REBM

Question 1

How do you visualise categorical data?

Answer 1

Bar charts, Pie charts

Question 2

What is a bar charts function?

Answer 2

Shows distribution of categorical variables - can be single or multiple.

Question 3

How does a bar chart present data?

Answer 3

Height of the bar is equal to frequency (number of times a value for a variable has been observed to occur) or relative frequency (number of times a particular value for a variable has been observed to occur in relation to the total number of values for that variable.

Question 4

How is numerical data visualised?

Answer 4

Box plots, histograms, density plots

Question 5

What is the function of a box plot?

Answer 5

Compares multiple variables by plotting them side by side

Question 6

What is the function of a histogram?

Answer 6

Shows distribution of data within ranges

Question 7

What is the function of a density plot?

Answer 7

Shows distribution of data within ranges, allows for more accurate data shape than histogram

Question 8

How is the relationship between numerical data visualised?

Answer 8

Scatterplot, Line chart.

Question 9

What is the function of a scatter plot?

Answer 9

Shows the relationship between two numerical quantities. It can have a linear or logarithmic scale.

Question 10

What is the function of a line chart?

Answer 10

It shows the relationship between two numerical quantities, often used for temporal trends (change over time)

Question 11

What is administrative data?

Answer 11

Data that is gathered anyway e.g government or hospitals

Question 12

What is research data?

Answer 12

Data that is gathered for a specific purpose

Question 13

What is qualitative data?

Answer 13

Text

Question 14

What is quantitative data?

Answer 14

Values. Can be numerical or categorical/

Question 15

What is numerical data?

Answer 15

A type of quantitative data that is stored and interpreted numbers. It can be discrete or continuous.

Question 16

What is discrete numerical data?

Answer 16

A type of quantitative data that can only take specific integer values. E.g number of children

Question 17

What is continuous numerical data?

Answer 17

A type of quantitative data that take any values in a specific range.

Question 18

What is categorical data?

Answer 18

A type of quantitative data that is stored as numbers but interpreted as categories. It can be nominal or ordinal.

Question 19

What is nominal categorical data?

Answer 19

A type of quantitative data with no natural ordering to categories. E.g 1= vaccinated, 0 = non-vaccinated

Question 20

What is ordinal categorical data?

Answer 20

A type of quantitative data with a natural occuring order to the categories. E.g 0= doesn’t drink 1= drinks sometimes 2= drinks often

Question 21

What is sensitivity?

Answer 21

The ability of a test to correctly identify patients with a disease.

Question 22

What is specificity?

Answer 22

The ability of a test to correctly identify people without the disease.

Question 23

What is a true positive?

Answer 23

The person has the disease and the test is positive.

Question 24

What is a true negative?

Answer 24

The person does not have the disease and the test is negative.

Question 25

What is a false positive?

Answer 25

The person does not have the disease and the test is positive.

Question 26

What is a false negative?

Answer 26

The person has the disease and the test is negative.

Question 27

What is prevalence?

Answer 27

The percentage of people in a population who have the condition of interest.

Question 28

What is randomized control trial?

Answer 28

Randomized controlled trials provide the best results when trying to find out if there is a cause-and-effect relationship.
In RCTs participants are randomly assigned to one of two or more groups. Then one group receives the new drug A, for example, while the other group receives the conventional drug B or a placebo (dummy drug).

Question 29

What is a cohort study?

Answer 29

A cohort is a group of people who are observed frequently over a period of many years. Cohort studies are especially useful if you want to find out how common a medical condition is and which factors increase the risk of developing it.

Question 30

What is a case control study?

Answer 30

Case-control studies compare people who have a certain medical condition with people who do not have the medical condition, but who are otherwise as similar as possible.
Case-control studies can help to investigate the causes of a specific disease.

Question 31

What is a cross- sectional study?

Answer 31

Quantitative. A representative group of people – usually a random sample – are interviewed or examined in order to find out their opinions or facts. They can provide information on things like the prevalence of a particular disease (how common it is). But they can’t tell us anything about the cause of a disease or what the best treatment might be.

Question 32

What are qualitative studies?

Answer 32

It is based on information collected by talking to people who have a particular medical condition and people close to them. Written documents and observations are used too. The information that is obtained is then analyzed and interpreted using a number of methods.