
Q
Back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss
A
Potts disease (vertebral TB)
7
Q
Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
A
Sarcoidosis (noncaseating granulomas)
8
Q
Blue sclera
A
Osteogenesis imperfecta (collagen defect)
9
Q
Bluish line on gingiva
A
Burton’s line (lead poisoning)
10
Q
Bone pain, bone enlargement, arthritis
A
Paget’s disease of bone (increased osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity)
11
Q
Bounding pulses, diastolic heart murmur, head bobbing
A
Aortic regurgitation
12
Q
Butterfly facial rash and Raynaud’s phenomenon in a young female
A
Systemic lupus erythematosus
13
Q
Cafe au lait spots, Lisch nodules (iris hamartoma)
A
Neurofibromatosis type I (+ pheochromocytoma, optic gliomas)
Neurofibromatosis type II (+bilateral acoustic neuromas)
14
Q
Cafe au lait spots, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty
A
McCune-Albright syndrome (mosaic G protien signaling mutation)
15
Q
Calf pseudohypertrophy
A
Muscular dystrophy (most commonly Duchennes): X linked recessive deletion of dystrophin gene
16
Q
Cherry red spot on macular
A
Tay Sachs (ganglioside accumulation) or Niemann-Pick (sphingomyelin accumulation); central retinal artery occlusion
17
Q
Chest pain on exertion
A
Angina (stable: moderate exertion; unstable: minimal exertion)
18
Q
Chest pain, pericardial effusion/friction rub, persistent fever following MI
A
Dressler’s syndrome (autoimmune-mediated post MI fibrinous pericarditis, 1-12 wks after acute episode)
19
Q
Child uses arms to stand up from squat
A
Gowers sign (Duchenne muscular dystrophy)
20
Q
Child with fever develops red rash on face that spread to body
A
Slapped cheeks (erythema infectiosum/ fifth disease: parvovirus B19)
21
Q
Chorea, dementia, caudate degeneration
A
Huntington’s disease (AD CAG repeat expansion)
22
Q
Chronic exercise intolerance with myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps, myoglobinuria
A
McArdle’s disease (muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency)
23
Q
cold intolerance
A
hypothyroidism
24
Q
conjugate lateral gaze palsy, horizontal diplopia
A
internuclear ophthalmoplegia (damage to MLF; bilateral=multiple sclerosis; unilateral=stroke)
25
continuous "machinery" heart murmur
PDA (close with indomethacin; open with misoprostol)
26
cutaneous/dermal edema d/t connective tissue deposition
myxedema (c/b hypothyroidism, Graves' dz=pretibial)
27
dark purple skin/ mouth nodules
Kaposi's sarcoma (usually AIDS pts; a/w HHV-8)
28
deep, labored breathing/hyperventilation
Kussmaul breathing (diabetic ketoacidosis)
29
dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea
pellagra (niacin=vit B3 deficiency)
30
dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, polyneuropathy
wet beriberi (thiamine=vit b1 deficiency)
31
dog or cat bite resulting in infection
Pasteurella multocida (cellulitis at inoculation site)
32
dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis
Sjogren's syndrome (autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands)
33
dysphagia (esophageal webs), glossitis, iron deficiency anemia
Plummer-Vinson syndrome (may progress to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma)
34
elastic skin, hypermobility of joints
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (type III collagen defect)
35
enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node
Virchow's node (abdominal metastasis)
36
erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical T cells
Sezary syndrome (cutaneous T cell lymphoma) or mycosis fungoides
37
facial muscle spasm upon tapping
Chvostek's sign (hypocalcemia)
38
fat, female, forty, fertile
Acute cholelithasis (bile duct blockage)
39
fever, chills, headache, myalgia following antibiotic tx for syphilis
Jarisch-Herxheimer rxn (rapid lysis of spirochetes results in toxin release)
40
fever, cough, conjunctivits, coryza, diffuse rash
measles (morbillivirus)
41
fever, night sweats, wt loss
B symptoms (lymphoma)
42
fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis
Peyronie's dz (connective tissue disorder)
43
gout, mental retardation, self-mutilating behavior in a boy
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, X linked recessive)
44
green-yellow rings around peripheral cornea
Kayser-Fleisher rings (copper accumulation from Wilson's disease)
45
hamartomatous GI polyps, hyperpigmentation of mouth/feet/hands
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (genetic benign polyposis can cause bowel obstruction; increased cancer risk)
46
hepatosplenomegaly, osteoporosis, neurologic sx
Gaucher's dz (glucocerebrosidase deficiency)
47
hereditary nephritis, sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts
Alport syndrome (mutation in alpha chain of collagen IV)
48
hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)
Trousseau's syndrome - adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung; a/w migratory thrombophlebitis
49
hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocility
Kluver-Bucy syndrome (bilateral amygdala lesion)
50
hyperreflexia, hypertonia, positive Babinski
UMN damage
51
hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
Conn's syndrome
52
hyporefleixa, hypotonia, atrophy
LMN damage
53
hypoxemia, polycythemia, hypercapnia
Blue bloater - chronic bronchitis: hyperplasia of mucous cells
54
indurated ulcerated genital lesion
nonpainful = chancre (primary syphilis, Treponema pallidum)
| painful, with exudate = chancroid (Haemophilius ducreyi)
55
infant with failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, neurodegeneration
Niemann-Pick dz (genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency)
56
infant with hypoglycemia, failure to thrive and hepatosplenomegaly
Cori's dz (debranching enzyme deficiency)
57
infant with microcephaly, rocker bottom feet, clenched hands and structural heart defect
Edwards' syndrome (trisomy 18)
58
Keratin pearls on skin bx
squamous cell carcionoma
59
large rash with bulls eye appearance
erythema chronicum migrans from Ixodes tick bite (Lyme dz = borrelia)
60
lucid interval after traumatic brain injury
epidural hematoma (middle meningeal artery rupture)
61
male child, recurrent infxns, no mature B cells
Bruton's dz (X linked agammaglobulinemia)
62
mucosal bleeding and prolonged bleeding time
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (defect in platelet aggregation d/t lack of GpIIb/IIIa)
63
multiple colon polyps, osteomas/soft tissue tumors, impacted/supernumerary teeth
Gardner's syndrome (subtype of FAP)
64
myopathy (infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), exercise intolerance
Pompe's dz (lysosomal alpha 1,4 glucosidase def)
65
necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis
Wegener's (cANCA) and Goodpasture's syndromes (anti-Basement memb Abs)
66
neonate with arm paralysis following difficult birth
Erb-Duchenne palsy (superior trunk C5-6 brachial plexus injury - waiter's tip)
67
no lactation pospartum, absent menstruation, cold intolerance
Sheehan's syndrome (pituitary infarction)
68
nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech, bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia
multiple sclerosis
69
oscillating slow/ fast breathing
Cheyne Stokes respiration (central apnea in CHF or increased ICP)
70
painful blue fingers/toes, hemolytic anemia
cold agglutinin dz (autoimmune hemolytic anemia c/b Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis)
71
painful, raised red lesions on palms and soles
Osler's node (infective endocarditis)
72
painless jaundice
cancer of the pancreatic head obstructing bile duct
73
palpable purpura on buttocks/legs, joint pain, abd pain (child)
Henoch-Schonlein purpura (IgA vasculitis affecting skin and kidneys)
74
pancreatic, pituitary, parathyroid tumors
MEN 1 (AD)
75
pink complexion, dyspnea, hyperventilation
pink puffer = emphysema: centroacina (smoking), panacina (alpha1-antitrypsin def)
76
polyuria, acidosis, growth failure, electrolyte imbalances
Fanconi's syndrome (proximal tubular reabsorption defect)
77
positive anterior drawer sign
ACL injury
78
ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
Horner's syndrome (sympathetic chain lesion)
79
pupil accommodates but doesn't react
Argyll Robertson pupil (neurosyphilis)
80
rapidly progressive leg weakness that ascending (following GI/URI)
Guillain Barre syndrome - autoimm acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
81
rash on palms and soles
Coxsackie A, secondary syphilis, Rocky mountain spotted fever
82
recurrent colds, unusual eczema, high serum IgE
hyper-IgE syndrome (Job's syndrome: neurotphil chemotaxis abnl)
83
red "currant jelly" sputum in alcoholic or diabetic pts
Klebsiella pneumoniae
84
red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola
Paget's dz of breast (represents underlying neoplasm)
85
red urine in morning, fragile RBCs
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
86
renal cell carcinoma (bilat), hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, pheochromocytoma
von-Hippel Lindau dz (dominant tumor suppressor gene mutation_
87
resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability
Parkinson's dz) nigrostrital dopamine depletion_
88
retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
Roth's spots (bacterial endocarditis_
89
severe jaundice in neonate
Crigler=Najjar syndrome (congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
90
severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness
McBurney's sign (appendicitis)
91
short statue, increased incidence of tumors/leukemia, aplastic anemia
Fanconi's anemia - genetic loss of DNA crosslink repair; often progresses to AML
92
single palm crease
Simian crease - Down syndrome
93
situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, infertility
Kartagener's syndrome (dynein arm defect affecting cilia_
94
skin hyperpigmentation
Addison's dz (primary adrenocortical insufficiency causes increased ACTH and alpha-MSH production)
95
slow, progressive muscle weaknes sin boys
Becker's muscular dystrophy (X linked missense mut in dystorphin; less severe than Duchenne's)
96
small, irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white centers
Koplik spots (measles; rubeola virus)
97
smooth, flat, moist white lesions on genitals
condylomata lata (secondary syphilis)
98
splinter hemorrhages in fingernails
bacterial endocarditis
99
strawberry tongue
scarlet fever, Kawasaki dz, toxic shock syndrome
100
streak ovaries, congenital heart dz, horseshoe kidney, cystic hygroma at birth
Turner syndrome (45XO, short stature, webbed neck, lymphedema)
101
sudden swollen/painful big toe join, tophi
Gout/ podagra (hyperuricemia)
102
swollen gums, mucous bleeding, poor wound healing, spots on skin
scurvy (vit C deficiency - can't hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis)
103
swollen, hard, painful finger joints
osteoarthritis (osteophytes on PIP=Bouchard's nodes; DIP=Heberden's nodes)
104
systolic ejection murmur (crescendo/decrescendo)
aortic vavle stenosis
105
thyroid and parathyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma
MEN 2A (AD ret mutation)
106
thyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma, ganglioneuromatosis
MEN 2B (AD ret mutation)
107
toe extension/ fanning upon plantar scrape
Babinski sign (UMN lesion)
108
unilateral facial drooping involving forehead
Bell's palsy (LMN CN VII palsy)
109
urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis in a male
reactive arthritis a/w HLA-B27
110
vascular birthmark (port wine stain)
hemangioma (benign, but a/w Sturge-Weber syndrome)
111
vomiting blood following esophagogastric lacerations
Mallory-Weiss syndrome (alcoholic and bulimic pts)
112
waxy casts with very low urine flow
chronic end stage renal dz
113
WBC casts in urine
acute pyelonephritis
114
wt loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy
Whipple's dz (tropheryma whippelii)
115
worst headache of my life
subarachnoid hemorrhage
116
anticentromere antibodies
Scleroderma (CREST)
117
antidesmoglein (epithelial) Abs
pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)
118
anti-glomerular basement membrane Abs
Goodpastrue's syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis_
119
antihistone Abs
drug-induced SLE (hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)
120
anti-IgG Abs
Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity)
121
antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)
primary biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal HTN)
122
antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)
vasculitis (c-ANCA: Wegener's; p-ANCA: microscopic polyangiitis, Churg Strauss syndrome)
123
antinuclear Abs (ANAs: anti-smith and anti-dsDNA)
SLE (type III hypersensitivity)
124
antiplatelet Abs
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
125
anti-topoisomerase Abs
diffuse systemic scleroderma
126
anti-transgluatminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial Abs
Celiac dz
127
apple core lesion on abdominal x ray
colorectal cancer (usually left sided)
128
azurophilic granular needles in leukemic blasts
Auer rods (AML, espec the promyelocytic (M3) type)
129
bacitracin response
sensitive: strep pyogene (group A)
resistant: strep agalactiae (group B)
130
bamboo spine on x ray
ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA B27)
131
basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
Howell-Jolly bodies (d/t splenectomy or non-fct'l spleen)
132
basophilic stippling of RBCs
lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia
133
bloody tap on LP
subarachnoid hemorrhage
134
boot shaped heart on x ray
tetralogy of Fallot, RVH
135
branching gram-poistive rods with sulfur granules
Actinomyces israelii
136
bronchogenic apical lung tumor
pancoast tumor (can compress sympathetic ganglion and cuase Horner's syndroem_
137
brown tumor of bone
hemorrhage (hemosiderin) causes brown color of osteolytic cysts. Due to:
hyperparathyoridism or osteitis fibrosa cystica
138
cardiomegaly with apical atrophy
Chagas' dz (trypanosoma cruzi)
139
cellular crescents in Bowman's capsule
rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis
140
chocolate cyst of ovary
endometriosis - frequently involves both ovaries
141
circular grouping of dark tumor cells surroudnign pale neurofibrils
Homer Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma)
142
colonies of mucoid pseudomonas in lungs
cystic fibrosis (AR mutation to CFTR resulting in fat soluble vit deficiency and mucous plugs)
143
decreased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
Down syndrome or other chromosmoal abnl
144
degeneration of dorsal column nerves
Tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis)
145
depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra
Parkinson's disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)
146
desquamated epithelium casts in sputum
Curschmann's spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)
147
disarrayed granulosa cels in eosinophilic fluid
Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumor of ovary)
148
dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia
koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical caner)
149
enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies
Owl's eye appearance of CMV
150
enlarged htyroid cells with ground glass nuclei
orphan Annie eye nuclei (papillary carcinoma of thyroid)
151
eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell
Mallory bodies (alocholic liver dz)
152
eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell
Lewy body (Parkinson's dz)
153
eosinophilic globule in liver
councilman body (toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever)
154
eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells
rabies virus - lyssavirus
155
extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain
senile plaques (alzheimer's dz)
156
giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions (owl's eye)
Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkins lymphoma)
157
glomerulus like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells
Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)
158
hair on end (crew cut) appearance on x ray
beta thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (marrow expansion)
159
hCG elevated
choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)
160
heart nodules (granulomatous)
Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)
161
heterophile antibodies
infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
162
hexagonal, double pointed, needle like crystals in bronchial secretions
bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)
163
high level of D dimers
DVT, pulmonary embolism, DIC
164
hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify_
ghon complex (primary TB: mycobacterium bacilli)
165
honeycomb lung on x ray
interstitial fibrosis
166
hypersegmented neutrophils
megaloblastic anemia (B12 deficiency: neurologic sx; folate deficiency: no neurologic sx)
167
hypochromic, microcytic anemia
iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (HbF sometimes present)
168
increased alpha fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/ maternal serum
dating error, anencephaly, spina bifida 9neural tube defects)
169
increased uric acid levels
Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics
170
intranuclear eosinophilic droplet like bodies
Cowdry type A bodies (HSV, CMV)
171
iron containing nodules in alveolar septum
ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: increased chance of mesothelioma)
172
large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immuonodeficiency
Chediak-Higashi dz (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)
173
lead pipe appearance of colon on x ray
ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)
174
linear appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence
Goodpasture's syndrome
175
low serum ceruloplasmin
Wilson's dz (hepatolenticular degeneration)
176
lumpy bumpy appearance of glomeurli on IF
poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis - immune complex deposition of IgG and C3b
177
lytic bone lesions on x ray
multiple myeloma
178
mammary gland (blue domed) cyst
fibrocystic change of breast
179
monoclonal Ab spike
1. multiple myeloma (called M protein; usually IgG or IgA)
2. monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance - MGUS; nl consequnce of aging
3. Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia ( M protein = IgM)
4. primary amyloidosis
180
monoclonal globulin protein in blood/ urine
Bence Jones protein (multiple myeloma - kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine), Waldenstroms' macroglobulinemia (IgM)
181
mucin filled cells with peripheral nucleus
Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)
182
narrowing of bowel lumen on barium radiograph
string sign - Crohn's dz
183
needle shaped, negative birefringent crystals
gout (monosodium urate crystals)
184
nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli
Kimmelstiel Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)
185
novobiocin response
sensitive: staph epidermidis
resistant: staph saprophyticus
186
nutmeg liver
chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure
187
onion skin periosteal reaction
Ewing's sarcoma - malignant round cell tumor
188
optochin response
sensitive: strep pneumoniae
resistant: viridans strep
189
periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area
Codman's triangle on x ray - osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis
190
podocyte fusion on EM
minimal change disease - child with nephrotic syndrome
191
polished, ivory like appearance of bone at cartilage erosion
eburnation - osteoarthriits resulting in bony sclerosis
192
protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau
neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer's dz and CJD) and Pick's bodies (Pick's dz)
193
pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy
glioblastoma multiforme
194
RBC casts in urine
acute glomerulonephritis
195
rectangular, crystal like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells
Reinke crystals - Leydig cell tumor
196
renal epithelial casts in urine
acute toxic/viral nephrosis
197
rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent
pseudogout - calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate
198
rib notching
coarctation of aorta
199
ring enhancing brain lesion in AIDS
toxoplasma gondii
200
sheets of medium sized lymphoid cells - starry sky appearance on histology
Burkitt's lymphoma - t(8;14) c myc activation, a/w EBV; black sky - made up of malignant cells
201
silver staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons
Pick bodies (Pick's dz: progressive dementia, changes in personality)
202
soap bubble in femur or tibia on x ray
giant cell tumor of bone - gneerally benign
203
spikes on basement membrane, dome like subepithelial deposits
membranous glomerulonephritis - may progress to nephrotic syndrome
204
stacks of RBCs
Rouleaux formation - high ESR, multiple myeloma
205
stippled vaginal epithelial cells
clue cells - Gardnerella vaginalis
206
tennis racket shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells
Birbeck granules - histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma
207
thrombi made of white/red layers
Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)
208
thumb sign on lateral x ray
epiglottitis - H. influenzae
209
thyroid like appearance of kidney
chronic bacterial pyelonephritis
210
tram track appearance of LM
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
211
triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles
fatty liver dz - alcoholic or metabolic syndrome
212
WBCs that look smudged
CLL - almost always B cell; affects elderly
213
wire loop glomerular appearance on LM
lupus nephropathy
214
yellow CSF
xanthochromia - previous subarachnoid hemorrhage
215
absence sz
ethosuximide
216
acute gout attack
NSAIDs, colchicine
217
acute promyelocytic leukemia - M3
all-trans retinoic acid
218
ADHD
methylphenidat,e amphetamines
219
alcohol abuse
AA + disulfiram
220
alcohol withdrawal
benzodiazepines
221
anorexia
SSRIs
222
anticoagulation during pregnancy
heparin
223
anxiety
buspirone
224
arrhythmia in damaged cardiac tissue
class IB antiarrhythmic - lidocaine, mexiletine, tocainide
225
B12 deficiency
B12
226
benign prostatic hyperplasia
tamsulosin, finasteride
227
bipolar disorder
lithium, valproate, carbamazepine - mood stabilizers
228
breast cancer in post menopausal women
aromataise inhibitor
229
buerger's disease
smoking cessation
230
bulimia
SSRIs
231
Candida albicans
amphotericin B (systemic), mystatin (oral thrush, esophagitis)
232
carcinoid syndrome
octreotide
233
chlamydia trachomatis
doxycycline (+ceftriaxone for gonorrhea coinfection), erythromycin eye drops (prophylaxis in infants)
234
chronic gout
probenecid (Underexcretor)
| allopurinol (overproducer)
235
chronic hepatitis
IFN alpha
236
chronic myelogenous leukemia
imatinib
237
clostridium botulinum
antitoxin
238
clostridium difficile
oral metronidazole
239
clostridium tetani
antitoxin + vaccine booster + diazepam
240
Crohn's dz
corticosteroids, infliximab
241
cryptotoccous neoformans
fluconazole (prophylaxis in AIDS pts)
242
cystic fibrosis
N-acetylcysteine and antipseudomonal prophylaxis (tobramycin/azithromycin)
243
cytomegalovirus
ganciclovir
244
depression
SSRIs
245
diabetes insipidus
desmopressin (central)
| HCTZ, indomethacin, amiloride (nephrogenic)
246
DM type 1
dietary intervention and insulin replacement
247
DM type 2
diet, oral hypoglycemic and insulin (possible)
248
diabetic ketoacidosis
fluids, insulin, K+
249
enterococci
vancomycin/ampicillin and aminoglycoside
250
erectile dysfct
sildenafil
251
ER-positive breast CA
tamoxifen
252
ethylene glycol/methanol intoxication
fomepizole (alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor)
253
folate deficiency
folate
254
H. flu
rifampin (prophylaxis)
255
hemorrhagic cystitis
mesna
256
heparin toxicity (acute)
protamine sulfate
257
HER2/neu positive breast CA
trastuzumab
258
hyperaldosteronism
spirnolactone
259
hypercholesterolemia
statin
260
hypertriglyceridemia
fibrate
261
immediate anticoagulation
hpearin
262
infertility
leuprolide, GnRH (pulsatile)
263
influenza
oseltamivir, amantadine/rimantadine
264
legionella penumophila
erythromycin
265
long term anticoag
warfarin
266
malaria
chloroquine/mefloquine (for glood schizont), primaquine (for liver hypnazoite)
267
malignant hyperthermia
dantrolene
268
medical abortion
mifepristone
269
migraine
sumatriptan
270
MRSA
vancomycin
271
multiple sclerosis
beta IFN
272
mycobacterium tuberculosis
rifampin, INH, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, streptomycin
273
neisseria gonorrhoeae
ceftriaxone - add doxycycline to cover likely chlamydia concurrent infxn
274
neisseria meningitidis
pencillin/ ceftriaxone, rifampin - prophylaxis
275
neural tube defect prevention
folate
276
osteolmalacia/ rickets
vit D supplementation
277
patent ductus arteriosus
indomethacin
278
pheocrhomocytoma
alpha antagonists
279
pneumocysti jiroveci
TMP-SMX - prophylax in AIDS pts
280
prolactinoma
bromocriptine - DA agonists
281
prostate CA/ uterine fibroids
leuprolide, GnRH (continuous)
282
prostate carcinoma
flutamide
283
pseudomonas aeruginosa
antipseduomonal penicillin and aminoglycoside
284
pulmonary HTN
bosentan
285
rickettsia rickettsii
doxycycline, chloramphenicol - espec with aplastic anemia
286
ringworm infection
terbinafine, griseofulvin, imidazole
287
schizophrenia - neg sx
5-HT2a antagonists - olanzapine
288
schizophrenia - positive sx
D2 - R antagonists
289
SIADH
demeclocycline, lithium
290
sickle cell anemia
hydroxyurea - increases HbF
291
sprothrix schenckii
oral KI
292
stable angina
sublingual nitroglycerin
293
staph aureus
methicillin/nafcillin
294
strep bovis
penicillin prophylaxis
295
strep pneumoniae
penicillin/cephalosprin - systemic infxn, pneumonia
| vanco - meningitis
296
strep pygoenes
penicillin prophylaxis
297
temporal arteritis
high dose steroids
298
tonic clonic sz
phenytoin, valproate, carabamazepine
299
toxoplasma gondii
sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine
300
treponema palldium
penicillin
301
trichomonas vaginalis
metronidazole - pt and partner
302
ulcerative colitis
5-ASA, infliximab
303
UTI prophylaxis
TMP-SMX
304
warfarin toxicity
FFP (acute), vitamin K (chronic)
305
Wegener's granulomatosis
cyclophosphamide, corticosteroids
306
actinic (solar) keratosis
precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
307
acute gastric ulcer a/w CNS injury
Cushing's ulcer - increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion
308
acute gastric ulcer a/w severe burns
Curling's ulcer - greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa
309
alternating areas of transmural inflamm and nl colon
skip lesions = crohn's dz
310
aneurysm, dissecting
HTN
311
aortic aneurysm, abd and descending aorta
atherosclerosis
312
aortic aneurysm, ascending
Marfan's syndrome - idiopathic cystic medial degeneration
313
atrophy of mammillary bodies
Wernicke's encephalopathy - thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia and confusion
314
autopslenectomy - fibrosis and shrinkage
sickle cell anemia HbS
315
bacteria a/w gastritis, peptic ulcer dz and sotmach CA
H pylori
316
bacterial meningitis - adults and elderly
strep pneumoniae
317
bacterial meningitis - newborns and kids
Group B strep - newborns
| Strep pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis - kids
318
benign melanocytic nevus
spitz nevus - most common in first 2 decades
319
bleeding d/o with GpIb deficiency
Bernard Soulier dz - defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand's factor
320
brain tumor - adults
supratentorial: mets>astrocytoma (glioblastoma multiforme)>meningioma>schwannoma
321
brain tumor - kids
infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)
322
breast CA
infiltrating ductal carcinoma (1/9 women in US)
323
breast mass
fibrocystic change
| carcinoma in postmenopausal women
324
breast tumor (benign)
fibroadenoma
325
cardiac primary tumor - kids
rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
326
cardiac manifestation of lupus
Libman-Sacks endocarditis - nonbacterial, affecting both sides f mitral valves
327
cardiac tumor (adults)
metastasis
| primary myxoma - usually L atrium
328
cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari malformaiton - often p/w progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia
329
chronic arrhythmia
atrial fibrillation - a/w high risk of emboli
330
chronic atrophic gastritis - autoimmune
predisposition to gastric CA - can also cause pernicious anemia
331
clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina
DES exposure in utero
332
compression fracture
osteoporosis - type I: postmenopausal women
| type II: elderly man or woman
333
congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypoTN
21-hydroxylase deficiency
334
congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
335
congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia - black liver
dubin-johnson syndrome - inaility of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile
336
constrictive pericarditis
TB - in developing world
| SLE - in developed world
337
coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD > RCA > LCA
338
cretinism
iodine deficit/ hypothyroidism
339
Cushing's syndrome
corticosteroid Rx
excess ACT secretion by pituitary
small cell lung CA (paraneoplastic)
340
cyanosis (early; less common)
tetralogy of fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
341
cyanosis (late; more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
342
death in CML
blast crisis
343
death in SLE
lupus nephropathy
344
dementia
Alzheimer's dz
| multiple infarcts
345
demyelinating dz in young women
MS
346
DIC
gram negative sepsis, obstetric complications, CA, burn, trauma
347
dietary deficit
iron
348
diveritculum in pharynx
Zenker's diverticulum - dx'd by barium swallo
349
ejection click
aortic/pulmonic stensosi
350
esophageal CA
squamous cell CA (worldwide)
| adenoCA (in US)
351
food poisoning - exotoxin mediated
staph aureus, B. cereus
352
glomerulonephritis - adults
Berger's dz - IgA nephropathy
353
gynecologic maignancy
endometrial carcinoma - most common in US
| cervical carcinoma - most common worldwide
354
heart murmur, congenital
mitral valve prolapse
355
heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
mitral - rheumatic fever
tricuspid - IV drug abuse
aortic - 2nd affected in rheumatic fever
356
helminth infection (US)
enterobius vermicularis
| ascaris lumbricoides
357
hematoma - epidural
rupture of middle meningeal artery - trauma; lentiform shaped
358
hematoma - subdural
rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
359
hemochromatosis
multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation - can result in CHF, bronze diabetes and increased risk of HCC
360
hepatocellular carcinoma
cirrhotic liver - a/w hep B and C
361
hereditary bleeding d/o
von Willebrand's dz
362
hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert's syndrome - benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
363
HLA B27
ankylosing sponydlitis, Reiter's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis
364
HLA DR3 or DR4
DM type I, RA, SLE
365
holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurg, mitral regurg
366
hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow's triad - results in venous thrombosis
367
HTN, secondary
renal dz
368
hypoparathyrodisim
ccidnetal excision during thyroidectomy
369
hypopituitarism
pituitary adenoma - usually benign
370
infxn 2/2 blood transfusion
hep c
371
infections in chronic granulomatous dz
staph aureus, e coli, aspergillus (catalase positive)
372
kidney stones
calcium = radioopaque
struvite (ammonium) = radioopaque - formed by urease-positive organisms such as proteus or staphy
uric acid = radiolucent
373
late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L --> R becomes R --> L)
Eisenmenger's syndrome - c/b ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulm HTN/polycythemia
374
liver dz
alcoholic cirrhosis
375
lysosomal storage dz
Gaucher's dz
376
male CA
prostatic CA
377
malignancy a/w noninfectious fever
Hodgkins lymphoma
378
malignant skin tumor
basal cell carcinoma - rarely metastasizes
379
mental retardation
Down syndrome
| fragile X syndrome
380
metastases to bone
breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney
381
metstases to brain
lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (RCC), GI
382
mets to liver
colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast and lung carcinoma
383
mitrochondrial inheritance
dz occurs in both males and females, inherited thru females only
384
mitral valve stenosis
rheumatic heart dz
385
mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron dz
ALS
386
myocarditis
coxsackie B
387
neoplasm - kids
ALL
| cerebellar medulloblastoma
388
nephrotic syndrome - adults
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
389
nephrotic syndrome - kids
minimal change dz - a/w infections/vaccinations; tx with corticosteroids
390
neuron migration failure
Kallman syndrome
391
nosocomial pneumonia
klebsiella, e coli, pseudomonas
392
obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
393
opening snap
mitral stenosis
394
opportunisitc infxn in AIDS
pneumocystic jiroveci pneumonia
395
osteomyelitis
staph aureus
396
osteomyelitis in sickle cell dz
salmonella
397
ostemyelitis with IV drug use
pseudomonas, staph aureus
398
ovarian mets from gastric carcinoma or breast CA
krukenberg tumor - mucin secreting signet ring cells
399
ovarian tumor - benign, bilateral
serous cystadenoma
400
ovarian tumor - malignant
serous cystadenocarcinoma
401
pancreatitis - acute
gallstones, alcohol
402
pancreatitis - chronic
alcohol (adults), CF (kids)
403
pt with ALL/ CLL/ AML/ CML
ALL: child
CLL: adult > 60
AML: adult ~60
CML: adult 30-60
404
pelvic inflammatory dz
neisseria gonorrhoeae - monoarticular arthritis
405
philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) - bcr/abl
CML - may sometimes be a/w ALL/AML
406
pituitary tumor
prolactinoma
| somatotrpic acidophilic adenoma
407
primary amenorrhea
turner syndrome - 45X0
408
primary bone tumor - adults
multiple myeloma
409
primary hyperaldosteronism
adenoma of adrenal cortex
410
primary hyperparathyroidism
adenomas
hyperplasia
carcinoma
411
primary liver CA
HCC - chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha1-antitrypsin
412
pulmonary HTN
COPD
413
recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vsls in extremities
Buerger's dz - strongly a/w tobacco
414
renal tumor
renal cell carcinoma: a/w von Hippel Lindaue and adult polycystic kidney dz; paraneoplastic syndromes - EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH
415
right heart failure d/t pulmonary cause
cor pulmonale
416
S3 - protodiastolic gallop
increased ventricular filling
| L--> R shunt, mitral regurg, LV failure
417
S4 - presystolic gallop
stiff/hypertrophic ventricle - aortic stensosi, restrictive cardiomyopathy
418
secondary hyperparathyroidism
hypocalcemia of chronic kidney dz
419
STD
chlamydia - usually coinfected with gonorrhea
420
SIADH
small cell CA of lung
421
site of diverticular
sigmoid colon
422
sites of ahterosclerosis
abd aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid
423
stomach CA
adenoCA
424
stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - gastinoma of duodenum or pancreas
425
t(14:18)
follicular lymphoma - bcl-2 activation
426
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma - c myc activation
427
t(9;22)
philadelphia chromosome - CML - bcr/abl fusion
428
temporal arteritis
risk of ipsilateral blindness d/t thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
429
testicular tumor
seminoma
430
thyroid CA
papillary CA
431
tumor in women
leiomyoma - estrogen dpt, not precancerous
432
tumor of infancy
hemangioma - usually regresses spontaneously
433
tumor of adrenal medulla - adults
pheochromocytoma - usually benign
434
tumor of adrenal medulla - kids
neuroblastoma - malig
435
type of Hodgkins
nodular sclerosis - vs mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion
436
type of non Hodgkins
diffuse large cell
437
UTI
e coli, staph saprophyticus (young women)
438
viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV1
439
vitamin deficiency
folic acid - pregnant women at high risk; body stores only 3-4 mo supply; prevents neural tube defects
