READ ME / 1: Anatomy - gluteal region, femoral triangle, thigh compartments, hip joint

Question 1

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Question 2

The questions are written using the official Dundee lectures, so you might find it useful to have them open in the background in case you get stuck.

Question 3

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Question 4

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Question 5

There’s a good chance that older decks will be inaccurate (lectures and guidelines change year to year) so I’ll try to update them in the future.

Break a leg 👍

Question 6

Which blood vessel is found within ligamentum teres?

Answer 6

Artery to head of femur

Question 7

What bony structure loses its blood supply if the ligamentum teres is damaged?

Answer 7

Head / neck of femur

Question 8

What are the six regions of the lower limb?

Answer 8

Gluteal

Femoral

Knee

Leg

Ankle

Foot

Question 9

Name the four muscles in the superficial muscle group of the gluteal region.

Answer 9

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

Tensor fascia latae

Question 10

What is the function of the gluteus muscles and the tensor fascia latae?

Answer 10

Extend, abduct and medially rotate the thigh

Question 11

Which nerve innervates gluteus maximus?

Answer 11

Inferior gluteal nerve

Question 12

Which nerve innervates the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fascia latae?

Answer 12

Superior gluteal nerve

Question 13

Damage to which nerve causes Trendelenburg’s Gait?

Answer 13

Superior gluteal nerve

Question 14

Name four muscles in the deep muscle group of the gluteal region.

Answer 14

Piriformis

Obturator internus (sandwiched by gemelli)

Gemelli (twins)

Quadratus femoris (square)

Question 15

What is the nerve supply to the muscles of the deep muscle group of the gluteal region?

Answer 15

Sacral plexus

Question 16

Through which holes in the pelvis do nerves enter and exit?

Answer 16

Greater and lesser sciatic foramen

Obturator foramen

Question 17

What are the three major bony parts of the pelvis?

Answer 17

Ilium

Pubic bone

Ischium

Question 18

Without ligaments forming their outer borders, the sciatic foraminae are known as sciatic notches.

Which ligaments form the foraminae?

Answer 18

Sacrotuberous ligament (sacrum <> ischial tuberosity) forms the lesser sciatic foramen

Sacrospinous ligament (sacrum <> ischial spine) forms the greater sciatic foramen

Question 19

Into which quadrant of the gluteal region are injections usually given?

Why?

Answer 19

Superior lateral quadrant

Avoids structures like nerves, arteries and veins

Question 20

What is the largest nerve in the body?

Answer 20

Sciatic nerve

Question 21

What are the spinal cord levels of the sciatic nerve?

Answer 21

L4 - S3

Question 22

What does the sciatic nerve bifurcate into?

Answer 22

Tibial nerve

Common fibular nerve

Question 23

Which spinal nerve supplies the perineum and keeps the “pelvis” off the floor?

Answer 23

Pudendal nerve

Question 24

Which nerve supplies the skin of much of the back of the thigh, popliteal fossa and lateral perineum?

Answer 24

Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

Question 25

What spinal levels supply the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh?

Answer 25

**S1 - S3** s123 does the back of the knee???

Question 26

Which deep gluteal muscle does the **sciatic nerve** emerge inferior to?

Answer 26

**Piriformis**

Question 27

Does the sciatic nerve supply anything in the gluteal region?

Answer 27

**No**

Question 28

The sciatic nerve is so big that it has its own artery - what is it called?

Answer 28

**Artery to the sciatic nerve**

Question 29

Laterally to medially, what are the structures found in the **femoral triangle**?

Answer 29

**Femoral NERVE** (not found in the femoral sheathe) **Femoral ARTERY** **Femoral VEIN** **LYMPHATICS**

Question 30

The femoral artery, vein and lymphatic vessels are enclosed in the **femoral \_\_\_.**

Answer 30

**sheathe**

Question 31

Is the femoral nerve found in the femoral sheathe?

Answer 31

**No**

Question 32

What forms the **superior** boundary of the femoral triangle?

Answer 32

**Inguinal ligament** (inferior aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle)

Question 33

What forms the **medial** boundary of the femoral triangle?

Answer 33

**Lateral border of the adductor longus muscle**

Question 34

What forms the **lateral** boundary of the femoral triangle?

Answer 34

**Medial border of the sartorius muscle**

Question 35

What forms the **"floor"** of the femoral triangle?

Answer 35

**Pectineus** **Iliopsoas**

Question 36

What forms the **"roof"** of the femoral triangle?

Answer 36

**Deep fascia**

Question 37

Fascia forms **compartments** around muscles - what disease involves **increased pressure** in these compartments? What can cause this? How is it treated?

Answer 37

**Compartment syndrome** **Swelling**, **bleeding** **Fasciotomy**

Question 38

How many compartments does the **thigh** have? What are they called?

Answer 38

**Three** **Anterior, posterior** and **medial** compartments

Question 39

How many compartments does the **leg** have? What are they called?

Answer 39

**Three** **Anterior, posterior** and **lateral** compartments

Question 40

What are the four muscles of the **anterior compartment** of the **thigh**?

Answer 40

**Quadriceps femoris** **Sartorius** **Iliopsoas** **Pectineus**

Question 41

What is the function of the **sartorius**, **pectineus** and **iliopsoas**?

Answer 41

**Flexors** of thigh

Question 42

What is the function of the **quadriceps femoris**?

Answer 42

**Extensor** of leg

Question 43

Which nerve supplies the muscles of the **anterior compartment** of the **thigh**? What is the one exception?

Answer 43

**Femoral nerve** (L2, L3, L4) **Psoas major** (L1, L2, L3)

Question 44

What are the five muscles of the **medial compartment of the thigh?** What is their common function?

Answer 44

**Obturator externus** **Adductor brevis** **Adductor longus** **Adductor magnus** **Gracilis** Adduction of the thigh

Question 45

Which nerve supplies the five muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh? What is the only exception?

Answer 45

**Obturator nerve** (L2, L3, L4) **Hamstring part of adductor magnus** (tibial nerve)

Question 46

What are the three muscles of the **posterior compartment of the thigh**? What are their two functions?

Answer 46

**Semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris** Extensors of the thigh Flexors of the leg

Question 47

Which nerve supplies the muscles of the **posterior compartment** of the thigh? What is the exception?

Answer 47

**Tibial nerve** (S5, L1, L2)\* Short head of biceps femoris - **Common fibular nerve**

Question 48

What type of joint (specifically) is the **hip joint**?

Answer 48

**Synovial ball & socket joint**

Question 49

Which parts of the femur and pelvis form the **ball** and **socket** of the hip joint respectively?

Answer 49

Ball - **head of femur** Socket - **acetabulum of pelvis**

Question 50

The hip joint is highly mobile, capable of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and medial/lateral rotations. What term can be used to describe the combination of all these movements?

Answer 50

**Circumduction**

Question 51

The hip joint is surrounded by a \_\_\_, with an external ___ layer and an internal ___ layer which secretes ___ \_\_\_.

Answer 51

**capsule** **fibrous , membranous** **synovial fluid**

Question 52

Which part of the femur commonly fractures?

Answer 52

**Neck of femur**

Question 53

The fibrous layer of the hip capsule forms four ___ which strengthen the joint. What are they called?

Answer 53

ligaments **Iliofemoral ligament** **Pubofemoral ligament** **Ischiofemoral ligament** **Ligament to head of femur**

Question 54

From which artery does the **deep femoral artery** arise?

Answer 54

**Common femoral artery**

Question 55

Which arteries supply the hip joint?

Answer 55

**Medial** and **lateral circumflex** (femoral) **arteries**

Question 56

What do the medial and lateral circumflex arteries of the hip joint eventually do?

Answer 56

**Anastomose**

Question 57

Which arteries, extending from the medial and lateral circumflex arteries, extend to the head of the femur?

Answer 57

**Retinacular arteries**

Question 58

Apart from retinacular arteries, a named artery directly supplies the head of the femur - what is it called?

Answer 58

**Artery to head of femur**

Question 59

Which artery supplies the artery to head of femur? From which artery does *it* arise?

Answer 59

**Obturator artery** **Internal iliac artery** (Remember that the common femoral arises from the *external* iliac.)