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Reaserch In Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Qualitative reaserch

A

Qualitative research methods collects data utilizing naturalistic and verbal reports.
case studies, participant observations, focus groups, and informal interviews.

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2
Q

Quantitative reaserch

A

Deals in investigating human behaviour by quantifying that behaviour so it can be measured in numbers and statistics.

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3
Q

Operationalized variable

A

How you will define and measure a specific variable

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4
Q

Experimental Studies

A

One variable has an effect on another variable (cause and effect)

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5
Q

Correlational Studies

A

Correlational research is a type of nonexperimental research in which the researcher measures two variables and assesses the statistical relationship (i.e., the correlation) between them . No Iv is manioulated

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6
Q

Descriptive Studies

A

Want to know aspect of a phenomenon

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7
Q

Sample

A

group of individuals taking part in the research study.

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8
Q

Gereralizability

A

extent to which the results of the study can
be applied beyond the sample and the settings used in the study itself

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9
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

Selected based on naturally occuring groups, people available at the time

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10
Q

Random Sampling

A

Each person has the same chance of being selected. Best in making sample representative

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11
Q

Self selected sampling + strength and lim

A

Recruiting volunteers. Strength: quick and easy Limitation: more motivated than average population due to possible incentive

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12
Q

Snowball Sampling

A

Participants recruit other participants for a study

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13
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Sample matches the make up of populations. Participants within various sub groups are randomply selected

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14
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Underisable variables thta may affect the validity of the study

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15
Q

Internal validity

A

To what extent is the change in DV caused by IV (credibility)

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16
Q

Population validity

A

Generalizaility to wider population

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17
Q

Ecological validity

A

Generalizability yo other RL setting

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18
Q

Construct validity

A

Generalizability to theory

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19
Q

Laboratory Experiemnet

A

experiment in controlled conditions using a standarized procedure in order to control the variables LOW internal validity

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20
Q

Field Experiments

A

Conducted in a real life setting. Reaserchers control IV but many extraneous variables cannot be controlled

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21
Q

Strength of field experiment

A

High ecological validity - generalizable to real lide settings

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22
Q

3 Limitations of field experiments

A

Cannot control extraneous variables (less internal validity) / cannot be easily replicated / ethical considerations - not practical to get informed consent or debriefing

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23
Q

Limitation of lab experiment

A

Low ecological validity - not completly generalizble to real life settings

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24
Q

Strength of Lab experiment

A

High internal validity. total control of variables

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25
Quasi Experiment
No randomassignment of participants to different levels of independant variable (contains a natural occuring IV) for example anxiety, age, gender, cultural backround
26
Natural Experiment (subset of Quasi experiment)
Conducted in natural environmnet but reasercher no control over naturally occuring IV
27
avantage and disadavnatge of natural experiment
Strength: High ecological validity + used when unethical to manipulate IV Limitation: Low internal validity as low control on confounding variables
28
Correlational Studies
non experimenal reaserch method, measures two variables, understands statistical relationship between them
29
Positive correlation
both variables affected in same way . as x increases y increases
30
negative correlation
as one variable increases, other decreases
31
Triangulation
Combination of different approaches to collect and interpret data Method Tri: different methods to complement strengths and limitations Data Tri: data from a variety of sources Reasercher tri: combining observations/ interpretations from other reaserchers
32
Rapport
For particpants to behave honestly - voluntrary participation - right to withdrawl
33
Iterative questioning
Spotting suspicious answers and rephrasing the question again, allows reasercher to have a deeper insight into the phenomenon
34
Reflexivity (epistemological and personal)
Reaserchers reflect that their own biases might have interfered with observations or interpretations Epistemological: strengths limitations of method used to collect data personal: personal beliefes and expecations
35
Credibility checks
checking data accuracy for example asking participants to read transfripts to confirm accuracy
36
Thik descriptions
Not only explaining observed behavior but context
37
Acquiescence bias (paeticipant)
Tendency to give positive answers. Reaserchers need to make neutral open ended questions
38
Social desirability bias (participant)
Participants tendency to respond in a way they think would be the most accepted
39
Dominant respondent bias (participant)
Group setting where one participant takes control and influence others answers
40
Sensitivity bias (participant)
DIstort responses on sensitive subejects Reasercher should prove conficentiality
41
Confirmation bias (reasercher)
reasercher tendency to confrim a belief thus influencing question wording etc
42
Leading question bias (reasercher)
Respondants inclined to answer in a certain way due to reasercher wording
43
Sampling bias
When sampling is not adequate for aim of reasercher
44
Quota Sampling (qualitative)
Decided previusly how many peopel and charcateristics
45
Purposive sampling (qualitative)
participant characteristics defined in advantage but sample size is not
46
Theoretical sampling
Stops when data saturation is met no new information is being obtained
47
Laboratory vs naturalistic Observation
Naturalistic observation - carried out in settings that are not arranged for the study
48
Overt vs Covert observation
Overt - participants aware that they are being observed Covert - reasercher does not inform his presence
49
Interview
Insight into subjective experiences Personal form of reaserch
50
Structured, Unstructured, semi strauctured
Structured - fixed list of questions Semi strauctured - no order or set of particual questions
51
Focus group advantaeges and disadvantages
Type of semi structured interview quick to get info, natural, conformtable environmen, multiple perspectives lim: dominant participamts , confidentialiyty, sampling demanding
52
Content analysis
Writing the transcript reading material several times Groupings of info summaries
53
Case Study
In depth investigation. of individual or group long period of time, combination of differnet methods sampling is not an issue interested in particcular case however generalization is not completly accurate and mostly is theoretical generalization
54
Informed consent
voluntary particopantion as much information of the experiment
55
harm protection
protected from psyicial and mental harm (including long term consequences)
56
Anonimity and confidentiality
confidentiality: reasercher knows but is confidential Anonimity: reasercher does not know either
57
Withdrawl
Free to exit the study when they want
58
Deception
When a researcher gives false information to subjects or intentionally misleads them about some key aspect of the research Reaserches must use it to bare minimum
59
Debriefing
After the studty, participants are fully informed and given the opportunity to veiw and withdrawl their data
60
Expectancy effect
: the participant attempts to discern the experimenter's hypotheses with the goal of "helping" the researcher. This may result in acting in a certain way or giving the "right answer."
61
Screw you effect
the participant attempts to discern the experimenter's hypotheses, but only in order to destroy the credibility of the study.
62
QUANTITATIVE reasech techniques and types of experiments
Experimental Studies - field, laboratory, Quasi, natural Correlational Studies Descriptive studies
63
QUALITATIVE reasech techniques (to go deeper)
Interviews Focus groups Observations Case study Content analysis

Psychology (10 decks)

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