Reactions And Reagents

Question 1

Nitration of benzene

Answer 1

HNO_3 + H_2SO_4

Above 50C

Question 2

Halogenation of benzene

Answer 2

Halogen carrier eg

FeCl_3 AlBr_3 FeBr_3

Question 3

Alkylation of benzene

Answer 3

AlCl_3 (adds an alkyl group to the ring)

Question 4

Acylation of benzene

Answer 4

Acyl chloride + AlCl_3

=aromatic ketone

Question 5

Phenol + NaOH

Answer 5

Phenoxide salt + water

Question 6

Bromination of phenol

Answer 6

Decolourise bromine water
No catalyst
Room temp

Question 7

Nitration of phenol

Answer 7

2 and 4 sub products
Dilute HNO_3
Room temp

Question 8

Reducing an aldehyde and ketone

Answer 8

NaBH_4/H_2O

=alcohols

Question 9

Adding across carbonyl double bond

Answer 9

+HCN

H_2SO_4/NaCN
=hydroxynitrile

Question 10

Carboxylic acid + metal

Answer 10

Carboxylate salt + H_2 gas

Redox

Question 11

Carboxylic acid + metal oxide

Answer 11

Salt + water

Neutralisation

Question 12

Carboxylic acid + carbonate

Answer 12

CO_2 + salt + water

Neutralisation

Question 13

Acid anhydride

Answer 13

2 carboxylic acids added = removal of water

Question 14

Ester via acid hydrolysis

Answer 14

Reflux with dilute aqueous acid

(Broken down by water)
Reversible

Produces
Carboxylic acid + alcohol

Question 15

Ester via alkaline hydrolysis

Answer 15

Reflux with dilute OH- ions

Irreversible

Products
Carboxylate ion + alcohol

Question 16

Acyl chloride + alcohol

Answer 16

Ester

Question 17

Acyl chloride + phenol

Answer 17

Ester

Question 18

Acyl chloride + water

Answer 18

Carboxylic acid + steamy HCl fumes

Question 19

Acyl chloride + ammonia/ amine

Answer 19

Amide

Nucleophilic add

Question 20

Acid anhydride reactions

Answer 20

Similar to acyl chlorides but less reactive = used in labs

Question 21

Amine + acid

Answer 21

Salt

Question 22

Formation of primary amines

Answer 22

1- form salt
2- amine formation

Solvent = ethanol (prevents formation of alcohols)

Excess ammonia = prevent further sub to secondary or tertiary amines

Question 23

Prep aromatic amines

Answer 23

Reflux with Tin catalyst and conc HCl= salt

2- excess NaOH= aromatic amine

Question 24

Amine + acid

Answer 24

Salts NH_3+

Question 25

Amino acids + aqueous alkali

Answer 25

COOH reacts = salt + water

Question 26

Esterification of amino acids

Answer 26

Add alcohol and conc H_2SO_4 = Ester + water

Question 27

Hydrolysis polyesters

Answer 27

Base (NaOH/Water) = salt + alcohol Acid (H+/water) = carboxylic acid + alcohol

Question 28

Hydrolysing polyamides

Answer 28

Base (NaOH/water) = salt + amine Acid (H+/water) = carboxylic acid + NH_3+

Question 29

Reduction of nitriles

Answer 29

H_2 + nickel catalyst | =amine

Question 30

Hydrolysis of nitriles

Answer 30

Water + HCl + heat | =carboxylic acid

Question 31

Allene-alcohol

Answer 31

H_3PO_4/H_2O | Hydration

Question 32

Primary alcohol-Alkene

Answer 32

H_2SO_4

Question 33

Haloalkane-alcohol

Answer 33

NaOH(aq)

Question 34

Haloalkane-nitrile

Answer 34

NaCN

Question 35

Purification of organic liquids

Answer 35

- separating funnel - acid impurities removed by NaCO_3(aq) - drying agent anhydrous CaCl_2 - solid salt filtered - redistilled