really dont know

Question 1

competative inhibitor of ACh used in bradycardia

Answer 1

atropine

Question 2

chronotropic effect

Answer 2

on HR

Question 3

receptor for ACh

Answer 3

m2

Question 4

receptor for noradrenaline

Answer 4

b1

Question 5

function of desmosomes

Answer 5

adhesion

Question 6

actin and myosin movement

Answer 6

myosin slides over actin

Question 7

calcium acting on contraction in heart

Answer 7

calcium binds to troponin, conformational change, binding site revealed, allows cross linking

Question 8

stages that an AP potential cannot be generated in

Answer 8

plateau and falling

Question 9

tetanic contraction

Answer 9

sustained contraction

Question 10

afterload

Answer 10

resistance heart is pumping against

Question 11

parasympathetic system has a negative chronotropic and inotropic effect

Answer 11

false, no inotropic effect

Question 12

inotropic

Answer 12

contraction of heart

Question 13

chronotropic

Answer 13

HR

Question 14

1st Korotkoff sound

Answer 14

peak systolic BP

Question 15

normal range for MAP

Answer 15

70-105

Question 16

minimum MAP for perfusion

Answer 16

60mmHg

Question 17

transverse pulmonary sinus

Answer 17

space posterior to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, anterior to SVC

Question 18

coronary sinus

Answer 18

sits in coronary sulcus, collection of veins from the heart, drains into right atrium

Question 19

intrinsic factors affecting stroke volume

Answer 19

fibril length at diastole
venous return to the heart
afterload

Question 20

hormones regulating extracellular fluid

Answer 20

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide
AOH

Question 21

ways to measure MAP

Answer 21

(2x diastolic + systolic) /3

Question 22

Main driving force for blood pressure

Answer 22

pressure gradient

Question 23

RAAS

Answer 23

Renin angotensin-aldosterone system.

renin- angiotensin 1-angiotensin 11- release of aldosterone- waer retention

Question 24

rate limiting step for RAAS

Answer 24

Renin production

Question 25

Sympathetic control of stroke volume

Answer 25

noradrenaline increases Ca2+ channels, increases ventricular pressure. contractility and rate increase.

Question 26

parasympathetic control of heart

Answer 26

little innervation (only SAN and AVN), therefore decreases rate not force

Question 27

inotrophic v chronotropic

Answer 27

ino- contractility | chron- rate

Question 28

types of angina

Answer 28

stable- exercise unstable- rest varient- spasm, increased when lying down

Question 29

coronary groove

Answer 29

contains right carotid artery

Question 30

anterior intervenrticular groove

Answer 30

branch of left coronary artery

Question 31

types of defect in impulse conduction

Answer 31

re-entry conduction block accessory tracts

Question 32

partial conduction block

Answer 32

slowed (first degree) | only some AP (second degree)

Question 33

neurogenic shock

Answer 33

shock due to loss of sympathetic tone | => vasodilation and released venour return

Question 34

cardiogenic shock

Answer 34

shock due to reduced contractlity

Question 35

hypovolaemic shock

Answer 35

shock due to loss of volume

Question 36

accessory tract pathways

Answer 36

bypass AVN eg bundle of kent quicker than AVN

Question 37

Where does the heart develop from

Answer 37

visceral mesoderm, cranial end of mesoderm

Question 38

channels involves in SAN AP

Answer 38

``` HCN funny channels, vackground sodium transient calcium long acting calcium current rectifier potassium current ```

Question 39

sarcoplasm

Answer 39

cytoplasm of striated muscle cells

Question 40

the pacemaker potential

Answer 40

depolarisation of membrane potential decrease in K efflux, slow sodium influx

Question 41

triggered heart activity

Answer 41

after depolarisations- early and delayed afterpolarisation

Question 42

latent pacemaker

Answer 42

overdrive suppression lost if SAN firing low: escape rhythm or escape beat if pacemaker faster: ecopic beat or ectopic rhythm

Question 43

triangle between limb leads

Answer 43

einthoven's triangle

Question 44

moderator band

Answer 44

carries AV bundle to papillary muscle

Question 45

calmodulin v troponin C

Answer 45

calmodulin- smooth muscle troponin C- cardiac muscle

Question 46

amlodipine side effect

Answer 46

flushing

Question 47

thiazide side effects

Answer 47

gout | hyercalaemia