rates of coastal recession

Question 1

Examples and erosion rate of igneous rocks

Answer 1

Granite, Basalt, Dolerite
Very slow
Resistant to erosion because they are crystalline and usually have few joints

Question 2

Examples and erosion rate of metamorphic rocks

Answer 2

Slate, Schist, Marble
Slow
Crystalline rocks are resistant to erosion
Metamorphic rocks are often folded and fractured and therefore vulnerable to erosion

Question 3

How is resistance of rocks effected by geological structure

Answer 3

Sedimentary rocks because of bedding plane and often loosely consolidates nature prove prone to erosion. Igneous rocks hard and resistant to erosion. Metamorphic rocks are somewhere between, where folded and fractured can be susceptible to erosion

Question 4

What can produce complex cliff profiles

Answer 4

Differential erosion of alternating strata in cliffs

Question 5

Three factors effecting rate of coastal cliff retreat and coastal recession

Answer 5

Lithology of strata
Geological structure
Degree of exposure to erosive forces of the sea

Question 6

Permeability is another geological factor to be taken into account, examples of permeable rocks and what cab weaken and what is a common outcome

Answer 6

Sandstone and limestone (allow water to pass through them)
Ground water flow can weaken it as it removes the sediment that binds thee rock sediment together
Slumping is a common outcome

Question 7

What are halophytes

Answer 7

Plants that can tolerate sea water, be it around their roots, submerged at high tide or being exposed to sea spray

Question 8

What are xerophytes

Answer 8

Plants that can tolerate very dry conditions such as those found in coastal sand dunes

Question 9

Apart from lithology what plants an important role in how the coastline is shaped

Answer 9

Vegetation
Unconsolidated sediment can’t be protected from coastal processes (act as stabilisers)

Question 10

Examples of plants in action on coastline

Answer 10

Salt marshes, mangrove swamps and sand dunes

Question 11

Types of plants that grow on coastlines

Answer 11

Halophytes and xerophyes

Question 12

Plant succession

Answer 12

Sequential development of vegetation from initial establishment on bare ground through to ultimate vegetation cover or climax plant community

Question 13

What are effective in encouraging g coastal accretion through what and how

Answer 13

Sand dunes through plant succession
Sand dunes can convert supply of sediment into land

Question 14

Sand dune Plant succession

Answer 14

1) specialised halophytes plants capable of growing in salty bare sand
2) once established trap more sand leading to formation of embryo dunes
3) embryo dunes alter environmental conditions to an environment where xerophytic plants can flourish
4) dunes gradually become fixed and plant cover develop into climax community of heath or woodland

Question 15

Plant succession on bare mud deposited in estuaries process

Answer 15

1) ideal for development of slat marshes cus sheltered conditions and supply of mud and silt provided by the river
2) succession starts with algae followed by various halophytes grasses and sea thrust and lavender and ending with climax of community of rush and sedge