realism liberalism

Question 1

classical realism general view

Answer 1

states seek power, security and autonomy
states do not trust each other - skeptical and not mutually dependent
main priority is national interees, not rights or democracy

Question 2

hobbes classical realism

Answer 2

realists have a ‘hobbesian view of human nature’
- means that the state of nature is one of anarchy, ‘levithan’ state power
pessimistic view of human nature, humans are needy and vulnerable, competing violently for goods and security

Question 3

realist view of human nature

Answer 3

• inspired by thomas hobbes, humans compete violently for goods and security - ‘man is innately selfish’
• nation states are governed by people, so are also inherently selfish (morgenthau) - ‘political man is innately selfish’

Question 4

classical realist view of human nature

Answer 4

• international conflict comes from human nature (morgenthau) ‘international politics, like all politics, is a struggle for power’
• anarchic world - pessimistic view of HN means theres a perpetual struggle for power

Question 5

neorealist view of HN

Answer 5

less care than classical realists

Question 6

classical realist view of world order

Answer 6

• believe there is an anarchic world order in global politics
• struggle for power because of humans being pessimistic, selfish and seeking power

Question 7

neorealist view of world order

Answer 7

defensive: as there’s no authority above nation states, states must react within anarchical structure - limits choices, creates mistrist and conflict
- agree that bipolarity is the most stable world structure - similar goals of powers, so can negotiate stability like in the Cold War - mutually assured destruction
- defensive realism: the first concern of states is not to maximise power, rather to maintain position in the systme - waltz: states build arsenal and seek security for their own survival
- offensive realism: all states should aim to become hegemonic as they cant trust anyone nor know what will happen in the future

Question 8

IGOs realism

Answer 8

• IGOs only exist because states want them to - their effectivemess is determined by states and member stat action, example of UN as the largest IGO still no power and UNSC not doing soemthing against annexation of crimea
• states act independently of IGOs if it is not in their national interest to listen, eg UK and USA invading iraq w no UNSC mandate
• although itnernational alw applies to all states, no one can enforce it, eg ICC arrest warrant for Putin but not arrested in Mongolia

Question 9

liberalism general

Answer 9

• inspired by john locke ‘future of liberalism’ but also have links to socialism
• fudnamental force in global politics is globalisation - not a new phenomenon, just scale and speed of it have changed post 1945, also rise in NGOs and IGOs, then post 1980 china open door policy and rise in communicaiton

Question 10

complex interdependence

Answer 10

Keohane’s idea that states and their futures are inextricably linked

Question 11

liberal view of human nature

Answer 11

optimistic view, coming from lockeian beliefs from ‘2 treatises of gvernment’ - no one ought to harm another, anf human nature characterised by reaosn and tolerance
social contract theory - humans/states come together to form a limited government in order to escape injustice - why states come together to form rules based international system

Question 12

international anarchy

Answer 12

absence of a ‘world government’ in the infernational system - absence of authority above nation states, meaning states operate in a self help environment

Question 13

classical realism general

Answer 13

theory viewing international relations as driven by the inherently selfish and power seeking nature of humans

Question 14

neorealism general

Answer 14

a structural theory arguing that the anarchic international system, not human nature, compels states to seek power for survival

Question 15

defensive neorealism general

Answer 15

suggests states seek enough power to ensure security within an itnernational world, but avoid proviking others (WaltZ)

Question 16

offensive realism general

Answer 16

argues that due to anarchical system, states are inherently aggressive and always seek to maximise power to ensure survival (Mearsheimer)

Question 17

security dilemma

Answer 17

a situation where one state’s efforts to increase its security provokes insecurity in other states, often leading to an arms race

Question 18

anarchical society / society of states theory

Answer 18

the idea that despire anarchy, states for a society with shared rules, norms and institutions (Hedley Bull)

Question 19

billiard ball model

Answer 19

metaphor describing sovereign states as self contained ynits that interact externally (Hard shell of sovereingty) but remain unaffected internally

Question 20

democratic peace theory

Answer 20

idea that liberal democracies are unlikely to go to war with each other due to shared norms and institutional constraints

Question 21

kantian triange

Answer 21

liberal model that peace is promoted through democracy, economic interdependence and international institutions (IGOs)

Question 22

international community

Answer 22

term describing the collective of states and organisations that claim to represent shared global interests and norms

Question 23

humanitarian intervention /R2P

Answer 23

principle that the international community should intervene to prevent mass atrocities when a state fails to prevent its citizens

Question 24

cobweb model

Answer 24

a liberal metaphor suggesting that states are interconnected through networks of economic and political ties, reducing likelihood of conflict

Question 25

end of history theory

Answer 25

francis fukuyama's argument that liberal democracy represents the final form of government, marking the end point of ideological evolution

Question 26

hans morgenthau

Answer 26

classical realist - human nature: 'political man is innately selfish' - as states are governed by men, they too will act inherently selfish (animus dominandi) - 'international politics, like all politics, is a struggle for power' - states will always try to dominate and have power over others, having moral considerations as less important than [pwer

Question 27

kenneth waltz

Answer 27

defensive neorealist - founded the school of neorealism and defensive realism - believed international politics is a state of anarchy as there is no authority above nation states - so states must react within anarchic system which creates tension and mistrust - leads to conflict - bipolarity more stable than multipolarity - easier to negotiate peace and stability and MAD - spread of nuclear weapons - good bc MAD - defensive - emphasises states seek security and stability for own survival in anarchical world order - security dilemma - 'the first concern of states is not to maximise power, but to maintain position in the system.'

Question 28

stephen walt

Answer 28

defensive realist - balance of threats - states balancing against perceived threats, not just power - bandwagoning - states joining the side of the threats - prioritisation of regional hegemony as the best way to ensure security - threat perceptionbased on geographicla proximity, offensive capabilities and aggression of other states

Question 29

john mearsheimer

Answer 29

offensive realist - all states should seek hegemony - sees the intersection between great powers as dominated by a rational desire to achieve hegemony in an insecure and uncertain world - 'given the difficulty of determining how much power is enough for today and tomorrow, great powers recognise that the best way to ensure theur security is to achieve hegemony now thus eliminating any possibility of a challenge by another great power' - cant trust any state and can't see the future so shoudl aim to be hegemonic - 'only a misguided state would pass up the opportunity to be the hegemon in the system because it though it already had sufficient power to survive'

Question 30

robert keohane

Answer 30

liberal - idea of complex interdependence, that states and their futures are inextricably linked - state relations become increasingly depe and complex - webs of interdependence undermine state power and elevate influence of transnational NSAs - power - not purely military, but also economic and soft power

Question 31

hedley bull

Answer 31

middle ground - 'anarchical society' - in an anarchic world order, there exists a 'society of states' at the international level )liberal realism) - society of sttaes theory: a soc of states comes into existence when a 'group of states with common interests and values form a society in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in relations of one another, and store in the workingof common institutions' - states cooperate because it is in their interests ti avoid disorder and conflict, and ahve common interests but it it not in their interests to form a world governmentas this would erode sovereingty

Question 32

kenichi ohmae

Answer 32

liberal, globaliser - 4 great forces have taken over from the nation state- capital, corporations, consumers and communication - consumers drive the movement of goods and services - region states - affluent economic zones - closer linked to other region states than within host nations - people come before borders

Question 33

francis fukuyama

Answer 33

liberal - 'end of histry' end of man's ideological evolution - universalisation of western liberal democracy - believed with democratic peace theory - optimistic view of HN