Reactions Flashcards
(35 cards)
Alkene to Alkane
Reagents and Conditions
Hydrogenation (addition of Hydrogen)
Nickel Catalyst + High Temperature
Alkane to Halogenoalkane
Free Radical Substitution
Halogen with UV Light
Alkene to Halogenoalkane
Electrophillic Addition of HX
Forms more stable carbocation
Halogenoalkane to Alkene
Elimination
Sodium in ethanol or potassium hydroxide
Halogenoalkane to Amine
Heated with excess conc. Ammonia in ethanol in a sealed tube
Halogenoalkane to Nitrile
Sodium or Potassium Cyanide in ethanol
Heat under reflux
Nitrile to Amine
Reduction
LiAlH4 and Dry ether
Halogenoalkane to Alcohol
Nucleophillic Substitution
Water solvent, NaOH and heat under reflux
Alcohol to Halogenoalkane
Halogen acid
-eg. (conc. HCl) (NaBr + conc H2SO4) (NaI + conc H3PO4
Alcohol to Ketone
Oxidation (secondary only)
Acidified Potassium Dichromate
Heat under reflux
Ketone to Alcohol
Reduction
LiAlH4 and Dry ether
Alcohol to Aldehyde
Oxidation (primary only)
Acidified Potassium Dichromate
Must be distilled
Aldehyde to Alcohol
Reduction
LiAlH4 and Dry ether
Ketone to Hydroxynitrile
Nucleophillic Addition
NaCN or KCN in water and dilute H2SO4
Aldehyde to Hydroxynitrile
Nucleophillic Addition
HCN and dilute H2SO4
Aldehyde to Carboxylic Acid
Oxidation
Acidified Potassium Dichromate
Heat under reflux
Carboxylic Acid to Aldehyde
IMPOSSIBLE!!!
Nitrile to Carboxylic Acid
Dilute HCl and water
Heat under reflux
Carboxylic Acid to Ester (reversible)
Condensation
Alcohol and acid catalyst (-eg. conc. H2SO4)
Ester to Carboxylic Acid (reversible)
Hydrolysis
Water and acid catalyst (-eg. conc. H2SO4)
Carboxylic Acid to Acyl Chloride
PCl5
Forms HCl (g) - steamy fumes
Separated by fractional distillation
Acyl Chloride to Carboxylic Acid
Cold water
Acyl Chloride to Ester (irreversible)
Cold ethanol Forms HCl (g) - Steamy fumes
Acyl Chloride to Amide
(+ amino acid)
also forms HCl
(react with Primary + Secondary amines)
