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aqa chem > reactions for organic synthesis > Flashcards

reactions for organic synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What can you react with alkenes to make a dihalogenoalkane?
write an equation with a halogen
what reaction mechanism is involved

A

Br2 or Cl2
C2H4 + Br2 ===== C2H2Br2
electrophillic addition

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2
Q

conditions needed to make alkene into an alcohol?
what mechanisms in each step?
what is the reaction called?

A

step 1
H2SO4 catalyst —- used in an electrophilic addition reaction

step 2
warm h2o—- hydrolysis mechanism

reaction is called hydration of alkenes

fuck life

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3
Q

What can a halogen react with to make a halogenoalkane via an electrophillic reaction mechanism?

A

Alkenes

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4
Q

what is the product of reaction of an alkene and Br2

A

bromoalkane

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5
Q

what is the equation to get from ethene to ethanol

A

C2H4 + H2O ===== C2H5OH
H2SO4 catalyst

H2SO4 can suck my dick

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6
Q

what catalyst and mechanisms are used to get an alkene from an alcohol?
write the equation of ethanol to ethene

A

conc. H2SO4 or conc. H3PO4
Elimination,
dehydration

C2H5OH=====C2H4 + H2O
conc. H2SO4 or conc. H3PO4

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7
Q

what can you add to an alkene to make a halogenoalkane?

what mechanism is used

A

HBr
HCl

electrophillc addition

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8
Q

how can you convert a halogenoalkane into an alkene?
what conditions are needed?
what mechanism is used?

A

Add KOH
alcoholic conditions
heat in reflux
elimination

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9
Q

how can you convert a halogenoalkane into an alcohol?
what conditions are needed?
what mechanism is used?

A

oi fatty

Add KOH

aqueous conditions
heat under reflux

Nucleophillic substition

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10
Q

How can an alkane be converted to a halogenoalkane?

what conditions?
what mechanism?

A

Br2, Cl2
UV light
Free radical Substitution

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11
Q

what can KOH be added to make an alcohol or alkene?

what conditions are needed for each?

A

Halogenoalkane
with alcoholic conditions=== alkene
with aqueous conditions=== alcohol

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12
Q

what can be added to a halogenoalkane to make the carbon chain longer?

what conditions?
what mechanism?

what is formed as a product

A

KCN

ethanol/water mixture
heat under reflux

Nucleophilic Substitution

Nitrile

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13
Q

what can be added to a halogenoalkane to make it a primary amine?

what conditions?
what mechanism?

A

Alcoholic NH3

heat under pressure

Nucleophilic Substitution

Hope this is going into that thick skull

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14
Q

what is formed by a nitrile when its reduced

A

primary amine

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15
Q

what is used to reduce a nitrile?
what conditions are needed?
what type of reaction is it?

A

LiAlH4

IN ether

reduction

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16
Q

How is an alcohol formed from a aldehyde?

what mechanisms?

what type of alcohol does it make?

A

By adding NaBH4

it is being reduced through nucleophilic addition

primary alcohol

17
Q

How is an alcohol formed from a ketone?

what mechanisms?

what type of alcohol does it make?

A

By adding NaBH4

it is being reduced through nucleophilic addition

secondary alcohol (the good stuff;)

18
Q

why is there no need to heat and distill alcohol when making ketones whereas you do need to for the formation of an aldehyde?

A

Because buffbunny they are oxidation reactions

ketones cannot be oxidised further

however aldehydes if they werent distilled of would form caroboxylic acids

ygm fam?

19
Q

what alcohol can be oxidised to an aldehyde?

A

primary

20
Q

what alcohol can be oxidised to an ketone?

A

secondary

21
Q

what reagant is used to oxidise an alcohol to a ketone?

what confitions are used?

A

aqueous Na2Cr2O7
heat

we doomed, lets just face it

22
Q

what reagant is used to oxidise an alcohol to a aldehyde?

what confitions are used?

A

aqueous Na2Cr2O7

heat and distill

23
Q

how can aldehydes and ketones be turned to hydroxynitriles?

A

NaCN + H2SO4

Nucleophillic Addition

24
Q

what reagant is used to oxidise an alcohol to a carboxylic acid?

what confitions are used?

A

aqueous Na2Cr2O7

heat in reflux

excess oxidising agent
primary alcohol needed

25
Q

what is the starting product of a reaction in which H2SO4 is used with an alcohol to produce an ester?
whats this process called?

A

a carboxylic acid

esterification

26
Q

How can a carboxylic acid be formed from an acyl chloride/acid anhydride?

what conditions?
what mechanism?

A

By adding H2O

Room Temperature

Nucleophillic addition elimination

27
Q

How can an ester be formed from an acyl chloride/acid anhydride?

what conditions?
what mechanism?

A

By adding alcohol

Room Temperature

Nucleophillic addition elimination

kill the indians

28
Q

what do esters make when hydrolysed with NaOH?

A

a sodium salt found in soap and glycerol

29
Q

how can you make biodiesel from an ester?

A

add an alcohol

KOH catalysst

30
Q

what can be added to acyl chlorides/acid anhydrides to make a primary amide?

what conditions?

what mechanisms?

A

ammonia

room temperature

Nucleophilic addition elimination

i got a big ass

31
Q

what is ammonia added to in room temp to make a primary amide?

A

acyl chlorides/acid anhydrides

32
Q

what is a primary amine added to in room temp to make a secondary amide?

A

acyl chlorides/acid anhydrides

33
Q

what can be added to acyl chlorides/acid anhydrides to make a secondary amide?

what conditions?

what mechanisms?

A

primary amines

im hiding in your swimming pool

room temperature

Nucleophilic addition elimination

34
Q

how is a quaternery salt made from a primary amine

A

it has to go through nucleophilic substitution 3 times with a haloalkane going through the phases of secondary amine and then tertiary amine.

aqa chem (3 decks)

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