Reagents

Question 1

Examples of nucleophiles

4

Answer 1

Lone pair donors
- enolates, CN, NH3, H2O

Question 2

Examples of electrophiles

6

Answer 2

Lone pair acceptors
- NO2+, H+, Bf3, AlCl3, FeBr3, carbocations

Question 2

Examples of oxidising agents

10

Answer 2

Strong electron acceptors, high electronegativity
- Halogens
- Oxyanions and oxyacids MnO4-, NO3-, Cr2O7
- Sulfuric acid H2SO4
- Chlorites NaClO, KClO4
- mCBPA “+ alkenes -> epoxides
- MnO2, CrO3

Question 3

Examples of reducing agents

~12

Answer 3

Electron donors, low IE, low electronegativity
- Group 1 metals
- H20, CO, Fe, Zn, Li
- Sulfites SO3 + S2O3
- LiAlH4, NaBCNH3, NaBH3
- DIABLH “+ ester/nitriles/carboxylic acids -> aldehydes

Question 4

Electron withdrawing groups

6

Answer 4

Pull electron density towards themselves (giving carbanions)
Generally electronegative
Meta directing
- CN, NO2, CO2R, CHO, SO3R, CF3

Question 5

Electron donating groups

5

Answer 5

Donate electrons back into the conjugate system.
Para & ortho directing
- OMe, NH2, OH, CH3, Halogens

Question 6

Polar aprotic solvents

2

Answer 6

Contains electrognegative elements but cannot form hydrogen bonds.
- DMSO, DMF
in polar aprotic solvents halogen nucleophilic strength goes F- > Cl- > Br- > I-

Question 7

Polar protic solvents

Answer 7

Forms hydrogen bonds
- COOH, OH, H2O
In polar protic solvents halogen nucleophilic strength goes I- > Br- > Cl- > F-