Readings (excluding those in recruitment) Flashcards
(22 cards)
Ottaway
- semi-authoritarian regimes
- maintain power while giving the allusion of democratic institutions
- prevent competition, controlled pluralism, manipulation of elections
- preserve the power structure
- Case study: Hugo Chavez Venezuela
Eric Trager
- Muslim Brotherhood
- Swift ascent to power in Egypt in 2011 but then even quicker decline in 2013
- goal = Islamic state in Egypt
- strict system of recruitment + 5-8y indoctrination process
- tendency to view outsiders w/ suspicion = alienation
- swift actions without a clear path = failure to articulate clear policy positions
- Different to the usual narrative of optimism during the arab spring, instead ‘arab fall’ period
Gustavo Duncan
- impact of drug trafficking mafias in Colombia + Mexico influence on relationship between political power + social order
- mafias actievely seek to improve social orders in peripheral areas ‘popular heros’
- drug trafficking = political power
- ‘nacrotrafficking subculture’: criminal activity related to drug trafficking becomes essential for achieving status
- ‘clientelisitc system’: regions with little capital accumulation
- transforming drug capital into consumption == part of a process where the state delegates authority to the periphery at a low cost
- violence in Colombia + Mexico linked to imposition of prv coercive organizations coherent with capitalist development in peripheral areas and state hegemony not threatened
Amartya Sen
- rise of democracy & ‘democracy & famine argument’
- “a country does not have to be deemed fit for democracy; rather it has to become fit for democracy’
- democracy = normal; not universally accepted but gained status of being ‘right’
- no famine has ever occured in a fully democratic system (gov would be forced to fix it asap)
- refutes the ‘Lee hypothesis’ – which claims that non-democratic systems are better at fostering growth (eg: Singapore + South Korea)
- intrinsic value: social + political participation
- instrumental value: freedom of expression
- constructive value: enabling citizens to learn from one another
Bill Berkely
‘Magnus Malan Trail’ South Africa
- trial attempting to bring justice with former minister of defence Mangus Malan
- Alleged existence of a ‘third force’ (a paramilitary conspiracy involving the South African Defence Force (SADF) and Inkantha Freedom Party (IFP)
- Accused SADF of arming and training the IFP to destablize ANC
- Complex relationship between ethnicity, politics and violence with discussions of ‘tribual passions’ and accusations of manipulating ethnic divisions
Ana Arajana + Stathis Kalyvas
- Investigates motivations of individuals who join armed groups in Colombia
- Move beyond the macro-level analysis that focuses on ‘greed/grievances’ ad rather focuses on local conflict dynamics + individual experiences in the recruitment process
- no single motivation (surveyed 831 ex-combattants)
- seeking a better life, fighting for justice, believing it was short-term commitment, material benefits, revenge, only a small % recruited by force
- groups that had strong pressence/alr someone in them
- all of these suggest that joining = a contigent choice rather than via rational actor analysis
Caroline Moser
- urban violence & insecurity (violence in developing countries exist along a continum)
- violence becomes ‘routinized’ in poor areas
- identifying causes of violence needs distinguishment between structural causes & trigger risk factors
- holisitc approaches like the ‘ecological model & structure, identity & agency framework’ are used to understand the interrelated factors
- ‘politicization of crime’ (crime associated with politics)
- ‘urbanization of warefare’ (implications for cities areas of conflict like Kabul and Karachi, Colombia)
- ‘fortified enclaves’ are created by the rich to protect themselves because of a lack of confidence in the state security (like in South Africa = high gentrification)
Terrence McCoy + Raphael Alves
- ‘spacial progression of deforestation’ in Brazil
- Rapid deforestation along Highway BRI-319 in the Brazilian Amazon
- “end of the forest”
- significant role of criminals who dominante stretches of the forest = illegal defrorestation, land grabbing, killings
- Town of Humaitá located along a smoother highway has seen a surge in homocides
- ‘Arc of deforestation’ = highway located on the edge of the forest = “carbon bomb”
- two sides: isolated communities + vulnerrability of environmental defenders and local populations to violence
Nina Lakhani
- Hondarus Lenca community
- Murder of Berta Cáceres involved in land and water struggles against the building of a hydroelectric dam by Desa company on Gualcarque River in Rio Blanco
- recieved serious death threats + harassment
- protestors arrested by police + photographed yet continued her work
- gunman shot her and the activitist that was staying at her house in 2016
- 2018- 7 men convicted of murdering her, Castillo’s daughter detained for masterminding this murder
I- Vicky Randall (I.T)
- From ‘third world’ to ‘developing world’
- Politics = dependent variable but increasingly seen as an independent one
- modernisation theory
- S. Hunington argued that rapid economic growth from low levels = destailizing, need a strong gov to do so
- development theory with ‘core’ ‘periphery’ dynamics
I- Lisa Rakner (I.T)
- Democratization (Chile Case study)
- Third wave of democracy
- Democracy = institutional guarentees of freedom to organize & hold fair elections
- democratization = political liberalization, democratic transtion & consolidation
- democracy is a luxury that poor countries can ill afford
Reinoud Leeanders (I.T)
- Syrian uprising
- 2011 uprising and insurgency emerged against a backdrop of long-standing popular grievances with Ba’th regime’s repressive policies since 1960
I- Jeff Haynes (I.T)
- Religion + politics (Muslim Brotherhood)
- esp in countries of the developing world, widespread involvement of religion + politics
- several religious traditions have experienced increased political involvment
- religion + democracy not always compabible
I- Nadje Al-Ali and Nicole Pratt (I.T)
Iraq- a failed state
- Following the overthrow of Ba’th regime, the US helped to establish a multiparty democracy by organization elections + drafting a constitution
- favored the Shi’a religious parties
2007: US intervention armed rebels to fight Al-Qaeda
- 2012: Islamic state emerges
- lack of expertise, neoliberal economic reforms, widespread corruption
- violence linked to Islamic state
Andreas Schedler (I.T)
Mexico a failed state
- Electoral authoritarianism – revolutionary civil war in 2nd half = new constitution
- pressures for democratization + cycles of economic crisis eroded regime’s legitimacy
- democratic advance = interplay between democratizing reform
- transition to civil war
2000: creeping civil war between drug cartels fueled by cocaine booms 1990
Stephen Wright (I.T)
Nigeria
- British colonization created a ‘new’ country of Nigeria
- Nigeria’s population = the largest in Africa
- Main economy = oil
- Indicators indicate that development is not spread out evenly across the population
2000: witnessed a slight upturn in macro-economic conditions partly helped by pressence of civilan government
- 2015: downturn in oil prices = problems
- Boko Haram (most deadly terrorist group)
- Election of civilan government since 1999 gives hope of military cycle broken
Rachel Sieder (I.T)
Guatemala (link to urbanziation violence- many poor citizens victims of crime)
- Guatemala = one of the highest rates of poverty + inequality in Latin America
- Indigenous people, rural inhabitants, women + children are amongst the poorest
- despite relative macro-economic stability, tax collection + social spending have been dismally low
- 1986: return to electoral democracy
- 1944-1954: reformist gov elected, overthrew by 1970s heavily controlled military
- 36 years of armed conflict (military v leftist)
- peace agreement 1996 backed by international community but opposed by private sector = little progress
Astri Suhrke, Torunn Wimpelmann & Ingrid Somset (I.T)
- transitions from colonial rule = violent
- cold war intensifies conflicts over the social order across the developing world leading to ‘proxy wars’ (Afganistan)
- Libya + R2P
– from 2001 onwards the US-led war on terror interacted with local tensions in the Muslim World - 2010: transforming societies by grand design through external intervention to an end but boundaries increasingly blurred
I- Leslie Elliot Armijo (I.T)
- Brazilian amazon rainforest
- Brazil’s vision for their foreign policy = an ideological middle ground between the neoliberal preferences of the US & the popular socialist hopes of Venezuela
- Brazil believes rising global multipolarity to be normatevily desirable
- problematic policies like the new Belo Monte Dam on the Xingu River
- 1985: democratic transition, Brazilian leaderes = a much more active role in global diplomacy
Deborah Bravtigam & Yunnan Chen (I.T)
5 principles of peace coexistence = mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity & sovreignity, mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference in each other’s affairs, equality & mutual benefit
- peaceful co-existence
China considers itself to be a developing country but as China liberalizes it’s economy it has less control
- China stresses the need for non-interference in other countries affairs
- After founding the PRC in 1949, Chinese communist broke away to build a non-aligned movement
- Followed ‘developmental state’ model pioneered by Japan (‘going global’ policies involve trade diversification)
- trade reaching 220 billion in Africa US and 264 billion in Latin America
Tony Addison (I.T)
- some 900 people live in extreme poverty with many just above it
- poverty reduction = a key policy
- growth important to reduce poverty
- effective states necessary to provide pro-poor services (World Bank, IMF)
- Backlash against liberlization becuase of rising inequalities
Peter Newell (I.T)
- ability of developing countries to addres environmentalism highly uneven (eg Brazil)
- tendency toward civil society led initatives which would be better because of accountability + representation
