reactions in aqueous solutions

Question 1

what is a solute?

Answer 1

the gas (or solid) in a solution of gases (or solids) or the component in the smaller amount

Question 2

what is a solvent?

Answer 2

the liquid in the case of a solution of gases or solids, or the component present in the larger amount

Question 3

what is concentration?

Answer 3

the amount of solute dissolved in a solution

Question 4

what is the equation for Molarity (M)?

Answer 4

Molarity (M)= moles of solute/liters of solution

Question 5

what is dilution?

Answer 5

reducing the concentration of chemical

Question 6

what happens to the number of moles and the molarity of a solution when it is diluted?

Answer 6

-the number of moles stays the same
-the molarity is decreased

Question 7

what is the equation for dilution?

Answer 7

M1V1=M2V2

Question 8

what are electrolytes?

Answer 8

substance that dissolves in water to give an electrically conducting solution

Question 9

what is a nonelectrolyte?

Answer 9

substance that dissolves in water to give a non-conducting or very poor conducting solution

Question 10

what is a strong electrolyte?

Answer 10

exists in a solution almost entirely as ions; separates completely into ions when dissolved

Question 11

what is a weak electrolyte?

Answer 11

gives a relatively small percentage of ions; doesn’t completely separate into ions

Question 12

what are the three types of chemical reactions?

Answer 12

-acid-base reactions
-precipitation reaction
-oxidation-reudction reaction

Question 13

what is an acid-base reaction?

Answer 13

reactions that involve the transfer of a proton (H+) between reactants

Question 14

what is a precipitation reaction?

Answer 14

solid ionic substance forms from the mixture of two solutions of ionic substances

Question 15

what is an oxidation-reduction reaction?

Answer 15

reactions that include the transfer of electrons between reactants

Question 16

what is an Arrhenius acid?

Answer 16

substance that produces hydrogen ions, H+, when it dissolves in water

Question 17

what is an Arrhenius base?

Answer 17

substance that produces hydroxide ions, OH-, when it dissolves in water

Question 18

what is a Brønsted-Lowry acid?

Answer 18

the molecule or ion that donates a proton to another molecule or ion in a proton-transfer reaction

Question 19

what is a Brønsted-Lowry base?

Answer 19

molecule or ion that accepts a proton from another molecule or ion in a proton-transfer reaction

Question 20

what is a strong acid?

Answer 20

acid that ionizes completely in water. Present entirely of ions, strong electrolyte

Question 21

what are the strong acids (6)?

Answer 21

-HNO3
-HCl
-H2SO4
-HBr
-HClO4
-HI

Question 22

what is a weak acid?

Answer 22

acid that only partly ionizes in water. Present primarily as molecules and partly as ions; weak electrolyte
-if an acid is not strong, it is weak

Question 23

what is a strong base?

Answer 23

base that ionizes completely in water. Present entirely as ions; strong electrolyte

Question 24

what are the strong bases (6)?

Answer 24

-LiOH
-Ca(OH)2
-NaOH
-Sr(OH)2
-KOH
-Ba(OH)2

Question 25

what is a weak base? which bases are often weak?

Answer 25

-base that is only partly ionized in water. Present primarily as molecules and partly as ions; weak electrolyte -nitrogen bases like NH3

Question 26

what is an acid-base titration?

Answer 26

procedure for determining the amount of acid (or base) in a solution by determining the volume of base (or acid) od known concentration that will completely react with it

Question 27

what is the equivalence point?

Answer 27

point in a titration when a stoichiometric amount of reactant has been added

Question 28

what is a molecular equation?

Answer 28

chemical equation in which the reactants and products are written as if they may exist in the solution as ions (includes states)

Question 29

what are ionic equations?

Answer 29

chemical equations in which strong electrolytes are written in molecular form

Question 30

what is a net ionic equation?

Answer 30

chemical equation in which spectator ions are omitted. Shows the reaction that actually occurs in the solution

Question 31

what is a precipitate?

Answer 31

insoluble solid compound formed during a chemical reaction in a solution

Question 32

what is the basic formula for a precipitation reaction?

Answer 32

AX+BY --> AZ+BX

Question 33

what is an oxidation number?

Answer 33

measure of the number of electrons an atom has in a compound verses the number of valence electrons

Question 34

what is the rule for the oxidation number of elements?

Answer 34

if it's neutral, its 0

Question 35

what is the rule for the oxidation number of monatomic ions?

Answer 35

the charge on the ion

Question 36

what is the rule for the oxidation number of oxygen?

Answer 36

-2 in most compounds (exception is 0 in H2O2 and other peroxides, where the oxidation number is -1)

Question 37

what is the rule for the oxidation number of hydrogen?

Answer 37

+1 in most compounds (-1 in binary compounds with a metal such as CaH2)

Question 38

what is the rule for the oxidation number of compounds and ions?

Answer 38

sum of the oxidation numbers of atoms in a compound is zero. The sum of oxidation numbers of atoms in a polyatomic ion equals the charge on the ion

Question 39

what is a half-reaction?

Answer 39

one of the two parts of a redox reaction, one part of which involves a loss of electrons and the other part of which involves a gain of electrons

Question 40

what is oxidation?

Answer 40

half-reaction in which there is a loss of electrons by a species -increase in oxidation number

Question 41

what is reduction?

Answer 41

half-reaction in which there is a gain of electrons by a species -decrease in oxidation number

Question 42

what is an oxidizing agent?

Answer 42

species that oxidizes another species -it is reduced

Question 43

what is a reducing agent?

Answer 43

species that reduces another species -it is oxidized