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AP Government > REA Crash Course Midterm Vocabulary > Flashcards

REA Crash Course Midterm Vocabulary Flashcards

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0
Q

Checks and Balances

A

System in which each branch of gov’t can limit the power of the other 2 branches.

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1
Q

Majority Rule

A

A fundamental democratic principle requiring that the majority’s view be respected. The Constitution originally contained a number of provisions designed to limit majority rule, including the electoral college, life tenure for Supreme Court justices, and the selection of senators by state legislators

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2
Q

Unitary System

A

System of gov’t in which all power is invested in a central gov’t

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3
Q

Federalism

A

A system of gov’t in which power is divided by a written constitution between a central gov’t and regional gov’ts. Two or more levels of gov’t have formal authority over the same geographic area and people.

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4
Q

Expressed Powers

A

Powers specifically granted to the federal gov’t by the Constitution. For example, the Constitution gives Congress the power to coin money, impose taxes, and regulate interstate commerce. A.K.A. enumerated powers.

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5
Q

Implied powers

A

Powers of the federal gov’t that go beyond those enumerated in the Constitution. Implied powers are derived from the elastic or necessary and proper clause.

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6
Q

Reserved Powers

A

Powers not specifically granted to the national gov’t or denied to the states. Reserved powers are held to the states through the 10th Amendment.

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7
Q

Cooperative Federalism

A

Situations in which the national and state gov’ts work together to complete projects. Also called fiscal federalism.

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8
Q

Categorical Grant

A

Funds provided for a specific and clearly defined purpose.

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9
Q

Block Grant

A

Funds granted to the states for a broadly defined purpose. Block grants shift resources from the federal gov’t to the states and contribute to the growing number of state and local government employees.

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10
Q

Mandates

A

Rules telling states what they must do to comply with federal guidelines. Unfunded mandates require state and local governments to provide services or comply with regulations without the provision of funds.

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11
Q

Devolution

A

A movement to transfer the responsibilities of governing from the federal gov’t to state and local governments.

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12
Q

Political Culture

A

A set of widely shared political beliefs and values. American political culture is characterized by strong support for individual liberty, political equality, legal equality, the rule of law, and limited gov’t.

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13
Q

Political Socialization

A

The process by which political values are formed and passed from one generation to the next. The family is the most important agent of political socialization.

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14
Q

Public Opinion

A

Attitudes about institutions, leaders, political issues, and events.

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15
Q

Political Ideology

A

A cohesive set of beliefs about politics, public policy, and the role of gov’t.

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16
Q

Political Efficacy

A

The belief that one’s political participation makes a difference.

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17
Q

Split-ticket Voting

A

Voting for candidates of different parties for different offices in the same election. Recent elections have witnessed a significant increase in the number of voters who split-ticket vote and identify as independents.

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18
Q

Political Party

A

A group of citizens who organize to win elections, hold public offices, operate governments and determine public policy.

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19
Q

Plurality Election

A

The winning candidate is the person who receives more votes than anyone else, but less than half the total.

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20
Q

Single-Member District

A

An electoral district from which one person is chosen by the voters for each elected office. This type of electoral system typically leads to legislatures dominated by two political parties.

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21
Q

Party Era

A

An historical period dominated by one political party

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22
Q

Critical Election

A

An election when significant groups of voters change their traditional patterns of party loyalty.

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23
Q

Party Realignment

A

The majority party is displaced by the minority party, thus ushering in a new party era.

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24
Divided Government
A government in which one party controls the presidency while another party controls Congress. The pattern of divided government has dominated U.S. politics since the early 1970s.
25
Interest Group
An organization of people whose members share views on specific interests and attempt to influence public policy to their benefit.
26
Political Action Committee (PAC)
A committee formed by business, labor, or other interest groups to raise money and make contributions to the campaigns of political candidates whom they support.
27
Free Riders
People who benefit from an interest group without making any contributions. Labor unions and public interest groups often have a free-rider problem because people can benefit from the group's activities without joining
28
Power Elite Theory
The theory that a small number of very wealthy individuals, powerful corporate interest groups, and large financial institutions dominate key policy areas.
29
Pluralist Theory
The theory that many interest groups compete for power in a large number of policy areas.
30
Hyperpluralist Theory
The theory that government policy is weakened and often contradictory because there are so many competing interest groups.
31
Mass Media
Means of communication such as newspapers, radio, television, and the Internet that can reach large, widely dispersed audiences.
32
Linkage Institutions
Institutions that connect citizens to government. The mass media, interest groups, and political parties are the three main linkage institutions.
33
Horse-Race Journalism
The tendency of the media to cover campaigns by emphasizing how candidates stand in the polls instead of where they stand on the issues.
34
Congressional Redistricting
The reallocation of the number of representatives each state has in the House of Representatives
35
Gerrymandering
The legislative process by which the majority party in each state legislature redraws congressional districts to ensure the maximum number of seats for its candidates.
36
Incumbent
An officeholder who is seeking reelection. Incumbency is the single most important factor in determining the outcome of congressional elections.
37
Franking Priviledge
The right of members of Congress to mail newsletters to their constituents at the government's expense.
38
Standing Committees
Permanent subject-matter congressional committees that handle legislation and oversee the bureaucracy.
39
Conference Committees
Temporary bodies that are formed to resolve differences between House and Senate versions of a bill.
40
House Rules Committee
The House Rules Committee sets the guidelines for floor debate. It gives each bill a rule that places the bill on the legislative calendar, limits time for debate, and determines the type of amendments that will be allowed.
41
House Ways and Means Committee
House committee that handles tax bills
42
Seniority
Unwritten rule in both houses of Congress reserving committee chairs to members of the committee with the longest records of continuous service.
43
Filibuster
A way of delaying or preventing action on a bill by using long speeches and unlimited debate to "talk a bill to death."
44
Cloture
A Senate motion to end a filibuster. Cloture requires a 3/5 vote.
45
Logrolling
Tactic of mutual aid and vote trading among legislators.
46
Oversight
Congressional review of the activities of an executive agency, department, or office.
47
Delegate Role of Representation
When members of Congress cast votes based on the wishes of their constituents.
48
Closed primary
A primary in which voters are required to identify a party preference before the election and are not allowed to split their ticket.
49
Frontloading
The recent pattern of states holding primaries early in order to maximize their media attention and political influence. 3/4 of the presidential primaries are now held between February and mid-March.
50
Soft Money
Contributions to political parties for party-building activities. Soft money contributions are used to circumvent limits on hard money.
51
527 Group
A tax-exempt organization created to influence the political process; 527 groups are not regulated by the Federal Election Commission because they do not coordinate their activities with a candidate or party.
52
Veto
The president's constitutional power to reject a bill passed by Congress. Congress may override the veto with a 2/3 vote in each chamber.
53
Line-Item Veto
The power to veto specific dollar amounts or line items from major congressional spending bills. The Supreme Court struck down the line-item veto as an unconstitutional expansion of the president's veto power.
54
Executive Agreement
A pact between the president and a head of a foreign state. Executive agreements do not have to be approved by the Senate. However, unlike treaties, executive agreements are not part of U.S. law and are not binding on future presidents.
55
Executive Priviledge
The president's power to refuse to disclose confidential information. In United States v. Nixon (1974), the Supreme Court ruled that there is no constitutional guarantee of unqualified executive privilege.
56
Lame-Duck Period
The period of time in which the president's term is about to come to and end. Presidents typically have less influence during a lame-duck period.
57
Bureaucracy
A large, complex organization of appointed officials
58
Executive Order
A directive, order, or regulation issued by the president. Executive orders are based on constitutional or statutory authority and have the force of law
59
Iron Triangle
An alliance among an administrative agency, an interest group, and a congressional committee. Each member of the iron triangle provides key services, information, or policy for the others.
60
Issue Network
A network that includes policy experts, media pundits, congressional staff members, and interest groups who regularly debate an issue
61
Policy Agenda
A set of issues and problems that policy makers consider important. The mass media play an important role in influencing the issues which receive public attention.
62
Appellate Jurisdiction
The authority of a court to hear an appeal from a lower court
63
Senatorial Courtesy
An unwritten tradition whereby the Senate will not confirm nominations for lower court positions that are opposed by a senator of the president's own party form the state in which the nominee is to serve
64
Writ of Certiorari
An order by the Supreme Court directing a lower court to send up the record in a given case for its review
65
Rule of Four
The Supreme Court will hear a case if four justices agree to do so
66
Solicitor General
The solicitor general is responsible for handling all appeals on behalf of the United States government to the Supreme Court
67
Amicus Curiae Brief
A friend of the brief filed by an interest group or interested party to influence a Supreme Court decision.
68
Stare Decisis
Stare decisis is a Latin phrase meaning "let the decision stand." The vast majority of Supreme Court decisions are based on precedents established in earlier cases.
69
Judicial Restraint
Philosophy that the Supreme Court should use precedent and the Framers' original intent to decide cases
70
Judicial Activism
Philosophy that the Supreme Court must correct injustices when other branches of government or the states refuse to do so
71
Monetary Policy
Monetary policy involves regulating the money supply, controlling inflation, and adjusting interest rates. Monetary policy is controlled by the Federal Reserve Board.
72
Fiscal Policy
Raising and lowering taxes and government spending programs. Fiscal policy is controlled by the executive and legislative branches.
73
Entitlement Program
A government-sponsored program that provides mandated benefits to those who meet eligibility requirements. Social Security and Medicare are the government's largest entitlement programs.
74
Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
The OMB is responsible for preparing the budget that the president submits to Congress.
75
Civil Liberties
Legal and constitutional rights that protect individuals from arbitrary acts of government. Civil liberties include freedom of speech and guarantees of a fair trial
76
Civil rights
Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals. Civil rights include laws prohibiting racial and gender discrimination.
77
Selective Incorporation
The case-by-case process by which liberties listed in the Bill of Rights have been applied to the states using the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment
78
Establishment Clause
A provision of the 1st Amendment that prohibits Congress from establishing an official government-sponsored relgion
79
Free Exercise Clause
A provision of the 1st Amendment that guarantees each person the right to believe what he or she wants. However, a religion cannot make an act legal that would otherwise be illegal
80
Clear and Present Danger Test
Judicial interpretation of the First Amendment that government may not ban speech unless it poses an imminent threat to society
81
Writ of Habeas Corpus
A court order directing that a prisoner be brought before a court and that the court officers show cause why the prisoner should not be released.
82
Bill of Attainder
A legislative act that provides for the punishment of a person without a court trial.
83
Ex Post Facto Law
A law applied to an act committed before the law was enacted
84
Exclusionary Rule
Supreme Court guideline that prohibits evidence obtained by illegal searches or seizures from being admitted in court.
85
Miranda Warnings
Warnings that police must read to suspects prior to questioning that advises them of their rights.
86
Strict Scrutiny
Supreme Court rule that classification by race and ethnic background is inherently suspect and must be justified by a "compelling public interest."
87
Affirmative Action
A policy requiring federal agencies, universities, and most employers to take positive steps to remedy the effects of past discrimination.

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