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Biol 232 > Reading Assignment 4 > Flashcards

Reading Assignment 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The process by which cells commit suicide

A

Apoptosis or autolysis

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2
Q

Cells usually die by one of two mechanisms= chemical / mechanical damage or

A

Apoptosis

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3
Q

Mitosis is division of the

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

The last part of interphase is the______phase

A

G2

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5
Q

A duplicated chromosome consists of two identical structures called______ _____

A

Sister chromatid

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6
Q

Which statements characterize the S phase of interphase

A
  • dna replicates during this phase
  • it directly follows the g1 phase
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7
Q

In the cell cycle,division of the cytoplasm is called _____

A

Cytokinesis

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8
Q

Which statements describe the g2 phase of interphase

A

-enzymes and other structures needed for cell division are synthesized
-it directly follows the S phase of interphase
-centriole production is completed

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9
Q

The replication of the dna molecule during interphase occurs during the_____phase

A

(S) or Synthesis

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10
Q

Sister chromatids are_____

A

-replicated dna strands
-joined together by a centromere
-separated by spindle fiber during anaphase

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11
Q

Which is more loosely coiled: chromosomes or chromatin?

A

Chromatin

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12
Q

The phase of interphase in which dna molecules replicate is called the_____phase

A

(S) or synthesis

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13
Q

Skin cells are an example of _____cells

A

Somatic

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14
Q

Four consecutive phases that take place during mitosis are______ , _____ , ______ , and telophase

A

Prophase , metaphase , anaphase

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15
Q

The three distinct phases of the interphase period of cell division are, in order of their occurrence, ______phase, ______phase, and_____ phase

A

G1 , S , G2

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16
Q

What are the cells that result when one cell divides

A

Daughter cells

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17
Q

When a cell is dividing, the dna is tightly coiled as_____

A

Chromosomes

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18
Q

Cells that include all of the cells in the body except sex cells are called_____ cells

A

Somatic

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19
Q

The cell division that takes place in somatic cells

A

Mitosis

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20
Q

True or false: Dna is considered the cells control center because it directs the synthesis of proteins that carry out body functions

A

True

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21
Q

Daughter cells are

A

Identical

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22
Q

During translation, the ______ site is where the new amino acid joins the ribosome, the ________site is where the new polypeptide is forming, and the exit site is from where the tRNA exists

A

aminoacyl (A) ; peptidyl (p)

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23
Q

The synthesis of a new protein from an mRNA transcript

A

Translation

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24
Q

What is the cell division that takes place in somatic cells called

A

Mitosis

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25
Q

After transcription, rna undergoes splicing in which the ______ are removed and the ______are spliced together

A

Introns ; exons

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26
Q

Dna is considered the “boss of the cell” because ______

A

It directs the synthesis of proteins that carry out body functions

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27
Q

The primary cellular sites for the production of proteins are the____

A

Ribosomes

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28
Q

Functional types of rna produced during transcription

A

mRNA , rRNA , tRNA

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29
Q

The process that occurs on ribosomes by which a mRNA transcript is read and a new protein produced is called ____

A

Translation

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30
Q

The organelle in which transcription takes place is the

A

Nucleus

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31
Q

Following transcription, ______ is not a modification that can be made to a newly formed mRNA

A

Decarboxylation

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32
Q

Transcription is the formation of

A

RNA

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33
Q

Nuclear pores allow for the passage of

A

Macromolecules and ions

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34
Q

Dna and it’s associated proteins make up the substance called ______

A

Chromatin or chromosomes or nucleosomes

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35
Q

True or false: in transcription, a dna gene is read and copied to produce a newly formed strand of rna

A

True

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36
Q

The process by which a dna gene is copied into rna is called

A

Transcription

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37
Q

_____is not a nitrogenous base found in DNA nucleotides.

A

Uracil

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38
Q

The nucleus is enclosed by a double membrane structure called the______ ____

A

Nuclear; membrane or envelope

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39
Q

Chromatin is mostly composed of

A

Dna and proteins

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40
Q

Which is a more tightly coiled structure: Chromosome or chromatin?

A

Chromosome

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41
Q

Which forms a very small fluid-filled tunnel that extends across a small gap between adjacent cells?

A

gap junction

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42
Q

When skin is pinched and twisted,______keep the epidermal cells from ripping apart from one another

A

desmosomes

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43
Q

Statements that correctly describe the nuclear envelope

A

-It is continuous with the ER
-It contains phospholipids
-It controls the entry of substances into and out of the nucleus
-It is a double membrane

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44
Q

Intestinal cells are joined by______in order to prevent digestive juices from moving between and damaging adjacent cells

A

tight junctions

45
Q

The outermost boundary of the nucleus is called the_____

A

Nuclear envelope

46
Q

Membrane junctions are composed of____

A

both integral and peripheral proteins

47
Q

Junctions that allow small solutes to travel between adjacent cells are called_____ junctions

A

gap or intercellular

48
Q

Microvilli function to

A

Increase surface area

49
Q

Are embedded with in and extend completely across the phospholipid bilayer

A

Integral proteins

50
Q

Includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis

A

Endocytosis

51
Q

A cell placed in hypotonic solution will undergo

A

Lysis

52
Q

If a cell is placed into a solution of distilled water (which contains no solutes), the cell will

A

Lyse

53
Q

A resting membrane potential is essential in the normal function of which of the following type of cells

A

Nerve, muscle

54
Q

The relative distributions of K+, which is more concentrated inside the cell, and Nat, which is more concentrated outside the cell, are the result of the activity of the____

A

Na+/K+ pump

55
Q

Neurons have a resting membrane potential of____mV.

A

-70

56
Q

The net movement of K+ and Na+ in maintaining the resting membrane potential is partially dependent upon the number of____channels

A

Leak

57
Q

is not an example of how cells communicate through direct contact.

A

The cells of hypothalamus sending out pyrogens to induce fever

58
Q

True or false: Enzymatic ligand receptors can directly phosphorylate proteins whereas G protein-coupled receptors activate kinases indirectly.

A

True

59
Q

The cytosol close to the plasma membrane contains relatively more_____ ions than does the interstitial fluid that is close to the plasma membrane.

A

K+ ( potassium)

60
Q

Which is not a type of membrane-bound organelle?

A

Ribosome

61
Q

When electrodes are placed just inside and just outside of the cell membrane, there is a relatively more____charge on the____of the cell

A

Negative;inside

62
Q

Which are functions of rough ER?

A

-formation of transport vesicles
- production of proteins
-storage of proteins to be exported from the cell

63
Q

The gradient that is dependent on the combination of the electrical gradient and the chemical concentration gradient is the____gradient

A

Electrochemical

64
Q

Transport (shuttle) vesicles are produced within a cell by_____

A

Rough er

65
Q

Immune system cells differentiate healthy versus unhealthy cells in the body by examining the______

A

Glycocalyx

66
Q

When viewed under a transmission electron microscope, the Golgi apparatus looks like___

A

A stack of flattened structures

67
Q

Ligands are molecules released from one cell that bind to the receptor of another cell. Which of the following are types of receptors that can bind ligands?

A

-channel-linked
-enzymatic
-G protein-coupled

68
Q

The structure of the _____ has been compared to a “warehouse” center where arriving molecules are modified, packaged, and then shipped out

A

Golgi apparatus

69
Q

Complex, organized structures inside cells that have unique characteristics and shapes are called____

A

Organelles

70
Q

The_____ has/have the nickname, the garbagemen.

A

Lysosomes

71
Q

Which statements characterize rough ER?

A

-The amount of rough ER is greater in cells that produce a large amount of proteins for secretion.
-Ribosomes are attached to rough ER.

72
Q

The primary structure for the processing and packaging of proteins for transport out of the cell is the______

A

Golgi apparatus

73
Q

Rapid digestion of a cell by its own lysosomes is called____

A

autolysis

74
Q

The cis-face of the Golgi apparatus is also called the______region

A

Receiving

75
Q

True or false: Peroxisomes are usually smaller in diameter than lysosomes

A

True

76
Q

Old or worn out organelles in a cell are removed by an organelle called them_____

A

lysosome

77
Q

True or false: The plasma membrane and nuclear envelope are considered part of the
endomembrane system

A

True

78
Q

Which are functions of rough Er?

A

-formation of transport vesicles
-production of proteins
-storage of proteins to be exported from the cell

79
Q

Non-membrane-bound organelles are composed of which of the following?

A

-RNA
-protein

80
Q

Transport (shuttle) vesicles are produced within a cell by _____

A

Rough Er

81
Q

Ribosomes that are suspended in the cytosol and make proteins that function within the cell
are called_____ ribosomes

A

Free

82
Q

Autolysis is_____

A

the digestion of the cell itself

83
Q

The centrosome contains two_____ that lie perpendicular to one another

A

Centrioles

84
Q

______ are membrane-enclosed sacs that contain over 50 different enzymes that vary by cell type that are initially formed by vesicles that pinch off from the rough ER.

A

Peroxisomes

85
Q

The “garbage disposals”for unwanted and for excess protein in a cell are the ______

A

Proteasomes

86
Q

Which of the following are classified as part of the endomembrane system?

A

-Golgi apparatus
-ER
-vesicles
-peroxisomes
-lysosomes

87
Q

Which of the following are non-membrane-bound organelles?

A

-the cytoskeleton
-centrosome
-proteasomes
-ribosomes

88
Q

Bound ribosomes like those found on the rough Er are involved in which of the following actions?

A

-synthesize proteins to serve as enzymes within the lysosomes
- synthesize proteins for export
- synthesize integral proteins for the plasma membrane

89
Q

The plasma membrane also functions in establishing and maintaining an electrochemical gradient at the plasma membrane called the______ ____ potential

A

Resting; membrane

90
Q

The cvtoskeleton has three separate protein filament components, which include_____ filaments,_______filaments, and microtubules

A

Actin; intermediate

91
Q

Image that you’ve ingested a substance that shuts down the action of centrioles in cells. You would expect that ______

A

They will stop dividing

92
Q

Microtubules function in all of the following except_____

A

Forming the internal support of microvilli

93
Q

When a protein is marked for destruction by having a protein called ubiquitin bound to it, the organelles responsible for this removal are ____

A

Proteasomes

94
Q

True or false: cilia and flagella are projections that extend from the surface of some cells

A

True

95
Q

The function of cilia and flagella is mediated by the cvtoskeletal components called_____

A

Microtubules

96
Q

Which statements characterize microvilli?

A

-they are smaller than cilia
- they are microscopic projections of the plasma membrane
- they function to increase the surface area of the plasma membrane

97
Q

Microfilaments are made up of two strands of the protein____

A

actin

98
Q

the three major types of membrane junctions are ___junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

A

tight

99
Q

microtubules are composed of a protein called____

A

tubulin

100
Q

Which function moves mucus

A

cilia

101
Q

___function like spot welds to seal off the intercellular space and prevent substances from passing between the cells

A

tight junctions

102
Q

flagella differ from cilia in that flagella usually occur ___while cilia usually occur____

A

singly; in large numbers

103
Q

Desmosome membrane junctions are reinforced by ___

A

intermediate filaments

104
Q

Junctions that allow small solutes to travel between adjacent cells are called _____ junctions.

A

Gap

105
Q

The structure that is the “control center” of cellular activities in a cell is the

A

nucleus

106
Q

The outermost boundary of the nucleus is called the

A

nuclear envelope

107
Q

Intestinal cells are joined by _____in order to prevent digestive juices from moving between and damaging adjacent cells.

A

tight junctions

108
Q

Which statements correctly describe the nuclear envelope?

A

-It is continuous with the ER.
-It contains phospholipids
-It controls the entry of substances into and out of the nucleus.
-It is a double membrane.

109
Q

Which forms a very small fluid-filled tunnel that extends across a small gap between adjacent cells?

A

gap junction

Biol 232 (5 decks)

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