Rate-limiting Steps and Regulators Flashcards
(26 cards)
Rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
Rate-limiting enzyme of gluconeogenesis
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
Rate-limiting enzyme of TCA cycle
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Rate-limiting enzyme of glycogenesis
Glycogen synthase
Rate-limiting enzyme of glycogenolysis
Glycogen phosphorylase
Rate-limiting enzyme of HMP shunt
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
Rate-limiting enzyme of de novo pyrimidine synthesis
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
Rate-limiting enzyme of de novo purine synthesis
Glutamine-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) amidotransferase
Rate-limiting enzyme of urea cycle
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
Rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid synthesis
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)
Rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid oxidation
Carnitine acyltransferase I
Rate-limiting enzyme of ketogenesis
HMG-CoA synthase
Rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis
HMG-CoA reductase
Regulators of glycolysis
(+): AMP, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
(-): ATP, citrate
Regulators of gluconeogenesis
(+): ATP, acetyl-CoA
(-): AMP, ructose-2,6-bisphosphate
Regulators of TCA cycle
(+): ADP
(-): ATP, NADH
Regulators of glycogenesis
(+): glucose-6-phosphate, insulin, cortisol
(-): epinephrine, glucagon
Regulators of glycogenolysis
(+): epinephrine, glucagon, AMP
(-): glucose-6-phosphate, insulin, ATP
Regulators of HMP shunt
(+): NADP+
(-): NADPH
Regulators of de novo pyrimidine synthesis
None
Regulators of de novo purine synthesis
(-): AMP, inosine monophosphate (AMP), GMP
Regulators enzyme of urea cycle
(+): N-acetylglutamate
Regulators of fatty acid synthesis
(+): insulin, citrate
(-): glucagon, palmitoyl-CoA
Regulators of fatty acid oxidation
(-): malonyl-CoA
