Rationalisation of Sports.

Question 1

Define Rationalisation.

Answer 1

The action of reorganising a process or system so as it make it more logical and consistent.

Question 2

Describe the Impact Urbanisation had on the Rationalisation of Football.

Answer 2

A captive audience, lack of space led to purpose built facilities with terraces for spectators.

Question 3

Describe the Impact an Increased Leisure Time had on the Rationalisation of Football.

Answer 3

An increase in Leisure Time meant the start of Saturday 3pm Kick Offs.

Question 4

Describe the Impact a More Disposable Income had on the Rationalisation of Football.

Answer 4

High standards of living and higher wages led to more chance for entrance and transport money.

Question 5

Describe the Impact an Improved Transport had on the Rationalisation of Football.

Answer 5

Having an Improved Transport System meant trains in particular could travel further.

Question 6

Describe the Impact an Increased Professionalism had on the Rationalisation of Football.

Answer 6

Opportunities to play football as a job emerged in 1885, when the FA recognised professional football.

Question 7

Describe the Impact Social Class Links had on the Rationalisation of Football.

Answer 7

Middle class influence gave football more respectability. Everyone could play, so it was considered the ‘people’s game’.

Question 8

Describe the Impact an Increased Organisation had on the Rationalisation of Football.

Answer 8

FA was set up by ex-public school boys in 1863. Referees controlled the game further.

Question 9

Who Introduced the Rules?

Answer 9

Bosmon Ruling gave ‘freedom of contract

Question 10

List the Influences on Women in Sport.

Answer 10

Equal Opportunities.
Increased Coverage of Women’s Sport.
More Female Role Models.
More PE Provision in Schools.
More Clubs Forming.
Increased Participation through more Funding.
More Free Time.

Question 11

How did having Equal Opportunities affect Women in Sport.

Answer 11

Sex discrimination act was passed leading to less sexual discrimination and increased availability of sport for women and goals.

Question 12

How did Increased Coverage affect Women in Sport.

Answer 12

Much more women’s sport on TV and inclusion on video games creating an increase in role models.

Question 13

How did more Female Role Models affect Women in Sport.

Answer 13

New Female Role Models began to emerge from across the different roles e.g. performers, coaches and officials.

Question 14

How did more PE Provision in Schools affect Women in Sport.

Answer 14

There was a push for equality in sport.

Question 15

How did more Clubs Forming affect Women in Sport.

Answer 15

Women only clubs were beginning to form in gyms etc, and breaking barriers.

Question 16

How did an Increased Participation through more Funding affect Women in Sport.

Answer 16

At grass roots and elite level performing.

Question 17

How did more Free Time affect Women in Sport.

Answer 17

Traditional domestic responsibilities reduced.

Question 18

How was Tennis Rationalised?

Answer 18

Lawn tennis was a middle class invention as the middle class aspired to be like the upper class but were excluded from could not afford to play real tennis.
Walls and hedges ensured privacy and the lower class were initially excluded.
Lawn tennis was first introduced at Wimbledon in 1877.
This was an important activity for women, with female participation first allowed in 1884, helping to overcome stereotypes.

Question 19

List the Characteristics of Lawn Tennis.

Answer 19

Middle Class Invention.
Played by the Middle Class.
Organised by Middle Class.
Use of Specialist Equipment.
Use of Standardised Rules.
Played by Both Males and Females.
Public Provision.

Question 20

Describe Women in Tennis.

Answer 20

Allowed to play if fully covered.
Seen as less strenuous than other sports so women wouldn’t sweat as much.
Women could play with men in a social manner.
A civilised game that was open to women.
Women could participate if in private/hidden from view.

Question 21

Describe the WTA.

Answer 21

The work of the WTA battled pay differences.
Created their own women’s tournament which provided women the opportunity to play at high levels and earn millions.
Meant lots of role models, sponsorship deals and worldwide media coverage of women’s elite tennis tournaments.

Question 22

How was Athletics Rationalised?

Answer 22

Over the years, sport has been highly rationalised:
1926 - the Dutch Athletics Federation were the first to use ‘slow motion’ apparatus in order to judge a photo finish.
1964 - the first use of automatic timing.
1968 - athletes were drug tested for the first time before a performance.

Question 23

Describe the Rationalisation of Track and Field Athletics.

Answer 23

Started at the Wenlock Olympian Games.
As people moved to towns and cities, athletics became popular with purpose built tracks.
Large numbers of Spectators went to meetings.
Wagering was still common.
Mechanics, labourers and artisans weren’t allowed to play.

Question 24

Describe Class Divisions in terms of Athletics.

Answer 24

Class divisions are still evident.
Upper and lower class amateurs ran for enjoyment or to test themselves, while the lower classes ran to make money and were deemed ‘professionals’.

Question 25

Explain the AAC.

Answer 25

The AAC was formed by ex-public school. boys/university men.
They decided they were too good to play with the lower class professionals.
Wanted to bring respectability to athletes.
Emphasising endeavour, fair play, courage and no wagering.