reading_greek_-_jact_20200414220221 Flashcards
(308 cards)
<p>Declension of the definite article - singular</p>
<p></p>
<p> m. f. n.<br></br>Nom ὁ ἡ τό<br></br>Acc τόν τήν τό<br></br>Gen τοῦ τῆς τοῦ<br></br>Dat τῷ τῇ τῷ</p>
<p>How is the def. art. ananchor in a sentence?</p>
<ul> <li>See οἱ, and you know the noun it goes with is subject, plural, mascu- line.</li> <li>See τόν, and you know the noun it goes with is object, singular, mascu- line, and so on.</li> <li>So even if you do not know how the NOUN changes, the def. art. will tell you exactly the function in the sentence of the noun it agrees with.</li></ul>
<p>Indefinite article</p>
<p>There is no indefinite article (‘a’, ‘an’) in Greek, only the absence of the definite article. Thus ὁ ψόφος = ‘the noise’, but ψόφος = ‘a noise’.</p>
<p>ἀκρόπολις, ἡ</p>
<p>Acropolis</p>
<p>ἆρα</p>
<p>indicates a question</p>
<p>βαίνω (βα-)</p>
<p>I come, go, walk</p>
<p>γῆ, ἡ</p>
<p>land</p>
<p>δέ</p>
<p>and, but</p>
<p>δεῦρο</p>
<p>over here</p>
<p>ἐγώ</p>
<p>I (sometimes emphatic)</p>
<p>ἔπειτα</p>
<p>then, next</p>
<p>καί</p>
<p>and, also, even, actually</p>
<p>καλός, ή, όν</p>
<p>beautiful, fine, good</p>
<p>ναύτης, ὁ</p>
<p>sailor</p>
<p>νεώριον, τό</p>
<p>dockyard</p>
<p>ὁ, ἡ, τό</p>
<p>definite article singular m, f, n</p>
<p>Παρθενών, ὁ</p>
<p>The Parthenon</p>
<p>πλοῖον, τό</p>
<p>vessel, ship</p>
<p>ῥαψωδός, ὁ</p>
<p>rhapsode</p>
<p>σύ</p>
<p>you (singular)</p>
<p>τε ... καί</p>
<p>Notice that Greek often includes a τε and καί to form a closely linked pair; it means (literally) ‘both ... and’, though in English this often seems strained, and it may seem more natural, when translating, to omit the ‘both’.</p>
<p>τίς</p>
<p>what? who?</p>
<p>ὦ</p>
<p>O (addressing someone)</p>
<p>Conjugation of the verb βαίνω in the present indicative active</p>
<p>‘I go/am going/do go’</p>
<p>1s βαίν- ω <br></br>2s βαίν- εις <br></br>3s βαίν- ει <br></br>1p βαίν- ομεν <br></br>2p βαίν- ετε <br></br>3p βαίν- ουσι(ν) </p>
What are 'thematic' verbs?
A ‘thematic’ verb is one consisting of stem + ‘thematic’ vowel + person endings. The ‘thematic’ vowels are:
1s.-ο- 1pl.-ο-
2s.-ε- 2pl.-ε-
3s.-ε- 3pl.-ο-
What is a COMPOUND VERB? Use βαίνω to provide examples.
In Greek you can make COMPOUND VERBS from simple verbs like βαίνω by adding a prefix. We have seen some examples of this:
εἰσ-βαίνω ‘I go into, on board’ (‘into-go-I’)
κατα-βαίνω ‘I go down’ (‘down-go-I’)
The five properties of verb forms
- Tense
- Mood
- Voice
- Person
- Number
The vocative case
The VOC. is the ‘calling’ CASE – used when someone is being called or addressed (cf. ‘Play it again, Sam’). Its form is frequently identical to the nom, but is sometimes distinguished from the nom. in the s.; in the pl., nom. and voc. are always the same.
The voc. is often prefaced with ὦ in Greek, and is usually found with IMPERATIVES (as βαῖνε) or second-person verbs (e.g. βαίνεις and βαίνετε, ‘you are going’).
Imperative form for ω verbs
Singular: βαῖν-ε
Plural: βαῖν-ετε
An ambiguity with imperatives and indicatives
The pl. imperative mood, βαίνετε is identical to that of the second person pl. indicative mood.
So βαίνετε could mean either ‘go!’ (pl.) or ‘you (pl.) are going’.
Only the context can give you the right answer.
How to make an imperative negative
Put μή before the imperative:
μὴ βαῖνε ‘do not go!’ (s.)
μὴ βαίνετε ‘do not go!’ (pl.)
μέν… δέ
The particles μέν and δέ are frequently used to make a contrast. They can never be the first word in a phrase and the words are never used side by side. The words also follow negatives.
Can often be translated as A BUT B, or WHILE A, B.
μέν ... δέ ... δέ ... δέ ... δέ ... δέ (etc.) is used to construct a (usually uncontrasted) list: ‘A and B and C and D and E’, etc.
Use of pronouns
Pronouns can be used to emphasise the person in the verb-ending, e.g.:
τί πoιεῖς σύ; οὐδὲν ἔχω ἔγωγε.
ἀκούω
hear, listen
ἀληθῆ
the truth
ἀλλά
but, alternatively
βλέπω
look (at)
γάρ
for, because
διώκω
chase, pursue
ἔγωγε
I at least/at any rate
εἰσβαίνω (εἰσβα-)
enter, board (literally, into-go)
καταβαίνω (καταβα-)
go/come down (literally, down-go)
μένω (μεινα-)
remain, wait for
μή
don't!
οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ
no, not
οὐδέν
nothing
οὖν
so, then, really, therfore
τί
what?
ῡμεῖς
you (pl.)
φεύγω
flee, run away/off
ὡς
how!
διἁ τί
why? (literally, from what?)
οὐδέ
And not (literally a concatenation of the two)
ποῖ;
to where?
ποῦ;
where (at)?
οἴμοι
oh dear!
σεαυτόν
yourself
ἀκρῑβ-ῶς
accurately, closely
βαθέως
deeply
βοηθέω
help, run to help
δηλόω
show, reveal
κακῶς
badly, evilly
καλῶς
finely, beautifully
ὁράω
see
ποιέω
make, do
σαφῶς
clearly
What are contract verbs and what kinds are there?
Verbs ending in -ω like βαίνω are the ‘normal’ Greek verbs.
Verbs whose stem (the part that does not change) ends in a vowel have slightly different endings.
There are three kinds:
α-contracts (e.g. ὁρά-ω);
ε-contracts (e.g. ποιέ-ω, ‘I do/make’);
ο-contracts (e.g. δηλό-ω, ‘I show’).
Vowel contractions: X + α
α + α = ᾱ
ε + α = η
ο + α = ω
Vowel contractions: X + ε
α + ε = ᾱ
ε + ε = ει
ο + ε = ου
Vowel contractions: X + ο
α + ο = ω
ε + ο = ου
ο + ο = ου
Declining α-contract verbs:
ὁρα-
1s. ὁρ-ῶ
2s. ὁρ-ᾷς
3s. ὁρ-ᾷ
1p. ὁρ-ῶμεν
2p. ὁρ-ᾶτε
3p. ὁρ-ὦσι(ν)
Declining ε-contract verbs:
ποιέ-
1s. ποι-ῶ
2s. ποι-εῖς
3s. ποι-εῖ
1p. ποι-οῦμεν
2p. ποι-εῖτε
3p. ποι-οῦσι(ν)
Declining ο-contract verbs:
δηλό-
1s. δηλ-ῶ
2s. δηλ-οῖς
3s. δηλ-οῖ
1p. δηλ-οῦμεν
2p. δηλ-οῦτε
3p. δηλ-οῦσι(ν)
Contract imperatives: α-contracts
ὁρά-
s. ὅρ-α ‘see!’
p. ὁρ-ᾶτε ‘see!’
Contract imperatives: ε-contracts
ποίε-
s. ποί-ει ‘do!/make!’
p. ποι-εῖτε ‘do!/make!’
Pay particular attention to the accent on imperative s. active ποίει (‘do!’). This
distinguishes it from the third person s. indicative active ποιεῖ (‘he/she/it does’).
Contract imperatives: ο-contracts
δήλο-
s. δήλ-ου ‘show!’
p. δηλ-οῦτε ‘show!’
Adverbs and form change
Adverbs in Greek do not change form.
Forming Greek adverbs
Adverbs (which do not change their forms) are mostly formed by substituting ς for the ν at the end of the m. gen. pl. form of the adjective. So most adverbs end with -ῶς or -έως.
What is a declension?
A pattern of inflection according to grammatical case.
How many declensions are there in Greek?
Broadly speaking, there are THREE DECLENSIONS in Greek.
- stems in α- (Type 1)
- stems in ο- (Type 2)
- all the rest (Type 3)
Each DECLENSION or TYPE has a number of sub-types, reflecting slight differ- ences in the endings used (these sub-types will be called 1a–d, 2a and b, and 3a–h).
Second declension nouns - Type 2a: ἄνθρωπος, ὁ ‘man/fellow’
s. pl.
Nom. ἄνθρωπ-ος ἄνθρωπ-οι
Acc. ἄνθρωπ-ον ἀνθρώπ-ους
Gen. ἀνθρώπ-ου ἀνθρώπ-ων
Dat. ἀνθρώπ-ῳ ἀνθρώπ-οις
Voc. ὦ ἄνθρωπ-ε
The endings are very similar to those for the masculine and neuter definite article in the present indicative active. Most 2a nouns are masculine, although there are some that a feminine or both (like this one).
Second declension nouns - Type 2b: ἔργον, τό ‘task/duty/job/work’
s. pl.
Nom. ἔργ-ον ἔργ-α
Acc. ἔργ-ον ἔργ-α
Gen. ἔργ-ου ἔργ-ων
Dat. ἔργ-ῳ ἔργ-οις
The endings of TYPE 2b nouns are similar to those of the neuter def. art. and the neuter forms of καλός. TYPE 2b nouns are all neuter. N. nouns are often inanimate, or regarded as effectively inanimate, and some diminutive, perhaps affectionate, like παιδίον ‘child, slave’ (!).
Ambiguities with neuter nouns
The nom. and acc. s. and nom. and acc. pl. of all n. nouns and adjectives are identical. Only the context of the sentence will tell you whether the noun in question is subject or object.
Neuter nouns and the verb
N. pl. subjects (normally) take a s. verb.
ὁ ἄνθρωπος
the man; fellow
δύω
sink
τὸ ἔργον
the task, work, job; duty
ὸ ἐμπόριον
the market-place
ἡμέτερος -ᾱ -ον
our(s)
κακός ή όν
bad, evil; cowardly; lowly, mean
ὁ κυβερνήτης
the captain, helmsman
ὁ λέμβος
the boat, life-boat
σῶος ᾱ oν
safe
The ι,ρ,ε rule for adjectives
Ιf an adjective ends in -ος in the m. nom. s. and its stem ends in ι, ρ, ε, it will follow the pattern of ἡμέτερος (i.e. it will have α instead of η in the f. s.).
For example, the f. nom. s. of ῡμέτερ-ος, ‘your(s)’, is ῡμετέρ-ᾱ, like ἡμετέρ-ᾱ, because its stem ends in ρ.
ἀπό
from, away from + gen.
εἰς
into + acc.
'Get INTO the boat' (note difference from ἐν)
ἐκ
from, out of + gen.
ἐν
in + dat.
'She swims IN the sea' (note difference from εἰς)
πρός
to, towards + acc.
in the name of, from, under the protection of + gen
γε
at least, at any rate
What is a preposition?
PREPOSITIONS are words like ‘in’, ‘on’, ‘below’, ‘towards’, ‘to’, followed by a noun, e.g. ‘in the house’, ‘to the beach’:
- They can indicate place or movement;
- They can express a relationship in terms of time (e.g. ‘after’); or
- They can indicate something more abstract like cause (e.g. ‘because of’).
'FIrst position' particles
Three common ones:
ἆρα which introduces a question when there is no interrogative word like ‘Who, What, Why?’ (e.g. ἆρα τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ὁρᾷς; lit. ‘[question] the men you see?’, ‘do you see the men?’)
ἀλλά ‘but’
καί ‘and’, ‘even’, ‘actually’
Postpositive’ particles
Most of the other particles you will meet for now are ‘postpositive’, lit. ‘after- placed’, and usually come SECOND in the sentence or clause to which they belong, e.g.
γάρ, γε, δέ, μέν, οὖν, τε.
Enclitics
These are words which have accents, but they give them to the previous word if possible.
Enclitic particles
γε
τε
με
εἰμι
ἀναβαίνω (ἀναβα-)
go up
ἀποθνῄσκω (ἀποθαν-)
die
ἀποχωρέω
go away, depart
ἐλθέ
come! go!
ἔχω (σχ-)
have, hold
θάλαττα, ἡ
sea
λέγω (εἰπ-)
say
νῦν
now
πλέω (πλευσα-)
sail
ῥίπτω
throw, hurl
σῴζω
save, keep safe
σωτηρίᾱ, ἡ
safety, salvation
φίλος, ὁ
friend
φίλος ή όν
dear, friendly, one’s own
φροντίζω
think; worry
Paradigm for εἰμί, ‘I am’
1s εἰμί
2s εἶ
3s ἐστί
1p ἐσμέν
2p ἐστέ
3p εἰσί(ν)
Paradigm for οἶδα, ‘I know’
1s οἶδα
2s οἶσθα
3s οἶδε
1p ἴσμεν
2p ἴστε
3p ἴσασι(ν)
The complement: two principles
- Same case before and after: the verb 'to be' takes the same case as the subject and its complement, which usually means the nominative.
- The complement does not usually have the definite article.
Omission of the verb 'to be'
Quite often the verb ‘to be’ is omitted from a sentence (a feature called ‘ellipse’). So if you find a sentence without a verb, try some form of εἰμί, e.g.
Μέμνων καλός ‘Memnon handsome.’
ὅτι
that
ᾱεί
always
ἄριστος η ον
best; very good
γιγνώσκ-ω (γνο-)
know; think; resolve
δῆλος η oν
clear; obvious
῞Ελλην, ὁ
Greek
ἔμπειρος oν
skilled, experienced
ἤ
or
μῶρος ᾱ oν
stupid; foolish
ναί
yes
ναῦς, ἡ
ship
παίζω (πρός + acc.)
play; joke (at)
περί
(+ acc.) about
πολλά
many things (acc.)
πῶς γὰρ οὔ;
of course
στρατηγός, ὁ
general (2a)
τὰ ναυτικά
lit. ‘the naval-things’, naval matters
τὰ στρατηγικά
lit. ‘the leader’s-things’, leadership, generalship
τὰ στρατιωτικά
lit. ‘the soldier’s-things’, military matters
Three ways that adjectives can be used as nouns
1. Neuter 'things' - The neuter plural form of an adjective is often used (with the neuter definite article) to mean things of that type, eg:
τὰ πολλά: ‘many things’
τὰ ναυτικά lit. the naval-things, i.e. ‘naval matters’
2. Neuter abstract nouns - the neuter singular (with definite article) can also be used as an abstract noun:
τὸ καλόν: ‘the beautiful thing’, beauty
3. Masculine and feminine ‘people’ - use of the definite article with the adjective to refer to people:
ἡ καλή, ‘the beautiful [f. s.] woman’
οἱ σοφοί, ‘the wise [m. pl.] men’
Use of τε...τε and τε...καί
Both...and...
τε comes after the first item it will link (even between the definite article and its noun) and και comes before the second:
ὅ τε Δικαιόπολις καὶ ὁ ῥαψῳδός, ‘[The] both Dikaiopolis and the rhap- sode.’
ὁρᾷ τε ὁ ἄνθρωπος καὶ οὐχ ὁρᾷ, ‘The man [both] sees and does not see.’
The Greek Case System: functions of the nominative
Subject; predicate nominative; naming things
The Greek Case System: functions of the accusative
Direct object; motion toward; length of space or time
The Greek Case System: functions of the genitive
1. One noun limiting or depending on another
2. Separation from; motion away from or out of
The Greek Case System: functions of the dative
1. Indirect object: ’to’ or 'for’
2. Instrumentality:’by' or 'with’. Usually does not require a preposition.
3. Place or time when: 'at' or 'in’. Usually requires a preposition such as ἐν. More broadly, absence of motion.
The Greek Case System: functions of the vocative
1. Allows the noun to be addressed directly.
παρά
(+ acc.) past, along
ἀγαθός -ή -όν
good, noble, courageous
νικάω
win, defeat
τέλος
in the end, finally
ἐμός ή όν
my; mine
λόγος, ὁ
Story, tale (2a)
σκοπέω
look (at), consider
ἀναχωρέω
retreat
ἐπειδή
when
ἐπί
(+acc) at, against, to attack
ταχέως
quickly
ὥσπερ
like, as
ἀπορί-ᾱ, ἡ
perplexity
βο-ή, ἡ
shout
γίγν-ομαι
happen, be made, be born
δουλό-ομαι
enslave
ἔρχ-ομαι
go, come
θεᾱ-ομαι
observe, watch
μάχ-ομαι
fight
τόλμ-α, ἡ
daring, courage
φοβέ-ομαι
be afraid of, fear
What is the middle voice used for?
The middle voice indicates that the subject is both the cause and the focus, the agent and experiencer, of the action expressed by the verb.
Uncontracted middle verb conjugation: ἕρχομαι
1s. ἔρχ-ομαι I go, I am going
2s. ἔρχ-ῃ (-ει) you go, you are going
3s. ἔρχ-εται he/she/it goes/is going
1p. ἐρχ-όμεθα we go, we are going
2p. ἔρχ-εσθε y’all go, y’all are going
3p. ἔρχ-ονται they go, they are going
Middle imperative (based on ἔρχομαι)
s. ἔρχ-ου (s.), ‘go!’
p. ἔρχ-εσθε (pl.), ‘go!’
Contracted middle verbs: θεά-ομαι ‘I watch’
1s. α+ -ομαι → θε-ῶμαι ‘I watch’
2s. α+ -ῃ → θε-ᾷ ‘you watch’
3s. α+ -εται → θε-ᾶται ‘he/she/it watches’
1p. α+ -ομεθα → θε-ώμεθα ‘we watch’
2p. α+ -εσθε → θε-ᾶσθε ‘you watch’
3p. α+ -ονται → θε-ῶνται ‘they watch’
Middle imperative:
α + -ου → θε-ῶ (s.), ‘watch!’
α + -εσθε → θε-ᾶσθε (pl.), ‘watch!’
Contracted middle verbs: φοβέ-ομαι ‘I fear, am fearing’
1s. ε+ -ομαι → φοβ-οῦμαι I fear
2s. ε+ -ῃ → φοβ-ῇ you fear
3s. ε+ -εται → φοβ-εῖται he/she/it fears
1p. ε+ -ομεθα → φοβ-ούμεθα we fear
2p. ε+ -εσθε → φοβ-εῖσθε y’all fear
3p. ε+ -ονται → φοβ-οῦνται they fear
Middle imperative:
ε + -ου → φοβ-οῦ (s.), ‘fear!’
ε + -εσθε → φοβ-εῖσθε (pl.), ‘fear!’
Contracted middle verbs: δουλοῦμαι, ‘I enslave (for myself)’
1s. ο+ -ομαι → δουλ-οῦμαι I enslave
2s. ο+ -ῃ → δουλ-οῖ you enslave
3s. ο+ -εται → δουλ-οῦται he/she/it enslaves
1p. ο+ -ομεθα → δουλ-ούμεθα we enslave
2p. ο+ -εσθε → δουλ-οῦσθε y’all enslave
3p. ο+ -ονται → δουλ-οῦνται they enslave
Middle imperative:
ο + -ου → δουλ-οῦ (s.), ‘enslave!’
ο + -εσθε → δουλ-οῦσθε (pl.), ‘enslave!’
First declension nouns: characteristics of types 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D
- 1A-C are all feminine. 1D are masculine.
- ALL types have the same endings in the plural (as per fem. def. art.)
- 1A: endings same as fem def art
- 1B: replace -η with -ᾱ in the s. due to the ρ, ε, ι rule.
- 1C: short α in the s. nom and acc, otherwise as per 1B
- 1D: Two subtypes: η- and -ᾱ in the nom, acc and dat s. endings.
- In the gen and dat of all numbers, an accented ultima takes the circumflex.
Declension of noun type 1A: βοή, ἡ
βοή, ἡ, ‘shout’ (1a)
TYPE 1a nouns have endings in s. and pl. exactly like the f. def. art.
Singular
Nom. βο-ή
Acc. βο-ήν
Gen. βο-ῆς
Dat. βο-ῇ
Plural
Nom. βο-αί
Acc. βο-ᾱς
Gen. βο-ῶν
Dat. βο-αῖς
Declension of noun type 1B: ἀπορία, ή
TYPE 1b nouns replace the -η with -α (pronounced LONG) all the way through the singular. This is because their stem ends in ρ, ε, or ι.
ἀπορία, ἡ, ‘perplexity’ (1b)
s.
Nom. ἀπορί-ᾱ
Acc. ἀπορί-ᾱν
Gen. ἀπορί-ᾱς
Dat. ἀπορί-ᾱͅ
pl.
Nom. ἀπορί-αι
Acc. ἀπορί-ᾱς
Gen. ἀπορι-ῶν
Dat. ἀπορί-αις
Declension of noun type 1C: θάλαττᾰ, ἡ
Type 1C nouns:
- Show -α in the ending of the nom. and acc. s. (pronounced SHORT);
- Switch to η in the gen. (-ης) and dat. s. (-ῃ: contrast TYPE 1b nouns);
- Usually have a stem ending in σ or a double consonant: but note τόλμ-α-ης
‘daring’ (1c).
θάλαττᾰ, ἡ, ‘sea’ (1c)
s.
Nom. θάλαττ-ᾰ
Acc. θάλαττ-ᾰν
Gen. θαλάττ-ης
Dat. θαλάττ-ῃ
pl.
Nom. θάλαττ-αι
Acc. θαλάττ-ᾱς
Gen. θαλαττ-ῶν
Dat. θαλάττ-αις
Declension of noun type 1D: ναύτης, ὁ variant
- Are all masculine
- Some 1d nouns end in nom. -ης, e.g.
ναύτης, ὁ, ‘sailor’ (1d)
s.
Nom. ναύτη-ς
Acc. ναύτ-ην
Gen. ναύτ-ου
Dat. ναύτ-ῃ
Voc. ναυ̑τ-ᾰ
pl.
Nom. ναῦτ-αι
Acc. ναύτ-ᾱς
Gen. ναυτ-ῶν
Dat. ναύτ-αις
Declension of noun type 1D: νεᾱνίᾱς, ὁ variant
- Are all masculine
- Some 1d nouns end in nom. -ας, e.g.
νεᾱνίᾱς, ὁ, ‘young man’ (1d)
s.
Nom. νεᾱνί-ᾱς
Acc. νεᾱνί-ᾱν
Gen. νεᾱνί-ου
Dat. νεᾱνί-ᾳ
Voc. νεᾱνί-ᾱ
p.
Nom. νεᾱνί-αι
Acc. νεᾱνί-ᾱς
Gen. νεᾱνι-ῶν
Dat. νεᾱνί-αις
The sandwich construction:
The men's ship
The events around Salamis
The sandwich construction is the normal order for referring to 'the X belonging to Y:
- τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων πλοῖον ‘the of-the men ship’
- τὰ περὶ Σαλαμῖνα πράγματα, ‘the around Salamis events’
But all the following are also acceptable:
- τὸ πλοῖον τῶν ἀνθρώπων ‘the ship of-the men’
- τὸ πλοῖον τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ‘the ship the [one] of-the men’
- τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὸ πλοῖον ‘of-the men the ship’
The repeated article construction:
Whose ship do you see?
The repeated article construction can be used to answer a question such as ‘whose ship do you see?’:
- τὸ πλοῖον ὁρῶ τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ‘It is the men’s ship I see.’ (lit. ‘The ship I see the [one] of the men.’)
Article + preposition constructions
The events around Salamis
The men in Salamis
The women in the Piraeus
In Greek the def. art. + prepositional phrase can be used as an equivalent of a noun:
- τὰ περὶ Σαλαμῖνα, ‘the [n. pl., i.e.] things/events around Salamis’
- οἱ ἐν Σαλαμῖνι, ‘the [m. pl., i.e.] men in Salamis/those in Salamis’
- αἱ ἐν τῷ Πειραιεῖ, ‘the [f. pl., i.e.] women in the Piraeus’
Ἀθεναῖος, ὁ
Athenian (2a)
ἀναχωρέω
retreat
ἀπορέ-ω
be at a loss; have no resources
αὖθις
again
βάρβαρος, ὁ
barbarian, foreigner (2a)
βέβαιος α (long) ον
secure
βραδέως
slowly
διά
(+ acc) because of
διέρχομαι (δειλθ-)
go through, (metaphorically) to relate
ἐλευθερίᾱ, ἡ
freedom (1b)
ἐλεύθερος α ον
free
ἐλευθερόω
set free
ἑμός
my, mine
ἐπειδή
when
ἐπέρχομαι (ἐπελθ-)
go against, attack
ἔρχομαι (ἐλθ-)
go, come
ἡδέως
with pleasure, happily
ἤδη
by now, now, already
ἡσυχάζω
be quiet, keep quiet
ἡσυχίᾱ, ἡ
quiet, peace (1b)
θεά (long α), ἡ
goddess (1b)
θεά-ομαι
watch, observe
κάλλιστος η ον
most/very fine/beautiful/good
λόγος, ὁ
story, tale (2a)
μάχομαι, (μαχεσα-)
fight
ναυμαχίᾱ, ἡ
naval battle (1b)
νικάω
win, defeat
νίκε, ἡ (long ι)
victory
ὁμόνοια, ἡ
harmony, agreement (1b)
ὅσος η ον
how great / how many
πίπτο (πεσ-) (long ι)
fall (as in die)
πολέμιοι, οἱ
the enemy (2a)
πολέμιος ᾱ ον
hostile, enemy
πόλεμος, ὁ
war (2a)
πότερον... ἢ...
whether... or....
προσέρχομαι, (προσελθ-)
advance, go/come towards
σιωπά-ω
be silent
σκοπέ-ω
look at, watch (active)
look into, consider, examine (middle)
στρατιά, ἡ (long α)
army (1b)
τι (no accent)
a, something
τολμάω
dare, be daring, undertake
φοβέομαι
fear, be afraid of
ψευδῶς
falsley
The active, middle and passive voices
Active: describes what the subject does to the object
Middle: describes what the subject does for or to himself (often does not have an object)
Passive: describes what is done to the subject
αεἴδω
sing of; sing
ὀλίγος η ον
small, few
οὕτως
in this way
ζητέ-ω
seek, seek for
οἱ μὲν… οἱ δὲ…
some (of the men)… others…
ἔνθα και ἔνθα
"here and here"; back and forth / this way and that
ἡμέρα, ἡ
day (1b)
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρ-), ὁ
man (3a)
γείτων (γειτον-), ὁ
neighbour (3a)
λαμπάς (λαμπαδ-), ἡ
torch (3a)
λιμήν (λιμεν-), ὁ
harbour (3a)
νύξ (νυκτ-), ἡ
night (3a)
παῖς (παιδ-), ὁ
child, slave (3a)
πατρίς (πατριδ-), ἡ
fatherland (3a)
σωτήρ (σωτηρ-), ὁ
saviour (3a)
Third declension noun endings
s. p(m/f) p(n)
Nom -ς –ες -α
Acc -α –ας -α
Gen -ος –ων -ων
Dat -ι –σι (ν) -σι(ν)
Declension of 3a - ὁ λιμήν (λιμεν-)
s.
Nom. λιμήν
Acc. λιμέν-α
Gen. λιμέν-ος
Dat. λιμέν-ι
p.
Nom. λιμέν-ες
Acc. λιμέν-ας
Gen. λιμέν-ων
Dat. λιμέσι(ν) [< λιμέν-σι(ν)]
Declension of 3a - ἡ νύξ (νυκτ-)
s.
Nom νύξ
Acc νύκτ-α
Gen νυκτ-ός
Dat νυκτ-ί
Voc νύξ
p.
Nom νύκτ-ες
Acc νύκτ-ας
Gen νυκτ-ῶν
Dat νυξί(ν) [< νυκτ-σί(ν)]
Declension of ἐγώ ‘I/me’
s.
Nom. ἐγώ
Acc. με or ἐμέ
Gen. μου or ἐμοῦ
Dat. μοι or ἐμοί
Declension of σύ ‘you’
s.
Nom. σύ
Acc. σέ
Gen. σοῦ
Dat. σοί
Declension of ἡμεῖς ‘we/us’
p.
Nom. ἡμεῖς
Acc. ἡμᾶς
Gen. ἡμῶν
Dat. ἡμῖν
Declension of ὑμεῖς ‘you’ (ῡ)
p.
Nom. ὑμεῖς
Acc. ὑμᾶς
Gen. ὑμῶν
Dat. ὑμῖν
Form and use: ἐγώ and σύ
- ἐμέ, ἐμοῦ, ἐμοί and σέ, σοῦ, σοί are emphatic forms. με, μου, μοι and σε, σου, σοι unemphatic, e.g. ‘He is watching me’ (με); ‘Whom is he watching? Me!’ (ἐμέ).
- The unaccented forms of these pronouns are ‘enclitics’. They can never begin a sentence or clause.
- The emphatic usage of the nom. forms often implies a strong contrast with someone or something else.
Sound rules for σ and third declension noun endings
Many third declension nouns have stems ending in a DENTAL consonant:
- dental STOP: –τ/-δ/-θ
- dental NASAL: –ν
When σ follows a dental stop consonant, the dental disappears and the σ remains:
- eg δ + σ = σ
A similar process occurs when σ follows –ν, only sometimes (usually in the nominative singular) it is the σ that disappears:
- ν + σ = ν.
This often (not always!) leads to COMPENSATORY LENGTHENING of a nearby short vowel.
οὕτως
in this way
ἀφικνέομαι
arrive at; come to; reach
κίνδῡνος, ὁ
danger; hazard (2a)
χωρέω
come; go;
δεινός -ή -όν
dire, terrible
οἰκίᾱ, ἡ
building, house, dwelling
φαίνομαι
appear
ἄγε / ἄγετε
come! (s., p.)
Imperative of ἄγω
ἄγω
lead, carry, fetch, bring
ἐρωτάω (ἐπ-)
ask
ἰδού
look! hey! behold! see there!
νῆσος, ἡ
island (2a)
πόθεν;
from where?
πυρά, τά
fire-signals (2b)
σπεύδω
hurry; set going, urge on, hasten
ἤδη
already; by this time
εὖ οἶδα ὅτι
I know this/that well
εὖ
well (eg to know well)
θόρυβος, ὁ
noise, din, hustle and bustle (2a)
οἴκαδε
homewards
ὅπλα, τὰ
weapons, arms
πορεύομαι
march, journey, go
ἅλλος η ο
other; the rest of
ἐγγύς (+gen)
near, nearby
εἰπέ
speak! tell me!
Λακεδαιμόνιος, ὁ
Spartan (2a)
λαμβάνω (λαβ-)
take, capture
μανθάνω (μαθ-)
learn, understand
ναυτικός -ή -όν
naval
τέχνη, ἡ
skill, art, expertise
ἄλλος η ο
other, rest of
ἄλλως
otherwise
ἀποκρίνομαι
answer
γὰρ δὴ
really, I assure you
γεωργός, ὁ
farmer (2a)
θαλάττιος -α -ον
sea, of the sea, maritime
καὶ δὲ καὶ
and moreover
κρατέω
hold sway, power
μελετάω
I practice
μελετή, ἡ
practice
ναυτικόν, τὸ
navigation, sea-faring (2b)
ῥᾳδίως
easily
συνέρχομαι
assemble, come together, swarm
