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RBC1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the normal count of red blood cells (RBC) for males?

A

5.2 x 10^6/mm^3 (4.5 – 6.0 x 10^12/L or 4.5-6.0 x 10^6/µL)

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2
Q

What is the normal count of red blood cells (RBC) for females?

A

4.7 x 10^6/mm^3 (4.0 – 5.5 x 10^12/L or 4.0-5.5 x 10^6/µL)

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3
Q

What shape do red blood cells (RBCs) have?

A

Biconcave

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4
Q

What are the advantages of the biconcave shape of RBCs?

A
  • Larger surface area: volume ratio
  • More flexible to squeeze through narrow capillaries
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5
Q

What is the diameter of a red blood cell?

A

7-8 µm

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6
Q

What is the thickness of a red blood cell at the periphery?

A

2 µm

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7
Q

What is the thickness of a red blood cell at the center?

A

1 µm

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8
Q

What major factors affect the shape of the RBC?

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoskeleton
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9
Q

What proteins are involved in the cytoskeleton of RBCs?

A
  • Actin
  • Spectrin
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10
Q

What happens to red blood cells in the absence of spectrin?

A

Red cells are deformed and lose their biconcave shape.

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11
Q

What is microcytosis?

A

A decrease in the size of RBC, diameter reduction to less than 7-7.2 µm.

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12
Q

What is macrocytosis?

A

An increase in the size of RBC, diameter increase.

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13
Q

What is hypochromia?

A

A reduction of the staining of the RBC with an increase in central pallor.

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14
Q

What is anisocytosis?

A

An increase in the variability of RBC’s size.

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15
Q

What is poikilocytosis?

A

An increased proportion of cells of abnormal shape.

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16
Q

What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

A

Transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.

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17
Q

What percentage of oxygen is transported in combination with hemoglobin?

A

67%

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18
Q

What is the role of hemoglobin in carbon dioxide transport?

A

20% of CO2 is transported in combination with Hb.

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19
Q

What is the structure of hemoglobin?

A

Composed of globin and haem.

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20
Q

What is the composition of globin in hemoglobin?

A

Made of 4 polypeptide chains.

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21
Q

What is the synthesis source of haem?

A

Synthesized from glycine and succinyl-CoA.

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22
Q

How many oxygen molecules can one haem carry?

A

1 haem can carry 1 O2.
(1Hb ; 4 haem = 4 O2)

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23
Q

What are the types of hemoglobin?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Embryonic hemoglobin
  • Foetal hemoglobin
  • Adult hemoglobin
  • Abnormal hemoglobin
24
Q

What is HbF?

Study These Flashcards
A

Foetal hemoglobin with the structural formula α2γ2.

25
What is sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS)?
Occurs due to substitution of valine for glutamic acid at position 6 in the β chain of HbA.
26
What is oxyhaemoglobin?
Hemoglobin combined with oxygen.
27
What is carbaminohemoglobin?
Hemoglobin combined with carbon dioxide.
28
What is carboxyhemoglobin?
Hemoglobin combined with carbon monoxide.
29
What is methaemoglobin?
Hemoglobin that has been oxidized, preventing it from binding oxygen.
30
What happens to blood viscosity with high hemoglobin levels?
Increases blood viscosity, potentially increasing blood pressure.
31
What is the normal hemoglobin concentration for adult males?
15.5 g/dL (14-18 g/dL)
32
What is the normal hemoglobin concentration for adult females?
14 g/dL (12-16 g/dL)
33
What is the significance of calculating MCV, MCH, and MCHC?
They provide normal values and significance in assessing red blood cell characteristics.
34
What is the effect of CO on hemoglobin?
CO binds to the binding sites on Hb, causing CO poisoning ## Footnote Carbon monoxide competes with oxygen for binding sites on hemoglobin, reducing oxygen transport.
35
List the types of hemoglobin.
* Derivatives of hemoglobin * Methaemoglobin * Glycosylated hemoglobin (Hemoglobin A1c)
36
What happens when reduced or oxygenated Hb is treated with an oxidizing agent?
Ferrous Fe2+ is oxidized to ferric Fe3+, forming methaemoglobin ## Footnote The sixth bond in methaemoglobin is attached to OH, preventing effective O2 binding.
37
What is the clinical significance of measuring HbA1c?
It is a marker of the progression of disease and/or effectiveness of treatment for diabetes mellitus ## Footnote An increase in HbA1c indicates poorly controlled diabetes.
38
What does RBC count measure?
The total number of RBCs per microliter (μL) of blood.
39
What does hematocrit (PCV) measure?
The percentage of whole blood occupied by RBCs.
40
What does hemoglobin level indicate?
The total amount of hemoglobin in the blood, indicating oxygen-carrying capacity.
41
What information do RBC indices provide?
Detailed information about the size and hemoglobin content of RBCs.
42
Define mean corpuscular volume (MCV).
Average volume of a single RBC ## Footnote Calculation: MCV = Haematocrit (%) x 10
43
What is the normal value range for MCV?
70-65 fL
44
What does a decrease in MCV indicate?
Microcytosis
45
What does an increase in MCV indicate?
Macrocytosis
46
Define mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).
Average content of Hb in one RBC ## Footnote Calculation: MCH = Hemoglobin (Hb) x 10
47
What is the normal value range for MCH?
26-32 pg
48
What does a decrease in MCH suggest?
Iron deficiency anemia
49
What does an increase in MCH suggest?
Megaloblastic anemia
50
Define mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).
The concentration of Hb in RBCs ## Footnote Calculation: MCHC = Hemoglobin (Hb) x 100 / Haematocrit
51
What is the normal value range for MCHC?
30-34 g/dL
52
What does a decrease in MCHC indicate?
Hypochromic RBCs
53
Calculate MCV given Hematocrit = 45% and RBC count = 5.0 x 10⁶/µL.
60 fL
54
Calculate MCH given Hemoglobin = 15 g/dL and RBC count = 5.0 x 10⁶/µL.
30 pg
55
Calculate MCHC given Hemoglobin = 15 g/dL and Hematocrit = 45%.
33.3 g/dL

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