1. Venn Diagram 2. Network Tree 3. Spider Map 4. Problem-Solution Map 5. Timeline 6. Fishbone Map 7. Cycle 8. Persuasion Map

1. Decimal Outline 2. Alphanumeric outline

READING & WRITING Flashcards by Cessie Isaac

 It is a tool in generating creative and rich ideas. It helps establish patterns of ideas, develop new ways of thinking, activate background knowledge, and overcome mental block.

BRAINSTORMING

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Types of Brainstorming

Individual
Group

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Produces more ideas

Individual

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Better in solving more complicated problems because it produces ideas that are wider in range and greater in depth

Group

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METHODS IN BRAINSTORMING

Idea List
Idea Map

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Involves listing ideas about a topic. Appropriate to textual people

Idea List

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Is a structured way of presenting ideas and their connections with one another. Appropriate to visual people

Idea Map

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Are visual representations of concepts that help us structure information into organizational patterns.

Graphic Organizers

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Graphic Organizers

Venn Diagram
Network Tree
Spider Map
Problem-Solution Map
Timeline
Fishbone Map
Cycle
Persuasion Map

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Is used to compare and contrast ideas by using overlapping circles to show similar and different attributes.

Venn Diagram

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Is used to represent hierarchy, classification, and branching. Is useful in showing relationships of scientific categories, family trees and lineages.

Network Tree

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Is used to enumerate various aspects of a central idea.

Spider Map

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Displays the nature of a problem and how it can be solved. Usually contains the problem’s description, its causes and solutions.

Problem-Solution Map

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Is used to show how events occurred chronologically through a long bar labelled with dates and specific events. Linear or comparative

Timeline

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Is used to understand the causal relationship of a complex phenomenon. Shows the factors that cause an event and the details of each cause.

Fishbone Map

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Describes how a series of events interact to produce a set of results repeatedly

Cycle

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Is used to map out arguments and evidence that prove a viewpoint.

Persuasion Map

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It is a tool for organizing ideas used as a post-reading activity.

Outlining

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Types of Outlining

Decimal Outline
Alphanumeric outline

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formats utilize Arabic numerals to list main points.

Decimal Outline

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use numbers, letters, and periods to organize information.

Alphanumeric outline

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PRINCIPLES OF AN OUTLINE:

Coordination
Subordination
Division
Parallel Construction

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This principle requires ideas of the same relevance to be labelled in the same way.

Coordination

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This principle shows that minor details have to be placed under their respective major details.

Subordination

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This principle requires that no cluster should contain only one item.

Division

This principle requires all entries in each cluster to use the same structure and format.

Parallel Construction

Uses words and phrases as its entries.

TOPIC OUTLINE

Uses complete sentences as its entries.

SENTENCE OUTLINE

It is the logical arrangement of ideas that helps you follow ideas easily and understand a text better.

PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT

1. DEFINITION 2. EXEMPLIFICATION 3. DESCRIPTION 4. CHRONOLOGY/PROCEDURE 5. LISTING 6. COMPARISON-CONTRAST 7. CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION 8. CAUSE AND EFFECT 9. PROBLEM-SOLUTION 10. PERSUASION

Clarifies and explains concepts by answering the question “What does it mean?”

DEFINITION

Presents the general statement and provides examples to expound on the main idea

EXEMPLIFICATION

Sensory pattern & Spatial pattern

DESCRIPTION

* Ideas are arranged based on one or all of the five senses

Sensory pattern

* Arranges ideas by location or physical space.

Spatial pattern

Organizes ideas or events according to time, either in the form of a narration or a process

CHRONOLOGY/PROCEDURE

Organizes ideas using enumeration and presents a series of items (facts, examples) that support a main idea

LISTING

Organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and concepts are similar to or different from one another

COMPARISON-CONTRAST

Organizes ideas into categories or divisions

CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION

Organizes details based on the cause, the reason and the result

CAUSE AND EFFECT

Organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions

PROBLEM-SOLUTION

Organizes idea to show how a set of evidence leads to a logical conclusion or argument

PERSUASION

Identify the pattern of development. The students prepared different presentations during the program, such as vocal performance, musical skit, cheer dance presentation, etc.

CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION

Identify the pattern of development. Samantha wore a furry shawl over her bulky black coat that feels warm to the touch and always smelled of rose petals.

DESCRIPTIVE: SENSORY PATTERN

Identify the pattern of development. Enter the verification code received through your phone. You will receive a notification about a successful sign up. Then, you will need to log out and log back in using your updated password.

CHRONOLOGY/PROCEDURE

Identify the pattern of development. I noticed I kept losing my things when I leave them on my table. I installed a secret cam to confirm my suspicion that someone is stealing from me.

PROBLEM-SOLUTION

Identify the pattern of development. Tsunami refers to a great sea wave caused by earth movement or volcanic eruption.

DEFINITION

is a group of interrelated sentences that talk about one main idea.

PARAGRAPH

is a group of paragraphs that talk about one central idea.

ESSAY

Differentiate Paragraph and Essay

Paragraph Organized around a topic sentence Contains introductory sentence Uses sentences to explain major points May use a concluding sentence Essay Organized around a thesis Contains introductory paragraph Uses paragraphs to explain major points Always uses a concluding paragraph

A paragraph is composed of three major parts:

* Topic sentence * Body * Closing sentence

Introduction

* Lead * Transitional statement * Thesis statement

Aims to hook the readers

Lead or attention-getter

Links the lead to the thesis statement

Transitional statement

States the main idea

Thesis statement

Body

* Major points * Minor details

Conclusion

* Reiteration of thesis statement * Transitional statement * Closing statement

* Its major function is to bridge one paragraph to another.

TRANSITIONAL PARAGRAPH

* It is the meat of the essay. It discusses the thesis statement in detail.

BODY

* Restatement of thesis statement

* Reiteration of thesis statement

Recommendations, benefits, purpose

* Transitional statement

Wraps up the essay

* Closing statement

PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT

* Coherence and Cohesion * Unity * Language Use * Organization * Mechanics

It is achieved when a composition contains one focused idea.

Unity

It occurs when ideas are connected at the conceptual or idea level.

Coherence

It is the connection of ideas at the sentence level.

Cohesion

Cohesion can be applied using 3 techniques:

Use of pronouns Use of transitional devices Repetition of keywords

It is achieved when ideas are logically and accurately arranged.

Organization

It is one of the clearest indicators of a well-written text.

Language Use

Language should:

Use clear and concise sentences. Avoid redundancies, wordiness, clichés and highfalutin language. Avoid excessive use of “there” and “it” structures. Use precise vocabulary. Be consistent with your pronoun’s point of view. Avoid sexist language. Use the appropriate level of formality.

It is characterized as a set of conventions on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate, and capitalize a composition.

Mechanics

MECHANICS OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT

Use Standard English. Avoid contractions. Avoid exclamation marks unless they are part of a direct quotation. Mention the full name of an institution before abbreviating. Spell out numbers from zero to ten. Use citations.

READING & WRITING Flashcards

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