Reaction mechanism conditions

Question 1

Nucleophilic substitution with aqueous hydroxide ions

Reagent:
Conditions:
Type of reagent:

Answer 1

Reagent: potassium (or sodium) hydroxide
Conditions: In aqueous solution; warm
Mechanism: Nucleophilic substitution
Type of reagent: Nucleophile, OH-

Question 2

Nucleophilic substitution with cyanide ions
Reagent:
Conditions:
Mechanism:
Type of reagent:

Answer 2

Reagent: KCN dissolved in ethanol/water mixture
Conditions: Heating under reflux
Mechanism: Nucleophilic substitution
Type of reagent: Nucleophile, :CN-

Question 3

halogenalkane
Nucleophilic sub with NHS

Reagent:
Conditions:
Mechanism:
Type of reagent:

Answer 3

Change in functional group: halogenoalkane  amine
Reagent: NH3 dissolved in ethanol
Conditions: Heating under pressure (in a sealed
tube)
Mechanism: Nucleophilic substitution Type of reagent: Nucleophile, :NH3

Question 4

Elimination reaction of halogenoalkanes

Reagents:
Conditions:
Mechanism:
Type of reagent:

Answer 4

R: Potassium hydroxide
C: in ethanol (heat)
M: elimination
Types : Base, OH-

Question 5

Reaction of bromine with alkenes
What to what
R
C
M
T

Answer 5

alkene  dihalogenoalkane
Reagent: Bromine
Conditions: Room temperature (not in UV light)
Mechanism: Electrophilic addition
Type of reagent: Electrophile, Br+

Question 6

Reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkenes
What to what
R
C
M
T

Answer 6

Change in functional group: alkenehalogenoalkane
Reagent: HCl or HBr
Conditions: Room temperature
Mechanism: Electrophilic addition
Type of reagent: Electrophile, H+

Question 7

Reaction of sulfuric acid with alkenes stage 1
What to what
R
C
M
T

Answer 7

alkene  alkyl hydrogensulfate
Reagents: concentrated H2SO4
Conditions: room temperature
Mechanism: Electrophilic addition
Type of reagent: Electrophile, H2SO4

Question 8

Reaction of sulfuric acid with alkenes stage 2
What to what
R
C
T

Answer 8

Change in functional group
alkyl hydrogensulfate  alcohol
Reagents: water
Conditions: warm mixture
type of reaction: hydrolysis

Question 9

Partial Oxidation of Primary Alcohols
what to what
R
C

Answer 9

Reaction: primary alcoholaldehyde
Reagent: potassium dichromate (VI) solution and dilute sulfuric acid.
Conditions: (use a limited amount of dichromate) warm gently and distil out the aldehyde as it forms:

Question 10

Full Oxidation of Primary Alcohols
what to what
R
C

Answer 10

Reaction: primary alcoholcarboxylic acid
Reagent: potassium dichromate(VI) solution and dilute
sulfuric acid
Conditions: use an excess of dichromate, and heat under reflux: (distil off product after the reaction has finished)

Question 11

Oxidation of secondary alcohols
What to what
R
C

Answer 11

Reaction: secondary alcohol  ketone
Reagent: potassium dichromate(VI) solution and
dilute sulfuric acid.
Conditions: heat under reflux

Question 12

Reaction of Alcohols with Dehydrating Agents
what to what
R
role of reagent
T

Answer 12

Reaction: AlcoholAlkene
Reagents: Concentrated sulfuric or phosphoric acids Conditions: warm (under reflux)
Role of reagent: dehydrating agent/catalyst
Type of reaction: acid catalysed elimination

Question 13

Oxidation of aldehydes
what to what
r
C

Answer 13

Reaction: aldehyde  carboxylic acid
Reagent: potassium dichromate (VI) solution and dilute sulfuric acid.
Conditions: heat under reflux

Question 14

Reduction of carbonyls
Type of mechanism
R
C

Answer 14

Nucleophilic addition
Reagents: NaBH4 In aqueous ethanol
Conditions: Room temperature and pressure

Question 15

Addition of hydrogen cyanide to carbonyls to form hydroxynitriles
R
C
M

Answer 15

Reagent: potassium cyanide (KCN) and dilute sulfuric acid.
Conditions: Room temperature and pressure
Mechanism: nucleophilic addition