- X takes Y as Z - X regards Y as Z

- Both mean: whereas, while, etc. - the first is placed in the middle of a sentence, before the predicate - the second is at the beginning of a sentence

- the noun that is being verbed. - the noun has to be the object of the verb

- about X - on X - with regard to X - concerning X

- to go through a structure - to go through effort to reach an agreement - puts emphasis on the means of getting somewhere - ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- - to pass by, to pass through - to have passed something, to go through time or experience

and the like, things like that - when enumerating or describing things that have similar characteristics, this word is used to indicate the enumeration has reached the end - puts emphasis on the similarities between the things mentioned and referred to

- established Y, for X - for X, Y has been established

- along with X, Y - the state of X is changing, and so is Y - sometime with 而 before Y

in addition, moreover - introduces one more factor - serves to strengthen the speakers argument

- and, moreover, furthermore - can connect clauses and verbal phrases

Reading Grammar Mandarin IIB Flashcards by TheLarres Kruuk

X以Y為Z

X takes Y as Z

- X regards Y as Z

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則，而

Both mean: whereas, while, etc.
the first is placed in the middle of a sentence, before the predicate
the second is at the beginning of a sentence

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field of expertise + 家

an expert in that field, -ist

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所Verb的Noun

the noun that is being verbed.

- the noun has to be the object of the verb

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adj/noun + 化

adj/noun + -ize, -ify, -ing

- the last one creates a verb

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關於X

about X
on X
with regard to X
concerning X

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對X而言

對X來説

regarding X
as far as X is concerned
first one is formal and the second one informal

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一是
二是
三是
etc.

first
second
third
etc.

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首先
其次
再次
再次
。。。
最後

firstly
secondly
thirdly
fourthly
...
and finally
- when presenting points for an argument

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經過

通過

to go through a structure
to go through effort to reach an agreement
puts emphasis on the means of getting somewhere
to pass by, to pass through
to have passed something, to go through time or experience

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算（是）

to be considered as

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此外
除此之外
除此以外

besides, in addition

- used to provide additional information or an additional point in an argument

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針對

directed against, aimed at, targeted at, intended for

- serves to introduce an object, indicating the object is the target or aim of an action

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換句話説

換言之

in other words

- first one is less formal than the second one

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來自

come from

- indicates the origin of a person or an event

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之類的

and the like, things like that

when enumerating or describing things that have similar characteristics, this word is used to indicate the enumeration has reached the end
puts emphasis on the similarities between the things mentioned and referred to

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等（等）

and so on, etc.

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為X設立Y

established Y, for X

- for X, Y has been established

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在X的現狀下

在X的情況下

under the current conditions/circumstance of X

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隨著X，Y

along with X, Y
the state of X is changing, and so is Y
sometime with 而 before Y

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X以Y。。。Z
X拿Y。。。Z
X用Y。。。Z

X does Z with Y
X uses Y to do Z
first one is formal, others are more spoken

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(再）加上

in addition, moreover

introduces one more factor
serves to strengthen the speakers argument

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並且

and, moreover, furthermore

- can connect clauses and verbal phrases

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X為Y帶來Z

X給Y帶來Z

X creates Z for Y
doing X makes Z for Y
first one is formal, second colloquial

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不僅X也Y | 不但X也Y

not only X, but also Y | - first one is formal, second is colloquial

不（是）X 而（是）Y

- not X, but Y | - implies contrast

將

formal version of 把

Noun + （沒）有人

some/no one is at the Noun

毫 + negation | 並 + negation

- not at all

X沒有Y Adj

X is not as Adj as Y

差不多 | 差一點

- almost | - first one can also mean approximately

大約X X左右差不多X OR X差不多

- approximately x - about X - the last one is more colloquial

sentence with 一，sentence with 就

... as soon as ... , ... then ...

不Verb而Verb

not Verb, but Verb

Subject + 好不容易（才）+ Verb

- after much trouble | - with great effort

一MW一MW（地）

one by one

(並）不是X而是Y

not (at all) X, but Y

(X) 跟 Y 比起來

if X and Y: - if you compare X with Y, then... if only Y: - compared to Y

即使X, subject 也 Y | 算是X, subject 也 Y

- even if X, subject will do Y | - first one is more formal

就是X也Y | 就算X也Y

- even if X, then Y

任何 + Noun + 都 + negation

- there is not a single noun that ....

再也 + negation X 了

- never do X again

不是不Verb

isn't it the case that Verb

由 X Verb

- be verbed by X | - by X verbed

何必。。。（呢）

there is no need, why | - marks a rhetorical question

可 + negation | 並 + negation

really not, certainly not, not at all

倒（是）

but, on the contrary, then again

X 分之 Y

Y out of X | - used for fractions and percentages

整 + MW +Noun | 全 + Noun

- the whole noun | - the entire noun

一 adj 一 adj

one is adj, and one is adj | - the adj are often monosyllabic and contrastive

越X越Y

the more X, the more Y

任何

any, whatever | - can be followed by: 的 Noun

X 的中文怎麽説

how do i say X in Chinese?

verb 起來

- seems like Verb - looks like Verb - Verb like...

X 跟/和 Y 差不多（一樣）

X is about the same as Y | - marks similarity or approximation

寧願 X 也不願 Y | 寧可 X 也不願 Y

would rather X, than Y | - expresses preference, but neither is ideal

像 X 一樣

like X, similar to X

X 比 Y adjective X 比 Y 更 adjective X 比 Y adjective 得多/多了 X 和/跟 Y 一樣 adjective

- X is [adjective] than Y - X is even [adjective] than Y - X is very [adjective] than Y - X and Y are the same [adjective]

不知（道）+ question

i/one wonder(s) if | - makes a question less direct and more impersonal

adj + 得不得了

extremely adj

請你再 X 一次

please do X again

adj + 得要命

terribly/extremely adj

如果 X 的話 Y | 要是 X 的話 Y

if X, then Y

表面上 X，實際上 Y

on the surface X, but in reality Y

因為 X 所以 Y | 既然 X 就 Y

since X, therefore Y | - first one is objective and the second more emotional

好是好

you admit something is good, but you want to clarify something

Verb 上

- succeed in verbing | - verb into (literal or figurative)

本來 X 結果 Y

originally X, but in the end Y

Verb 來 Verb 去

continuous action

一方面 X,（另）一方面 Y

- on the one hand X, one the other hand Y | - while X, also/furthermore Y

X 而不 Y

X but not Y

又 X 又 Y | 既 X 又 Y

both X and Y - X and Y have to be either both be positive or both be negative and have the same amount of syllables - the second one is more formal

the basic complements: | 見，到，完，錯

the basic complements: - you register and received the information - you finished/completed the verb - the action had arrived at the goal that you aimed for - the result of the verb is a mistake or the verb is done by mistake

adj 地說

saying something in an [adj] way

辛虧 X 要不然 Y 辛好 X 要不然 Y 還好 X 要不然 Y

fortunately X, otherwise Y | - the last one is colloquial

adj 的是

the [adj] thing is | - emphasizes the adjective

受（到）X（的）verb

be verbed by X

所有的 X | 完全的 X

all X

在 X 上

- on X - when it comes to X - in the case of X

X 比不上 Y

X cannot compare to Y, X be no match for Y | - does not mean it's impossible to compare X and Y, but that Y is clearly better

一 X, 就

as soon as X

MW + MW + 都

every single one

由於 X（的關係）

- owing to X - as a result of X - due to X - because (of) X

因為 X 而 Y

to do Y in the circumstances of X

Reading Grammar Mandarin IIB Flashcards

(84 cards)