Reading Quiz 5 - 9 + Articles Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Who are the participants in the terrorist environment?
A
- Terror Actor
- Terror Organization
- Supporters
- Victims
- Interpreters
- Facilitators
2
Q
What are the types of terrorism supporters?
A
- Ideological Supporters
- Financial Supporters
- Logistical/Material Supporters
3
Q
What are the types of terrorist victims?
A
- Targeted/Primary Victim
- Indirect Victims
- Secondary Victims
- Global Victims
- Economic Victims
4
Q
Who are Targeted/Primary Victims?
A
Anyone who is killed or wounded in the event.
5
Q
Who are Indirect Victims?
A
Family and communities of those impacted by the event.
6
Q
Who are Secondary victims?
A
Responders and other personnel who deal with the event.
The media who cover the attacks may become secondary victims.
7
Q
Who are global victims?
A
Individuals in the global community
8
Q
Who are economic victims?
A
Individuals, organizations, and governments who experience financial loss due to the attack.
9
Q
Who are Interpreters?
A
People who explain the who, where, when, what, why, and how of the event.
10
Q
What are the types of Interpreters?
A
- Authors and Academics
- Armchair Generals
- Policy Makers and Politicians
11
Q
Who are author and academic interpreters?
A
Those who educate in the long form through books, articles, lectures, and educational platforms.
12
Q
Who are armchair generals?
A
An expert in a given area who lends their perspective to an event
They have credentials and real world experience that give them a respected opinion.
13
Q
Who are policy maker/politician interpreter?
A
Policy makers that use terrorism events to change programs and guidelines
14
Q
What is the primary difference between Logistical/Material supporters of terrorism and Financial supporters of terrorism?
A
Logistical/Material supporters KNOW they are directly supporting the organization, while financial supporters may just be supporting a shell front.
15
Q
What are ideological supporters of terrorism?
A
Those who hold beliefs and views that align with the terrorist organization. They repeat the official message of the organization, even if they don’t always exactly agree.
16
Q
What are financial supporters of terrorism?
A
Those who provide money through direct contributions, fundraisers, or purchases.
It is possible for donors to not be aware their money is supporting a terror organization.
17
Q
What defines a terrorist actor?
A
Having the intent to bring violence into play, and the capability to carry out the attack.
18
Q
In which terror attack did the terrorist call and warn people that it would happen?
A
1996 Manchester Bombing by the IRA
19
Q
Have terrorist organizations and networks increased or decreased in size?
A
Terror organizations are/were getting smaller.
20
Q
What are the two periods of terror group evolution?
A
1985-2011 (Small localized groups with nearby enemy)
2011->Onward (Rise of Super Groups such as ISIS, AQIM, AQAP, Boko Haram)
21
Q
What is Ideology?
A
Systematic body of concepts, ideas, and manner of thinking that is characteristic of an individual, group, or culture.
Ideology is a movement… does not simply define, but inspires as well.
22
Q
Who did terrorist organizations in the 70s and 80s serve?
A
Terrorist groups in the 70s and 80s ‘served’ a group or society.
23
Q
Who are modern terrorist organizations serving?
A
Modern terrorist groups serve themselves and a nebulous ‘elite’. Apocalyptic design.
24
Q
How do Terrorist Constituents evolve?
A
They evolve from a focus on a constituency from which support and volunteers can be recruited. Act as “Champions” for the people. Wide Appeal.
Evolve into “Elites” who identify as “true believers” and disdain those who do not agree. Narrow appeal.
25
How have the scope, tactics, and targets of terrorists changed in the last thirty years?
Moving away from small, sure attacks (low risk, low reward) to prominent, high profile attacks with greater risk of failure (high risk, high reward)
- Less risk averse + understanding power of large, terrifying events.
26
What does AQIM stand for?
al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
27
Who is AQIM?
al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb is a Salafi-jihadist militant group that originated in Algeria in the 90s.
At peak power they controlled much of Northern Mali and worked with Boko Haram and al-Shabaab. They are current struggling with ISIS forces for control of the region and Libya.
28
What does AQAP stand for?
al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.
29
Who is AQAP?
A group of mujahedeen that formed al-Qaeda in Yemen (AQY) that was responsible for attacking the USS Cole.
They then merged with the Saudi Branch in 2009, forming AQAP.
30
Who is largely recognized as the most dangerous group against America?
AQAP (al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula)
31
What major events were AQAP behind?
- Inspired Major Nidel Hasan who killed 13 during the Ft. Hood shooting.
- The failed "Underwear Bomber" of 2009
- The failed 2010 cargo plane bombings.
- Indirectly inspired the failed Times Square bombing by Faisal Shahzad.
32
Who was Anwar al-Awlaki?
An American w/Yemeni Parents.
Created "Inspire" magazine, aimed at Americans and prompts them to act domestically, providing instructions for bombs and other weapons.
- Boston Bombers learned bomb construction from "Inspire"
- Was killed in a 2011 drone strike.
33
What does AQI stand for?
al-Qaeda in Iraq
34
Who is AQI?
al-Qaeda in Iraq
- Originated in Jordan, 1999 w/many exiled Iraqis. Moved back into Iraq after 2003 US Invasion.
- Fought against US forces
- Terrorized shias with indiscriminate violence.
- Al-Qaeda cut ties in 2006.
- Eventually becomes ISI (Islamic State of Iraq) -> ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant)
- 2015 al-Zawahiri (leader) declares IS to be apostates that do not represent a caliph.
35
What is the evolutionary cycle of terror organization sizes?
Large organizations of hundreds/thousands of members -> Small cell based organizations -> Back to Large Organizations -> Repeat?
36
How do Dissident terrorists evolve?
Left wing, Right wing, ethno-nationalist motives -> Religious Terrorists motivated by divine guidance and assurance that cannot fail.
37
Who were the Ba'athists?
Secular ideology in Iraq that believed in a unified Arab state through a one-party system. (Started in 1940s)
38
What happened to the Ba'athists?
Saddam Hussein gains control and alliance among Ba'athist leaders. Purges 68 leaders after taking power in 1979. Several hundred are killed within the month.
39
What was the Iraq-Iran War?
Iraq attacks Iran on Sept. 22, 1980 to capture Khuzestan and cause the Iranian government to collapse.
- Ended on July 20, 1988. Costed $600b+ and killed up to 2m.
- Iraq used Mustard Gas across the front lines, killing 50k+ Iranians. Supplied by the US.
40
What was the Gulf War?
Iraq invades Kuqait on August 2, 1990. Captures state within 12 hours.
- Coalition invades Iraq on February 24, 1991. Declares victory on the 28th after 100 hours.
- 300 coalition deaths, 8-10k Iraqi forces death.
- US refuses to occupy country or overthrow Saddam.
- CIA attempts internal coup and encourages rebellions, all crushed by Saddam.
41
What were the 1991 Sanctions?
UN Resolutions 661 and 687 called sanctions on Iraq to:
- Destroy all Chemical and other WMDs
- Not develop Nukes
- Destroy all long-range missiles
- Prohibit any support for terrorism
- Paying war reparations
- Prevent Iraq from buying any arms.
42
What were the impacts of the 1991 Iraq sanctions?
1990 estimates pointed to 500k deaths as a result. Evidence suggests same child mortality rate.
- Iraq was eventually allowed to sell oil BUT required to spend 75% of profit on domestic humanitarian projects and aid.
43
Where was OBL hiding?
Parrots Beak cave. US funded cave complex that the maps were lost to.
44
What was Operation Enduring Freedom?
The American-led international effort in October 2001 to oust the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and destroy OBL's terror network.
45
What was the official purpose of the US invading Iraq?
To remove any threat posed by Iraq's presumed arsenal of WMDs.
46
What was Sadam Hussain's opinion on Bin Laden and Al Qaeda?
He hated them. Over 21 reports have failed to find any link between Saddam and al-Qaeda.
47
What are the "nice" and "not so nice" reasons behind invading Iraq?
Nice:
- Saving Iraqis from Saddam's rule
- Sanctions were harder on the average Iraqi than the war
- Bring democracy to the Middle East
Not so Nice:
- Obtain oil
- Bush lineage grudge that "Saddam attempted to assassinate my father"
48
What was the Iraq War of 2003?
- Began March 20, 2003
- Ended May 1, 2003
- Saddam captured on December 13, 2003.
- Estimated 174k direct Iraqi casualties, mostly civilians.
- Debaathification policy removes as many as 10,000 govt. employees. Many ba'athists are Sunni, leading to them losing their jobs to Shi'a and increasing tensions.
49
What is ISIL's lineage?
- The Org of Monotheism and Jihad (1999)
- The Org of Jihad's Base in Mesopotamia (AQI): Pledges loyalty to al-Q in 2004. First org to state interest in forming a caliphate.
- Mujahideen Shura Council (2006)
- Mutayibeen Coalition (Late 2006)
- Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (2013)
- ISIL (ISIS) declares itself as the global caliphate in 2014
50
When did Islamic Terrorism emerge?
Roots emerge in the 1960s and 70s. Organizations flourish in the 80s and 90s.
51
What is al-Qaeda?
- translated: "the base"
- Transnational Islamic terrorist organization that wants to establish a global caliphate
- Now led by Ayman al-Zawahiri
52
What led to the creation of al-Qaeda?
Mujahideen (Islamic Insurgents) fighting against the Soviets.
- CIA funds the Mujahideen and Bin Laden becomes a huge financier through his father's construction company.
1988 - Bin Laden meets with leaders of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad -> Creates al-Qaeda.
53
What happened between al-Qaeda's founding and 9/11?
- Sets up operations in Sudan in 1989
- Behind the World Trade Center Bombing of 1993
- Expelled from Sudan and moves to Afghanistan in 1996
- Behind the 1998 Afghanistan Embassy Bombings
- Behind the 2000 USS Cole Bombing
54
How far back did 9/11 planning go?
Started in 1996, green-lit by OBL in 1999.
55
How did the US deal with Flight 93?
VP Dick Cheney authorized the plane be shot down before it could be used as a weapon.
- Passengers fought back and took control of the plane, crashing it, before this could happen.
56
What was the direct aftermath of 9/11?
- 2,966 people killed (including 19 hijackers)
- 6,000+ injured
- 412 deaths during WTC first response.
- $10b+ in infrastructure and property damage
57
What were the effects of 9/11?
- Operation Freedom's Sentinel, Inherent Resolve, Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom.
- USA PATRIOT Act
- Department of Homeland Security
- IC overhaul
- Increased executive branch power
- Cancerous material exposure from debris.
- Fear
58
What were the costs of 9/11?
$2.4 trillion in foreign operations.
- 6,951 soldier, sailor, airmen, and marine deaths
- 7,820 US contractor deaths.
59
What are methods of terrorism mitigation?
- Electing opposition via popular vote
- Providing legitimate voice to an organizations perspective
- Reducing the environmental conditions contributing to a sense of oppression
- Education and political choice
60
What is political dynamic?
The eternal struggle for power and control over human societies
61
What is ideology?
guidance through and systems of standards and rules that spare us the task of having to constantly construct behavioral models.
62
How do terrorist organizations perceive themselves?
- Outside of the societal/governmental structure, enemies are seen as outside of government and civil societies as well.
63
What is "ideologically pure"?
Considering oneself "outside" or not a part of mainstream society. Can lead to dehumanization and beliefs that one is not bound by laws or norms.
64
What are the four theories of why extremists engage in terrorism?
- Coercion Hypothesis
- (.5) Goading Coercion
- Rally Hypothesis
- Damage Hypothesis
- Franchise Hypothesis
65
What is Coercion Hypothesis?
Terrorists seek to inflict some measure of pain in order to force policies sympathetic to their cause.
66
What is the "Eternal Debate"?
Politics vs Ideology
67
What is the Goading Coercion Hypothesis?
Attacks are actually calculated to push the US further into the Muslim region.
Makes the terror group look more like a victim.
68
What is the Rally Hypothesis?
Terror attacks are designed to attract recruits and supporters to their cause by demonstrating a capability to hit targets.
69
What is Damage Hypothesis?
Terror attacks weaken the economy of the target country/location and make it harder for them to focus on anti-terror agendas.
70
What is Franchise Hypothesis?
The focus and the actors are local/regional - not global. Are influenced by a larger organization but may never have direct contact with organizational leaders.
71
What are the characteristics of extremist beliefs?
- Intolerance
- Moral absolutes
- Broad conclusions
- New language that supports a particular belief system
72
What are examples of extremist belief organizations?
- Eco/Animal Terrorists
- Sovereign Citizens Movement
- Anarchists
- Anti-Government movements
73
What determines extremism?
Content and style of how a belief is expressed.
- Extreme belief, calm manner.
- Mainstream belief, extreme manner.
74
What is Narcissistic Rage Theory?
Present in all individuals, but combined with a need for control over a perceived archaic environment, can become violent.
75
What is the NYPD/FBI Model of Radicalization to Terrorism?
- Pre-Radicalization
- Self-Identification
- Indoctrination/Adoption
- Jihadization
76
What are Nuemann's Three Elements of Radicalization?
- Grievance
- Ideology/Narrative
- Mobilization
77
What is the SIP?
Strategic Implementation Plan for Empowering Local Partners to Prevent Violent Extremism in the United States (SIP)
78
What are the three 'core areas of activity' in the SIP?
1. Enhancing engagement with and support to local communities that may be targeted by violent extremists.
2. Building government and law enforcement expertise for preventing violent extremism
3. Countering violent extremist propaganda while promoting U.S. ideals
79
What are the four key obstacles when interacting with American Muslim communities?
- Distrust b/w Arab communities and law enforcement.
- Lack of cultural awareness among LEOs.
- Language Barriers
- Concerns about immigration status and fear of deportation.
80
What did Sageman (2010) warn about with the Muslim communities?
Engagement can be a sign of focus, sending the message that the US is only interested in Muslims because they are potential law breakers.
81
What must be present for a terror attack to be successful?
- Motive
- Opportunity
- Means
82
What are Hard Targets?
Targets that know they are targets
ex. Nuclear power plans, Capitol building, Senior Corpo Exec, POTUS, etc.
83
What are Soft Targets?
Areas that have less/no security than hard targets, or may have open access to the public.
ex. Malls, classroom, most individuals, hospitals, etc.
84
What is CBRNE(T)?
C - Chemical
B - Biological
R - Radiological
N - Nuclear
E - Explosive
T - Technical
85
What differentiates an adversary from a threat?
Adversaries possess intent but not capability.
Threats possess intent and capability.
86
What is the purpose of counter-terrorism operations?
To reduce the capability of terrorist groups.
87
What was the 1% Doctrine?
If there is a 1% chance that Pakistani scientists are helping al-Qaeda build/develop nuclear weapons, we have to treat it as certainty in terms of our response.
- Put forth by Dick Cheney in NOV 2001
88
What is Nuclear fission?
Splitting the nucleus of n atom into two smaller fragments with a neutron.
89
What is Nuclear fusion?
Bringing two smaller atoms together to form a larger one.
90
What is an RDD?
Radiological Dispersal Device (Dirty Bomb)
91
What do RDDs do?
Disperse radioactive material as a contaminant from a conventional explosive.
92
What are the various classifications of chemical agent?
- Neurotoxins (Nerve Agent)
- Chemical Asphyxiates (Blood Agent)
- Respiratory Irritants (Choking Agents)
- Skin Irritants (Blister Agents)
- Antipersonnel Agent (Riot Control Agents)
93
What makes something a bioweapon?
1. Be within the economic and technical means of the user.
2. Must be capable of reaching the intended target.
3. Causes little collateral damage.
4. Results in the desired outcome.
94
What are the types of biological weapons?
- Bacterial Agents
- Viral Agents
- Biological Toxins
95
What are the steps the CDC takes to establish a bio-weapon attack?
1. Identify the Outbreak.
2. Verify the diagnosis.
3. Establish a case definition.
4. Identify and count cases.
5. Describe epidemiology.
6. Develop a hypothesis.
96
What can stop Alpha radiation?
A sheet of paper. It is the strongest radiation but has the least penetration.
97
What can stop Beta radiation?
A sheet of plywood, clothing, aluminum sheet, etc.
98
What can Gamma radiation penetrate?
Gamma radiation can penetrate several feet of concrete or several inches of lead.
99
What is required for an attack to qualify as cyberterrorism?
An attack should result in violence against persons or property, or at least cause enough harm to generate fear.
100
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