reaction conditions Flashcards by Sabrina Wong

Alkenes to Disubstituted Halogenoalkane

EA
Br2 (l) or Cl2(g)
decolourisation of reddish-brown liquid / greenish-yellow gas

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Alkenes to Halohydrin

EA
Br2 (aq)
Decolourisation of orange solution

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Alkene to Monosubstituted Halogenoalkane

EA
Dry HCl or HBr

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Alkene to Alcohol

EA
Steam, H3PO4, high T high P
or
Water, excess concentrated H2SO4, cold

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Arenes to Halogenoarene

ES
X2, FeX3, heat
Decolourisation of reddish brown liquid / greenish-yellow gas

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Arenes to Nitrobenzene

ES
Conc HNO3, Conc. H2SO4, 55
Pale yellow liquid formed

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Arenes to Methylbenzene

ES
RX, FeX3, heat
White HX fumes formed

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Methylbenzene to 1-(halo)-2 or 4-methyl benzene

ES
X2, FeX3, rt
White HX fumes and Decolourisation of reddish-brown liquid / Greenish-yellow gas

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Methylbenzene to 2 or 4-nitromethylbezene

ES
Conc HNO3, Conc H2SO4, 30
Pale yellow oily liquid formed

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Methylbenzene to 1,2 or 4-dimethylbenzene

ES
RX, FeX3, rt
White fumes of HX

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Phenol to 2 or 4-bromophenol

ES
Br2 in CCl4
Decolourisation of reddish-brown liquid

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Phenol to 2,4,6-Tribromophenol

ES
Br2 (aq)
Decolourisation of orange solution

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Phenols to 2- or 4-nitrophenol

ES
Dilute HNO3
Pale yellow oily liquid formed

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Phenol to 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol

ES
Conc HNO3
Pale yellow oily liquid formed

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Phenylamine to 2- or 4-bromoaniline

ES
Br2 in CCl4
Decolourisation of reddish-brown liquid

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Phenylamine to 2,4,6-Tribromoaniline

ES
Br2 (aq)
Decolourisation of orange solution

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Halogenoalkane to Alcohol

NS
Dil NaOH, heat

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Halogenoalkane to Nitrile

NS
Ethanolic NaCN, heat

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Halogenoalkane to Amine

NS
Limited halogenoalkane, ethanolic conc NH3, heat in a sealed tube

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Alcohols to Chloroalkanes

NS
1. Conc HCl, anhydrous ZnCl2, heat
2. PCl3, rt (by product H3PO4 aq)
3. PCl5, rt (by product POCl3 aq, HCl g)
4. SOCl2, warm (by product SO2 g, HCl g)

3 and 4 produce white fumes of HX
4 decolourises purple acidified KMnO4

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Phenylamine to N-methylaniline

NS
RX, heat in a sealed tube
White HX fumes

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Phenylamine to N-phenylethanamide

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NS
RCOCl, rt
White HCl fumes

Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

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NS
H2O
White HCl fumes

Acyl chloride to ester

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NS
Alcohol, rt
Sweet smelling oily layer

Acyl chloride to ester

NS Phenol, NaOH Sweet smelling oily layer

Acyl chloride to Amide

NS NH3 in excess, rt White HCl fumes

Halogenoalkanes to alkene

Elimination Ethanolic NaOH, heat White HX fumes

Alcohol to alkene

Elimination 1. Conc H3PO4, heat 2. Excess conc H2SO4, heat 3. Al2O3, heat White HX fumes

Nitrile to carboxylic acid

A. Hydrolysis H2O, dil H2SO4, heat NH4+ ions

Nitrile to carboxylate ion

B. Hydrolysis H2O, dil NaOH, heat Pungent gas turns moist red litmust blue, NH3

Ester to carboxylic acid and alcohol

A. Hydrolysis H2O in large excess, dil H2SO4, heat under reflux

Ester to carboxylate ion and alcohol

B. Hydrolysis H2O, dil NaOH, heat under reflux

Carbonyl to 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone

Condensation 2,4, - dinitrophenylhydrazine orange ppt

Amines to amides

Condensation RCOCl, rt White HCl fumes

Phenols to ester

Condensation RCOCl, NaOH (aq) White HCl fumes

Na added to ROH, Phenol and RCOOH

Acid-metal redox All reacts H2 extinguish lighted splint

NaOH added to ROH, Phenol and RCOOH

Acid-base neutralisation Phenol and RCOOH react

NA2CO3 added to ROH, Phenol and RCOOH

Acid-carbonate reaction RCOOH react CO2 forms white ppt bubbled into Ca(OH)2

Carbonyls to Hydroxynitriles

NA 1. HCN, trace KCN, cold 2. HCN, NaOH, cold

Alkene to diol

Mild oxidation NaOH(aq), KMnO4(aq), cold Purple KMnO4 decolourised

Alkene to CO2, H2O, carboxylic acid, ketone, etc

Oxidative cleavage H2SO4(aq), KMnO4(aq), heat Purple KMnO4 decolourised

Methylbenzene to Benzoic acid

Side-chain oxidation H2SO4(aq), KMnO4(aq), heat Purple KMnO4 decolourised White ppt

primary ROH to aldehyde secondary ROH to ketone

Controlled oxidation K2Cr2O7 (aq), KMno4(aq), heat to immediate distillation Orange K2Cr2O7 turns green

primary ROH to RCOOH secondary ROH to ketone

Oxidation KMnO4(aq), H2SO4(aq), heat Purple KMnO4 decolourised

Aldehyde to Carboxylate ion

Oxidation Tollen's reagent Silver mirror formed

Aliphatic aldehyde to carboxylate ion

Oxidation Fehling's reagent Cu2O brick-red ppt

Methyl ketone to carboxylate ion Methyl alcohol to carboxylate ion

Oxidation I2, NaOH(aq), warm CHI3 triiodomethane yellow ppt balancing I2, OH-, I-, OH- 4, 6, 5, 5

Nitrobenzene to Phenylamine

Reduction Sn, excess HCl, heat, followed by excess NaOH (aq)

Alkene to alkane

Reduction H2, Ni, heat

Carbonyl to alcohol

Reduction 1. LiAlH4 in dry ether 2. NaBH4 in methanol 3. H2, Ni, heat

Nitrile to amine

Reduction 1. LiAlH4 in dry ether 2. H2, Ni, heat

RCOOH to ROH

Reduction LiAlH4 in dry ether

Amide to amine

Reduction LiAlH4 in dry ether

Ester to Alcohol and aldehyde

Reduction LiAlH4 in dry ether

reaction conditions Flashcards

(54 cards)