Recap 18 Flashcards

Question

Question 25. According to STP -There are eight strategic functions of command the Incident Commander needs to address. List and describe all eight functions

Answer 1

1. Deployment – ensuring a steady, adequate and timely stream of appropriate resources at the incident, and knowing the position and function of each resource at all times. 2. Command – having a strong command presence from the outset of an incident. 3. Situation evaluation – continuously collecting and evaluating information about the incident in order to determine critical factors. 4. Incident action planning – having an incident action plan that addresses the critical factors. 5. Incident communications – having efficient and effective incident communications to describe the flow of information within and out of the incident. 6. Incident structure – having an incident structure that is flexible and able to be scaled to meet the incident size and needs, with the ability to delegate functions and responsibilities as span of control is reached. 7. Review and revision – once in operation, reviewing and revising the strategy and plan, to keep it current with the changing needs of the incident. 8. Escalation and de-escalation – as additional officers or an Incident Management Team arrive, scaling up the strategic management level of the incident; and scaling down as operations conclude.

Answer 2

The Incident Commander (IC) must be the only person to deploy resources.

Answer 3

Road tunnel smoke management systems may use: * longitudinal ventilation (jet fans) * ducted ventilation * natural ventilation * a combination of the above.

Answer 4

* Recycle – Crew stops work for a short period just outside the Hot Zone, to rest, rehydrate, and replenish air cylinders if relevant. They remain accountable to IC or Sector, Group or Division commander (SGD Commander), as per the incident structure. * Full rehabilitation – Crew is released and moves to the rehabilitation area. Once there, they are accountable to a Rehabilitation Officer.

Answer 5

* Life at risk phase – where there are saveable human lives. The incident is uncontrolled and requires rapid actions to control the risks to life. * Expanding phase – where the incident is uncontrolled and likely to expand. It requires rapid actions to control risks to life and property. * Contained phase – there are sufficient resources to contain the incident within the defined area. There is no life at risk, or life or property have already been lost.

Answer 6

The people who are authorised to ride on an appliance are: * firefighters in the course of their duty; * employees of Fire and Rescue NSW whose duty requires their attendance at an emergency; * members of other emergency services at the discretion of the member in charge; or * other persons authorised by the Commissioner.

Answer 7

Time Weighted Average The TWA is the concentration of gas a worker can be continuously exposed to for an eight-hour working day, repeated over five days for a 40-hour working week.

Answer 8

Question 32. Section 26 of the Fire and Rescue NSW Regulation 2023 deals with performance of functions. State the provisions of this section. 26 Performance of functions (1) A firefighter must attend a drill if directed to do so by the Commissioner or the officer in charge of the firefighter. (2) A firefighter must perform all firefighting and other functions the firefighter is lawfully directed to perform. (3) A firefighter must serve wherever the firefighter is directed by the Commissioner.

Answer 9

Documentation can be by: * Radio: In the initial stages of an incident, critical hazards and control measures are included in strategic CAN reports to FireCOM. This ensures that they are heard by other people not yet at the incident, can be logged by the operator, and are recorded on tape. * Written: A written risk assessment should be used when: − You can no longer account for all hazards and controls in your head − You are at a protracted incident and the documentation will assist with reviewing controls and transferring roles − You have a dedicated Safety Officer to assist.

Answer 10

BLEVE – boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion.

Answer 11

TIC, Infrared thermometer, wetting test

Answer 12

* S Safe approach * I Incident control * S Scene security * I Identify hazardous materials * A Assess potential harm and minimise environmental contamination * C Call in resources * M Monitor information * R Render safe and decontaminate

Answer 13

Incident safety refers to the management of the health and safety of firefighters at incidents, and, where relevant, at operational training that uses incident safety processes.

Answer 14

Thermal runaway can occur at any time without warning. Indicators may be: * Discolouration, blistering, bulging, or swelling of the casing. * Pungent odours or leaking electrolyte. * Rising temperature of battery exterior. * Abnormal popping, hissing, or crackling sounds. * Smoke or fumes.

Answer 15

A NIIENM (notification of injury, illness, exposure and near miss) form should be submitted for any incident that affects the health & safety of FRNSW workers. NIIENMs should be submitted within 24 hours of occurrence.

Answer 16

If the injured person is unable to submit the report, their Supervisor or co-worker can submit it on their behalf.

Answer 17

Where an employee attends a course within the Greater Sydney Area (GSA), and if the travelling time to and from the training venue exceeds two (2) hours each way (by the approved mode of transport) or if the return distance from the employee's residence to the training venue exceeds 175 kilometres, the employee shall be entitled to appropriate accommodation.

Answer 18

The NSW Police Force is responsible for co-ordinating rescue operations and for determining the priorities of action to be taken in rescue operations.

Answer 19

* Accounting for everyone. * Strong command presence. * Critical factors determining the objectives and an incident action plan. * Incident phase and risk management. * Simplified communications. * Incident structure to meet the incident needs.

Answer 20

* The pumper should be positioned in a safe area at least 15-30 metres from the incident, unless circumstances dictate otherwise * The minimum fire protection required is a 38 mm hose line, charged to 400 kPa with an Akron spray branch with a minimum 90o angle of spray, the pump recirculating valve must be opened to prevent the pump from overheating * The branch must be hand-held by a firefighter in full turnout gear and BA * The firefighter holding the branch must be positioned close to the risk, ready to provide immediate protection should a fire ignite and be prepared to: 1. Secure an escape path for the rescue crew; and 2. Isolate the fire from the passenger cell of the vehicle. * If the hose line is used, the pump operator should close the recirculating valve and increase the pump pressure to 800 kPa

Answer 21

* Heated or extremely low temperatures * Oxygen deficient or enriched environment * Toxic atmospheres * Smoke

Answer 22

Keys to Private Premises Form & Deposit of Keys forms

Answer 23

FRNSW Fitness Drill Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire

Answer 24

Agency Member Motor Vehicle Claim Form

Answer 25

Safety, how it its lit and maintained. The environmental approval that applies to particular fires in certain Local Government Areas

Answer 26

* supply hydrants * main wheel valve * non return valve * booster inlets (one for each supply hydrant) * pressure gauge showing pressure on the boosted side of the connection * block plan—which shows: * a diagram of the site * Street mains or static supplies (tanks/reservoirs) * Installed fire pumps * Location of hydrants, booster connections and isolation valves * Any connections to other installed fire protection systems.

Answer 27

The working duration is the time until the warning whistle sounds

Answer 28

* Indicate their code status. * View resources and incident details at an incident including address of incident, talkgroup being used, and type of incident. * View information sent from ESCAD including narrative logs. * Access mapping data including the location of hydrants, utilities, hazards, and drains. * Access pre-incident plans for the location. * Access guidance including Standard Operational Guidelines, Safety and Operations Bulletins, and other incident relevant documents. * Access weather information. * Access hazardous materials information.

Answer 29

1. Consult with any on-site experts to determine how best to turn it off and whether it is appropriate. 2. Assume the switchboard and any conductive materials are live. Don insulating gloves, then leather overgloves. Put your helmet visor down. 3. Follow any shutdown procedure displayed. This may be on or near the switchboard or adjacent to the alternative power source. 4. If the shutdown procedure cannot be found: * Solar panels – turn off the inverter main switch (usually in the meter box), then turn off the solar panel main switch (usually next to the inverter). 5. Restrict work as far as reasonably practical to that required to protect life or prevent dangerous expansion of the incident. Carefully consider whether the possible benefits of undertaking the work outweigh the risks. 6. If power must be isolated from the alternative power supply, have the owner/occupier contact their electrician.

Answer 30

An ES sticker or battery label or warnings - inside the switchboard or entry to rooms or compartments containing batteries

Answer 31

If the solar panel is on a roof, firefighters should not: * Climb onto the roof to extinguish the fire, as the roof may be unstable * Put ladders against the roof, as the gutter may be electrified

Answer 32

* Use caution when approaching the device as thermal runaway and vapour release may occur without warning. * If the device is connected to mains electricity (eg charging) ensure that electricity is switched off prior to applying water. * Knock-down any fire using copious amounts of water. * Cool the battery with a cooling stream of water. * Submerge the device in a suitable container of water if safe to do so. Use a tool such as a long-handled shovel to move the device. * If unable to submerge the device, continue cooling and conduct thermal checks every 15 minutes until ambient temperature is maintained for 60 minutes. Note: an increasing temperature is an indication that a thermal runaway event is occurring. * Ensure that all cells are accounted for by searching the area around the device. Failure to account for all cells may lead to a secondary fire event. * Notify FireCOM that the incident involves a lithium-ion device. FireCOM will send a notification to FIRU.

Answer 33

Search & extinguish hidden fires & hot spots. *Protect the scene after the fire, including the preservation of evidence & identification of cause & origin. *Restore the premises to a safe condition

Answer 34

The purpose of salvage is to reduce damage from fire, smoke, water, heat, cold or weather during & after a fire.

Answer 35

* FRNSW may be responded to these incidents as an Automatic Fire Alarm, or to a reported fire. * Unless there is life at risk, firefighters must wait outside the compartment for the hold time, while the system fully discharges and extinguishes the fire. * Breathing apparatus must be worn when inside the compartment until the atmosphere is confirmed safe. * Any activation of the system must be investigated.

Answer 36

A line defence is used when conditions would normally allow an offensive attack but there are not enough units to mount an offensive attack in time. It involves preventing the approaching line of fire from closely approaching the property. An ember defence is used when the approaching line of fire is too intense to be suppressed by offensive means and is producing significant ember attack. It involves extinguishing small fires that occur in and around buildings, when and as they occur. A backstop defence is used when there is no safe defensible space around buildings and/or the approaching fire is so intense that firefighters cannot safely protect the buildings during the impact of the fire. Firefighters withdraw temporarily a short distance away to a suitable safe refuge, with the intention of coming back after the fire front passes. After the main fire front subsides, they move forward to put out the property on fire. This type of defence is used when firefighters have run out of all other options. Firefighters operate from safe positions behind suitable shielding from the main fire front and pull back to safer refuge if needed.

Answer 37

* Thermal runaway. * Extreme fire behaviour * Release of toxic vapour and gases. * Hazardous materials and leaked electrolytes. * Stranded energy. * Projectiles. * Secondary ignition

Answer 38

* Flexibility – being able to be applied across all types of incidents. * Management by objectives – having a set of objectives and a plan for managing those objectives to resolve the incident. * Functional management – having eight functional areas, or activities, which are core responsibilities of the Incident Commander: Control, Operations, Planning, Intelligence, Public Information, Investigation, Logistics, and Finance. With the exception of Control, the Incident Commander can delegate these functions as required by the needs of the incident. * Unity of command – having only one recognised Incident Commander, with each individual reporting to one supervisor. * Span of control – having an individual ideally supervise no more that 5 people (a 1:5 ratio), with variation of 1:3 to 1:7, depending upon the activity, geography, or nature of the incident.

Answer 39

The container’s vapour space (area above the liquid) is most crucial and is to be considered a high priority area for cooling. Cool all containers by using sprays in preference to jets of water

Answer 40

* The appropriate bag for the type of contaminant: o Asbestos containment bags where asbestos is a suspected contaminant. o Yellow clinical waste bags for waste produced from providing first aid. o Clear contaminated gear bags for other contaminants, including smoke. * Cable ties or strong tape to seal the bags. * A contaminated equipment tag to attach to the bag with relevant details.

Answer 41

* Acknowledge as a team that the incident you just attended has the potentially to be traumatic. * Acknowledge that there is no right or wrong way to respond after attending a potentially traumatic event. * Should you or a crew member need to talk; ensure lines of communication are open, talk to colleagues, family, friends or internal supports, ensuing you maintain your boundaries if you are not ready or comfortable. * Familiarise yourself with available support services should you or someone in your team need them.

Answer 42

Class 1 A fire under the control of the responsible fire authority, whether or not incidental/low level assistance is provided by other agencies. Class 2 A fire which, by necessity, involves more than one agency, and where the Bush Fire Management Committee (BFMC) has appointed a person to take charge of firefighting operations. The IC will be advised by FireCOM that the BFMC Executive Officer has declared the fire as Class 2. Class 3 A major bushfire or fires where an appointment is made or is imminent under the provisions of Section 44 of the Rural Fires Act 1997.

Answer 43

* The number of CO2 cylinders required to be injected

Answer 44

The voltage gradient varies depending on: * Composition of the ground – eg concrete, road surface, soil * Moisture content * Voltage of the electrical source

Answer 45

* Metals (eg copper, aluminium, steel) * Human body * Timber and trees * Flame and dense smoke * Vehicle tyres * Some fire extinguishing mediums * Wet or dirty rope * Water – including hose lines

Answer 46

* 1 x insulated gloves * 1 x pair of leather over gloves * 1 x electrical safety kit bag * 2 x non-contact AC voltage detectors, either Modiewark Rescue or GLM Mini Rescue

Answer 47

The SOGs emphasise safety and hazard awareness, to control the risks associated with electricity. Essentially, they state: * Stay away from the hazard. Always regard it as live until you know otherwise. * Assess the risks from at least 8 metres away from the hazard. * If suspected to be electrically hazardous, establish an Exclusion Zone. * Have the electricity company isolate power. * When leaving the incident site, if possible, provide information to the owner or other responsible person on the hazards still present at the site and the control measures in place

Answer 48

* Put on electrical gloves first. * Put over-gloves on over the electrical gloves to protect the electrical glove from damage. * The cuff of the electrical glove must extend beyond the cuff of the over-glove. * The cuff of the electrical glove must be above the cuffs and sleeves of your PPC

Answer 49

* Possible terrorist incident * Crime investigation * Site, crowd, traffic and evacuation management * Rescue incidents

Answer 50

Workplace bullying is repeated and unreasonable behaviour directed towards a worker or a group of workers that creates a risk to health and safety.

Answer 51

* Identify and liaise with the Emergency Coordinator. * While waiting to enter, start developing the IAP by accessing information – eg pre-incident plans, SOGs, and utilities. * Where entry to the facility is delayed, nominate a staging area and advise FireCOM to inform responding resources. Remain in the staging area until met by the Emergency Coordinator. * Notify FireCOM if entry is delayed. * Always remain outside facility on standby if it is unsafe to enter. * At the main entry, access the Red Fire Emergency Plan Box containing the FRNSW pre-incident plan, safety data sheets folder, site plans, and Local Emergency Plans (LEPs) and brief crew about the facility. * Prepare the appliance and secure equipment before entering the facility. List all equipment to be taken in.

Answer 52

If immediate entry is required If there is a need to immediately enter the compartment (ie life at risk): * Wear breathing apparatus and carry a charged line of hose or extinguisher. * Manage door control and entry to prevent influx of fresh air. * Consider carrying an extension face mask for the person needing rescue. * Be aware of electrical hazards from energised equipment. * Remove the person to a safe atmosphere. Treat them with oxygen. Notify Ambulance.

Answer 53

* Contribute to the station's community prevention, risk reduction planning and engagement programs and activities * Attend fire and other emergency incidents providing expert knowledge and assistance commensurate with rank * Contribute to the Station's operational readiness, including the maintenance of appliances, tools and equipment * Assist with investigations into the cause of fires * Support the Station Officer in actions to achieve FRNSW’s goals of protecting life, property and other initiatives under the Plus Plan * Undertake station duties including the completion of records, reports, correspondence and returns to facilitate the general running of the station

Answer 54

If a member of your staff is absent, and they have not notified you of their absence, try to contact them by telephone to find out why they are absent. If you cannot contact them, record them as being absent without leave and notify your Duty Commander or Manager. If you have concerns for their welfare, contact your Zone Commander, Human Resources Manager or the Manager Operational Personnel. When a staff member returns to duty after being absent without leave, contact them personally and check whether there are any underlying problems with which Fire and Rescue NSW could assist, eg through the Employee Assistance Program, Chaplains, etc, noting that you must not request any specific information related to the nature of a firefighter’s illness or medical history. Request a written explanation of their absence and discuss their options in relation to taking leave to cover their absence. If they cannot show reasonable cause for their absence, they must take leave without pay. Also remind them that sick leave or personal/carer’s leave must be supported by the required documentation. Ensure that SAM is adjusted accordingly and your Duty Commander or Manager is notified of the outcome. Forward the documentation through your chain of command to the Manager Operational Personnel.

Answer 55

* Contact FireCOM to notify the electricity company and to respond the CO2 Tender. Consider notifying other affected services. * Do not enter the vault – wait for the electricity company representative to arrive. * Do not approach or park vehicles over entry covers (open or closed) due to the risk of explosion. * Establish a Hot Zone of at least 8 metres radius surrounding the vault. * Prepare the necessary equipment. Consider requesting hazmat or other specialists. Consult any pre-incident plans. * Protect all exposures. * Liaise with the electricity company representative on safety and technical issues. Follow all safe work instructions given by the electricity company representative. * Do not operate any switches without consultation with the electricity company representative. * Use gas detectors and thermal imaging cameras as appropriate.

Answer 56

* Natural: A fire caused without human intervention or action, such as fires resulting from lightning, earthquake, wind and flood. * Accidental: Fires for which the proven cause does not involve an intentional human act to ignite or spread the fire into an area where a fire should not be. * Incendiary: A fire that is intentionally ignited in an area where and when there should not be a fire. * Undetermined: The cause of the fire cannot be proven to an acceptable level of certainty.

Answer 57

1. Trapped by Compression: the occupant is physically pinned by deformity in the structure of the vehicle. 2. Trapped by Confinement: the occupant is only trapped in the interior of the vehicle (i.e. a door is jammed). 3. Trapped by Injuries: the occupant is unable to exit the vehicle due the injuries sustained (or are believed to have sustained – spinal injuries etc). 4. Trapped by Impalement: the occupant is physically impaled by a foreign object which prevents them from exiting the vehicle.

Answer 58

* Establish BA Control as close to the entry/exit point as possible. * Check and enter all details on the BA Control Board. * Ensure that BA team members are identified by a call sign determined by the incident communications plan. * Calculate and monitor entry and exit times. * Monitor all radio communications within the sector. * When exit time is reached: o Immediately contact the individual wearer or BA team leader. o If unable to contact, notify their Commander. Activate the RIT immediately when required and notify the IC. * Indicate to exiting BA crews the locations of the BA staging area and Rehabilitation Area. * Provide updates to their Commander as required. A second radio transceiver may be required for communicating on the tactical channel. * Ensure BA Control Boards clearly show when extended duration BA (EDBA) is in use. This is indicated by the red tag from the EDBA twin manifold being attached to the wearer’s yellow tally on the board. * Ensure BA Control Boards clearly show when aerial appliance operators are wearing BA.

Answer 59

* Inform the IC immediately if fire door bolts are identified. * Ensure fire attack and search and rescue crews enter with charged lines of hose. * Identify alternative egress routes should a fire door bolt operate. If trapped by the activation of a fire bolt fire door with no alternative exit, send a Mayday message.

Answer 60

Known low concentrations of inert dust, such as those produced when cutting metal or wood. * Concrete, stone and masonry cutting operations where the work piece can be kept wet. * The particles, but not the gases such as CO, in bushfire smoke. * Contamination by body fluids.

Answer 61

The officer in charge of a fire station must ensure details of the following are recorded in a document (an occurrence book) kept at the fire station— (a) all events of significance relating to the operation of the fire station, (b) all other matters required by this regulation or the Commissioner’s directions to be recorded in the occurrence book.

Answer 62

Before responding: 1.Activate the emergency warning lights to indicate that the appliance is about to respond. 2.Check that everyone has their seat belt fastened. 3.Check your mirrors and ensure that the surrounding area is clear of people. 4.Only proceed when safe to do so.

Answer 63

The Commissioner may set or nominate an examination or assessment the Commissioner considers appropriate as a requirement for a firefighter’s promotion, transfer or appointment to a position.

Answer 64

No exemption from the Australian Road Rules and must observe the road rules applicable to all drivers.

Answer 65

The three basic principles for communication at incidents are: * to use the principles of ICS and ensure an effective span of control; * to establish a flow of information at all levels of the incident, without overwhelming the IC or ComCen with superfluous data; and * to ensure the safety of firefighters by using effective communication.

Answer 66

Drivers of Fire and Rescue NSW vehicles are permitted to travel in a bus, tram, transit or truck lane in the following situations: * when responding to a call of fire, hazardous materials incident or other emergency, or * when returning to station after proceeding to the scene of a fire call, hazardous materials incident or other emergency. At all other times, drivers of Fire and Rescue NSW vehicles must comply with the Australian Road Rules.

Answer 67

Examples of Emergency Response Team participation can include: * Specialist advice to the IC relating to hazards, industrial processes and installed fire systems. * Operation of valves and other industrial processes. * Fire attack under the control of NSWFB officers.

Answer 68

* Both the strategic and tactical levels scale back during de-escalation. Delegated functions are handed back to the IC. The IC may handover command to another officer. * Only the IC can release resources – resources must not leave without permission from the IC. * When possible, released resources should be rehabilitated before departure. * Before a crew leaves the hazard zone, crew commanders should, where possible, conduct a short ‘hot’ debrief. * If appropriate, when all FRNSW duties are complete, the IC should hand over the site to another agency or the owner. * When FRNSW involvement at the incident ends, the IC must inform FireCOM. * Command is only terminated when the last resource leaves the incident.

Answer 69

The Emergency Control Organisation may consist of the following people identified by coloured helmets, hats, caps, vests or tabards: * Chief warden, Deputy chief warden & Communications officer – White * Floor warden & Area wardens - Yellow * Wardens – Red * First aid officer - White cross on a green background

Answer 70

A Fire Control Room is usually at or below ground level. Features include: * a fire isolated room with a 2-hour fire rating and separate ventilation * two exit points, to the front of the building and directly into a fire exit * Fire Indicator Panel * Fire Fan Control Panel * Master Emergency Control Panel * controls for fire pumps * Security Alarm and Control Panels * telephone (direct line outside) * whiteboard, corkboard and plan table * Tactical Fire Plans (maps and schematics)

Answer 71

Standard numerical status codes; * 1 - Responding to an incident or move-up – should include a clarification when the appliance is travelling under normal road conditions. * 2 - Call off (sent by FireCOM). * 3 - On scene at incident or move-up station (state location/address). * 4 - Available for response. * 5 - Returned to station * 6 - Incident in Rural Fire District. * 7 Unavailable for response – state reason and transmit Code 4 immediately when available.

Answer 72

Before cutting any ISP, conduct a risk assessment. Important issues to consider include: * if there is sufficient time and resources available. * leaked refrigerant gas which may be pocketed behind panels or in ducting * electrical wiring or refrigerant gas pipes that may be located behind the panels * the potential to generate sparks that could ignite flammable refrigerant gas or ESP panel cores * Weakening of the structure when multiple panels are cut. * An increase in fire activity due to the introduction of air; Have a charged line of hose in place for protection before cutting ISPs. (Additional information contained in GSD Section 5)

Answer 73

Span of control – having an individual ideally supervise no more than 5 people (a 1:5 ratio).

Answer 74

Consider the "seven sides" of the fire: * front, * rear, * both sides, * top, * bottom and * inside.

Answer 75

If any defects are noted, advise the NSWFB Fire Safety Division to have the matter investigated. Do not initiate any action yourself.

Answer 76

Phonetic answers

Answer 77

NSW Police will determine which emergency service will send a Rescue unit to rescue incidents

Answer 78

On return to station; * 1. Have the firefighter shower and dress in clean clothing. * 2. Record the exposure in the Occurrence Book and in the eAIRS report. * 3. Ensure that Notification of Injury, Illness, Exposure or Near-Miss (NIIENM) form is completed.

Answer 79

“FOP - Firefighters, Others, Property.” FRNSW priorities guide the strategy and incident action plan (IAP) for the incident: * The first priority is the safety of firefighters. * The second priority is protecting saveable lives. * The third priority is protecting saveable property and the environment. Resources should not be committed to save what is already lost.

Answer 80

An acute or ongoing state of tiredness that leads to mental or physical exhaustion. In most cases, fatigue results from a lack of restorative rest or sleep

Answer 81

Some specific behaviours that destroy accountability are: With anyone at the incident * Failing to pre-deploy or stage. * Working outside the incident structure – ie freelancing. With the officer in command * Not showing leadership or command presence. * Splitting crews or removing supervisors from their subordinates. * Not developing and communicating the incident structure. With officers not in command * Tasking firefighters to undertake unauthorised activities – ie activities outside of the incident action plan. * Changing the incident structure – ie deploying firefighters, or poaching or adopting crews. * If of a higher rank than the IC, arriving and working outside the incident structure but not assuming formal command. In AIIMS terms, officers must not take actions that threaten unity of command.

Answer 82

* like all residents, must follow Fire Danger Rating instructions and their Bushfire Survival Plan * do not fight fires or enter bushland; they are only empowered to protect properties in their area of activity from spot fires and ember attack * are no different to other residents during a bushfire, and do not have any authority, responsibility or role in FRNSW bushfire operations * must obey instructions from FRNSW firefighters or other emergency service agencies to deactivate and/or evacuate * after the front has passed, can carry out mopping up on their area of activity, freeing up firefighters to respond to the moving fire front

Answer 83

Workers must not be in the workplace with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.02 grams or above of alcohol per 210 litres of breath.

Answer 84

Serious injury or death if medical assistance is not provided quickly.

Answer 85

Signs of impending collapse could include: − Cracks in walls or other support elements. − Displaced supporting columns, joists or beams. − Concrete spalling or falling debris. − Leaning or bulging walls. − Cracked or dropped supports over doors and windows. − Gaps between floors and walls. − Cracking sounds or other noises as the structure moves.

Answer 86

AFA-reported fire Use code 100 where an AFA call is to an actual fire – ie one which FRNSW has been alerted to by the activation of an AFA or manual call point. The IC must ensure that a detailed message is sent with the 100 code. The code is passed to eAIRS, but, on return to station, the eAIRS report needs to be updated to reflect the nature of the incident

Answer 87

* Lookouts – Fire crews must LOOKOUT and ensure that they have a clear appreciation of current fire behaviour, location and size of the fire in relation to crew location. * Awareness – Firefighters must be aware of what is happening around them, including: − the impact of changes in fire behaviour caused by variations to fuel, weather and topography − observation of smoke colour, direction and column − fire ground and urban hazards including the potential for falling rocks and trees − hydration of themselves and others. * Communications – All fire crews must maintain communication in accordance with the communications plan and ensure safety issues are discussed and addressed immediately. * Escape Routes – At least two escape routes should be agreed and made known to all relevant personnel. The suitability of escape routes should be reviewed continually to ensure they remain effective. * Safety Zones - Safety zones (refuge areas) should be identified and made known to all relevant firefighters. Firefighters need to consider escape time and safety zone size requirements, which may change as fire behaviour changes.

Answer 88

Fire danger Ratings; * Catastrophic FBI 100 + o Uncontrollable extremely fast and intense, spot fires 20 km. o No structure is guaranteed safe, lives may be lost * Extreme FBI: 50 – 99 o Uncontrollable, very fast and intense, spot fires 6 km. o Only prepared houses offer safety; house and life loss possible. * High FBI: 25 – 49 o Difficult to control, spot fires 2 km. o Housing may come under increased threat. * Moderate FBI: 12 – 24 o Controllable, spot fires very close and less likely. o Prepared houses offer good safety. * No rating FBI: 0 – 11 o Fires easily controllable, spot fires very unlikely.

Answer 89

Incidents must be effectively managed in order to: * Provide a safe working environment for those at the incident. * Effectively and efficiently control the incident. * Minimise the impact on life, property and the environment.

Answer 90

Offensive strategy FRNSW initiates offensive operations at bushfires. The factors that determine the success of an offensive operation are the location and size of the attack and support for the attacking crew. * Direct attack - is at the fire edge to extinguish or control the flames directly, eg applying water, smothering with foam or soil, beating, or starving of fuel by raking the fuel into the fire. This then becomes the established control line. * Parallel attack - is used to control the intensity of the fire. A fire line is constructed parallel to, and just far enough from the fire edge, to allow firefighters and equipment to work effectively away from heat and smoke. There are many factors that determine the distance from the edge including terrain; number of firefighters available; fire’s rate of spread; the fire’s intensity. * Indirect attack - involves falling back some distance from the fire perimeter – this could be up to a few kilometres at times – and burning back from a strong control line such as natural barriers, roads, tracks, firebreaks, or from trails or fire lines constructed. Where a fire is too intense for direct or parallel attack eg when flame height is greater than 3 metres, spotting is occurring, or the terrain is inaccessible to firefighters, the indirect method of control may be used. If the fire’s behaviour is too severe, an indirect attack may only be possible on the flanks of the fire. Defensive strategy * Line defence - is used when conditions would normally allow an offensive attack (eg the fire is not intense, weather conditions are favourable), but there are not enough resources to mount an offensive attack in time. It involves preventing the approaching line of fire from closely approaching the property. * Ember - is used when the approaching line of fire is too intense to be suppressed by offensive means and is producing significant ember attack. It involves extinguishing small fires that occur in and around buildings. Firefighters operate from safe positions behind suitable shielding from the main fire or pull back to a safer refuge, until the main fire front has passed. * Backstop - is used when there is no safe defensible space around buildings; the approaching fire is so intense that firefighters cannot safely protect the buildings. Firefighters withdraw temporarily a short distance away to suitable safe refuges, with the intention of coming back after the fire passes. Safeguarding strategy When offensive or defensive strategies are no longer viable with intense fires under the worst conditions, the actions during safeguarding strategy, while not fire suppression, warns, escorts (moves) and protects community members to ensure their safety.

Answer 91

Reporting Officer The officer in charge of the first arriving FRNSW appliance is the Reporting Officer in relation to the completion of the eAIRS report for each incident. The Reporting Officer is responsible for the accurate recording of the attendance of the first arriving crew, as well as actions taken, equipment used and observations. The task of completing the eAIRS report may be delegated to another member of the crew who attended the incident however the officer in charge of the first arriving appliance remains accountable for the incident report.

Answer 92

* Appropriate work to rest ratios based on environmental conditions. Increasing rest break durations as ambient temperature increases is warranted. * Firefighters should identify signs and symptoms which indicate need to slow, modify, or stop activity before medical emergency arises. * Adequate hydration before, during and after work can help. Maintaining blood volume is a key prevention strategy against developing heat exhaustion.

Answer 93

Status of bushfire The status of a bushfire is the degree to which it is under control. The following terminology is to be used in radio messages and sitreps to FireCOM. * Going - The fire is spreading on one or more flanks, and effective control strategies are not in place for the entire perimeter. * Being Controlled - Effective strategies are in operation or planned for the entire perimeter. * Contained - The entire perimeter is behind identifiable control lines. Mop up and patrol have started. * Patrol - Firefighting resources are only required for patrol purposes and major reignition is unlikely. * Out - The fire is totally blacked out and can be removed from the list of current fires.

Answer 94

* Move the individual to a cool/shaded area and remove excess clothing. * Cool the individual with fans, self-dousing, forearm immersion (Kore Kooler chairs) and apply cold packs to neck, groin, and armpits. * Elevate legs to promote blood return to heart. * Provide oral fluids for rehydration if fully conscious.

Answer 95

The strategy can only be: * Offensive – operating in close proximity to the hazards, or * Defensive – operating away from the hazards.

Answer 96

What is an Incident Action Plan? The IAP usually describes: * The risk assessment. * The strategy and objectives, including notes relating to critical factors * The incident structure, showing the resources being used or needed. * The layout of the incident (mud map). * Any other information relevant to resolve or control, such as incoming resources. * * tactics (deployment of crews and appliances); and. * (objectives - rescue, protect exposures, contain spread etc); (strategies -offensive, defensive, marginal); * * tasks (individual work assignments to crews and individuals).

Answer 97

Three factors that increase the risk of EHI in firefighters: 1. Vigorous work demands – the build-up of significant metabolic heat whilst working. 2. Wearing of PPC – inhibits the body’s ability to cool effectively. 3. Extreme environmental heat – including high atmospheric temperatures and high radiant heat.

Answer 98

The aim of decontamination is to ensure zero exposure for firefighters, with all contaminates removed and left at the incident, where possible. All PPE, including boots, require cleaning before leaving the incident.

Answer 99

Crossover passages between the tunnels are usually 120 metres apart and may be pressurised.

Answer 100

The role of FRNSW at incidents involving bomb threats or detonations is to: * Support NSW Police Force or the Australian Defence Force (ADF) by protecting life and property from the effects of fires or hazardous materials that may occur. * Act as the lead agency in urban search and rescue (USAR) operations, if required. * If requested, assist NSW Ambulance. The FRNSW Commander is responsible for the safety of all FRNSW personnel at the incident.

Answer 101

These include: * Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). * Extended duration breathing apparatus (EDBA): An SCBA set in twin cylinder configuration which allows firefighters to work for approximately twice the time as single cylinder SCBA. * Airline respirator: An extension facemask with an airline supplied from a source of compressed air. These sources include: o Air trolley breathing apparatus (ATBA): A mobile trolley with compressed air cylinders, a valve assembly and an airline connected to an extension facemask. o An independent SCBA set. o SCBA worn by a firefighter: An extension facemask and airline worn by a second person which is attached to the auxiliary connection of an SCBA or EDBA set worn by a firefighter.

Answer 102

Exposure: occurs when a harmful substance enters the body through a route (i.e. inhalation, ingestion, or dermal/ocular absorption). Exposure to a hazardous substance may create a risk of harm or illness.

Answer 103

The main considerations for protecting people at radiological incidents are: * Time – minimise the duration of exposure. * Distance – maximise the distance from the radiological source. * Shielding – maximise shielding between the radiological source and people.

Answer 104

Decontamination is the process of removing contaminants from people and equipment to prevent further injury and reduce the spread of the contaminant. * Standard decontamination is implemented where there is no life at risk. * Emergency decontamination is implemented where there is a life at risk (a person is rescued from the Hot Zone), or an immediate response is required due to an accidental contamination. * Mass decontamination is implemented in an unexpected and dangerous situation which must be dealt with immediately where a group of people are contaminated.

Answer 105

As far as practical, employ dust suppression tactics and leave ACM in situ for remediation by owner/occupier or responsible agency: * Minimise disturbance – ie restrict salvage and overhaul work. * Keep it lightly dampened down with fog spray. * Apply a bonding agent such as a foam blanket or coloured PVA/water mix. * Bag into marked asbestos containment bags. * Wrap or cover with salvage plastic sheeting.

Answer 106

3 Types of radiation: * Alpha, * beta, * Gamma rays and X-rays.

Answer 107

Flashover is a stage in the development of a fire in a room or compartment when the heat from the fire raises the temperature of all the room's contents to their ignition point simultaneously. The room becomes totally engulfed in flames.

Answer 108

ACM may be either friable or non-friable: * Friable - Any ACM that is in powder form, or that can be crumbled, pulverised, or reduced to powder by hand pressure when dry. Examples are loose-fill insulation, pipe lagging, and fire damaged ACM. * Non-friable - Previously known as bonded. Any ACM that is not friable, including materials containing asbestos fibres reinforced with a bonding compound. (Non-friable ACM that has been reduced to powder by fire or severe impact will become friable.) Examples include fibre cement sheeting (‘fibro’), corrugated or moulded fibre cement, and electrical switchboards.

Answer 109

The purpose of hydrant inspections is to: * ensure that hydrants work when needed * notify water authorities of problems with hydrants, and * familiarise crews with hydrants in their area.

Answer 110

Report as soon as possible any offer of an inappropriate gift or benefit to their manager/supervisor. With Professional Standards (PSB) by completing the ‘Gifts and Benefits Registration Form on the Professional Standards Gifts and Benefits intranet page’.

Answer 111

The Type 1 may be conducted at the scene following the incident, or informally upon return to the station (such as a mess room chat) or during the next shift if timing is an issue.

Answer 112

FRNSW – Respect, Integrity, Service, Courage. NSW Gov – Integrity, Service, Trust, Accountability. = Service & Integrity

Answer 113

If equipment or personal protective clothing fails at an incident or drill, and it is not a safety incident: * complete a NIIENMS form * notify the Manager Equipment Management Unit * quarantine the equipment or personal protective clothing. The Manager Equipment Management Unit will investigate the incident in consultation with the Health and Safety Branch and the equipment manager.

Answer 114

There are six main transmission routes: * Direct contact transmission with blood or body substances * Indirect contact transmission * Droplet transmission * Airborne transmission * Gastrointestinal transmission * Vector borne (Zoonotic) transmission

Answer 115

The risk of developing an asbestos-related disease is dependent on many factors, however the risk is known to be dependent on: * Concentration of exposure: Greater quantities of inhaled fibres will increase the likelihood of developing disease. * Duration of exposure: The longer the duration you are exposed, the greater the likelihood of developing disease. * Fibre characteristics: The type of fibres inhaled have an effect on the likelihood of developing disease. Shorter, straight fibres are more likely to be breathed deeper into the lungs. * Other exposures: Exposure to other hazardous materials may compound the likelihood of developing disease. For instance, people who have smoked have a much greater likelihood of developing an asbestos-related disease.

Answer 116

General functions of Commissioner (1) It is the duty of the Commissioner to take all practicable measures for preventing and extinguishing fires and protecting and saving life and property in case of fire in any fire district. (2) It is the duty of the Commissioner to take all practicable measures— (a) for protecting and saving life and property endangered by hazardous material incidents, and (b) for confining or ending such an incident, and (c) for rendering the site of such an incident safe. (3) The Commissioner is authorised to take measures anywhere in the State for protecting persons from injury or death and property from damage, whether or not fire or a hazardous material incident is involved and, in the case of a fire, it does not matter whether or not the persons are, or the property is, within a fire district.

Answer 117

The Fire Control Room (FCR) provides a safe location with building communications, control equipment and plans. The IC will establish a control point in the FCR or send a firefighter there to operate the equipment and liaise with wardens.

Answer 118

* Stage 1 - Residents removed from immediate danger – evacuated to an adjoining room or corridor * Stage 2 – FRNSW are likely to be involved from this stage - Residents removed from adjoining rooms and corridors, away from the emergency (fire, smoke, gas) – evacuated to an adjoining fire or smoke compartment, or another floor below the emergency. * Stage 3 - Residents completely evacuated from the building – evacuated to a nominated safe assembly area.

Answer 119

Safeguarding strategy is not fire suppression but can be used when defensive operations are not safe. Actions are to; * warn – tailored to the current situation and locality * move – support, assist and move, particularly vulnerable people to a safer location * protect – when moving to a safe location is impossible provide protection in whatever form necessary.

Answer 120

In some cases – mostly at larger structures and complexes – it may not be appropriate to turn off power to the entire structure, eg: * Industrial complexes – some processes may be difficult to shut down quickly * High-rise buildings – lights or lifts may be needed during evacuation of residents * Health care facilities – life-sustaining equipment may be in use.

Answer 121

Use heavy duty double sided tape to attach smoke alarms to surfaces.

Answer 122

The Suspicious Substance Matrix uses a colour coded classification system of RED, BLUE or GREEN which has been agreed to by FRNSW, NSWPF and NSWA, with; * RED indicating the highest assessed risk, * BLUE indicating a medium risk, and * GREEN the lowest. The colour code should prompt emergency service personnel to take appropriate response actions.

Answer 123

The Critical Incident Support Program (CISP) is a program which offers help to FRNSW employees affected by individual traumatic incidents or the cumulative effect of incidents over the course of their career.

Answer 124

22A Meaning of “sexual harassment” For the purposes of this Part, a person sexually harasses another person if; (a) the person makes an unwelcome sexual advance, or an unwelcome request for sexual favours, to the other person, or (b) the person engages in other unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature in relation to the other person, in circumstances in which a reasonable person, having regard to all the circumstances, would have anticipated that the other person would be offended, humiliated or intimidated.

Answer 125

Hazardous material incident means an actual or impending land-based spillage or other escape of hazardous material that causes or threatens to cause injury or death or damage to property.

Answer 126

The applicant must submit the form to their Station Commander or Supervisor at least 24 hours in advance.

Answer 127

FRNSW-owned or leased workplaces are to be inspected by 31 May each year

Answer 128

Re-setting of the alarm will only be carried out by FRNSW.

Answer 129

Standby mode - Activation mode – Deactivation mode –

Answer 130

The priorities are to: * evacuate unnecessary persons; * cool flame impinged on heated tanks and cylinders; * control leaks by closing appropriate valves; and * extinguish fires external to the tank causing flame impingement or heating.

Answer 131

Every workplace should have a prominently displayed Health & Safety Notice Board with the following documents: * SIRA Poster - If you get injured at work * Commissioner's Safety Statement * Safety and Wellbeing Plan * FRNSW Return to Work Policy and Program Summary * Workplace Evacuation Diagrams * WHS Issue Resolution Flowchart * Guide - NIIENM Submission Workflow * Safety information and Contacts * Safety Representatives Template * First Aid Officers Template (not necessary for stations) * Fire Warden Template (not necessary for stations)

Answer 132

A firefighter— (a) must take care of all articles of uniform and personal equipment issued to the firefighter, and (b) may be required to meet the replacement cost of an article of uniform or equipment damaged or lost through the firefighter’s negligence.

Answer 133

Firefighters should consider that: * intruders may still be in the building; * a real fire may have set off motion detectors and activated the smoke screen device.

Answer 134

An employee cannot be directed to perform more than twelve (12) Outduties in any Calendar year, unless the employee is a Leading Station Officer who is performing higher duties pursuant to clause 23.

Answer 135

When dealing with fires at bulk solids storage facilities: *Monitoring of firefighting water run-off. *Preventing run-off from entering water sources. *Where smoke plumes affect populated areas, evacuation of the affected areas.

Answer 136

This is the answer for alarm response part of the question * 6 pumps * 1 pump for RIT * 1 Rescue * 1 Aerial * 1 Hazmat * LSV * 2 Duty Commanders * ICV

Answer 137

There are three types of CFU members: Operational members, Operational members are trained in the safe use of supplied equipment to: * Prepare and protect their home and other properties in their area of activity from spot fires and ember attack in accordance with ‘Prepare. Act. Survive.’ strategies. * Assist with mop up in their area of activity after the fire front passes, releasing fire services to respond to the fire front. Associate members - Associate members are not trained in equipment use. Instead, they provide the following support functions to the CFU team: * Monitor public warnings on bushfire activity and relay information to the team. * Patrol the area of activity, to alert operational members to outbreaks of spot fires and ember attacks. * Pass information between operational members, and other communication tasks. * Assist in the coordination of food and drink supplies for CFU members. * Provide appropriate first aid where trained. Cadet members who are aged 16 or 17. - trained in safe equipment use may act as operational members; otherwise they act as associate members.

Answer 138

The risks of working in a confined space include: * Loss of consciousness, impairment, injury, or death due to the immediate effects of airborne contaminants. * Fire or explosion from the ignition of flammable contaminants. * Difficulty rescuing and treating an injured or unconscious person. * Asphyxiation resulting from oxygen deficiency or immersion in a free-flowing material, such as grain, sand, fertiliser, water or other liquids.

Answer 139

Hazard; Anything with potential to harm (Can be an object or a task). Risk; The harm that may occur to a person exposed to a hazard

Answer 140

If Scania P320 pumpers are continually activating the ESP system, they are travelling too quickly for the road conditions and must alter their driving behaviour.

Answer 141

* The age and condition of the hose. * The number of holes previously patched. * The type of damage: is the hose blown, grazed or burnt? * The size and location of the hole. The largest hole that can be patched is 8 mm by 8 mm. If the hole is larger than this, condemn the hose. This will save courier costs and assessment fees. * The number of holes requiring patching at any one time. * If the hose can be repaired by shortening the hose rather than repairing the hole. (Thirty metre hose only: after repair, the hose must be a minimum of 25 metres long. Do not shorten 10 metre or 45 metre hose.) * After repair, a hose must have a maximum of four repaired holes.

Answer 142

* Accuracy * Usefulness * Timeliness * Security

Answer 143

The Safety Officer’s role is to: * Identify unsafe conditions or operations and report these to the IC (or Operations Officer if in place). * Communicate with commanders, to identify safety concerns and the control measures implemented. * Assist the IC to complete the operational risk assessment and the risk assessment * Confirm that all utilities are identified and rendered safe. * Confirm that all those at the incident are aware of the location of the hazard zone, any exclusion zones, and any other designated areas. * Request the appointment of additional Safety Officers if needed. * Maintain awareness of the incident communications plan and incident action plan

Answer 144

*you are on a steep slope with fire below you *you are approaching a fire burning slowly downslope from across a steep gully *you are immediately downwind of a large fire *spot fires start to fall in the area around you. This situation is critical. *you have heavy fuels between you and the fire edge *you are in an area where there are fine suspended fuels extending some height above the ground.

Answer 145

31 Security on fire duty and watch duty A firefighter on fire duty or watch duty at the site of a fire, hazardous material incident or other emergency must— (a) ensure a person does not enter, or interfere with or remove goods from, premises at the site unless the person establishes the person’s identity and authority to do so, and (b) if a person unlawfully enters, or interferes with or removes goods from, premises at the site—report the person to the officer in charge at the site

Answer 146

Fast attack enables the IC to: * More fully size up the incident. * Directly supervise the crew. * Assist the crew with task level work if needed. * Take advantage of the limited window of opportunity available while the incident is in its early stages.

Answer 147

Advice – A fire has started. There is no immediate danger. Stay up to date in case the situation changes. Watch and Act – There is a heightened level of threat. Conditions are changing, and you need to start taking action now to protect you and your family. Emergency Warning – An Emergency Warning is the highest level of Bushfire Alert. You may be in danger and need to act immediately. Any delay now puts your life at risk.

Answer 148

The initial action required in the event of a dangerous substance. 1st Digit in code; Firefighting media 2nd Digit in code; 8 different codes used to indicate an answer to 3 question: 1- Reactivity? 2- Level of PPE? 3- Dilute or contain? 3rd digit in code Special code – E. Consider evacuation.

Answer 149

144 hours on full pay in any one year.

Answer 150

Escape As a priority, remove yourself and others from close proximity to the offender/s or areas they might reasonably access. Consider removing or leaving cumbersome equipment so you can move quickly. If it is safe to do so, snatch and grab as many casualties as possible when exiting. Do not stop to provide first aid. Hide If you don’t believe you can safely escape, consider sheltering in place. Mute all communications equipment, including private mobile phones, so as not to give away your hiding place. Do not turn off phones as text messaging may be used to update you on the situation. Constantly re-assess the situation and your options, based on the best available information. Tell The more information you can pass on to FireCOM or the Police, the better, but never at the risk of your own safety or the safety of others.

Answer 151

1. Maintenance Calendar 2. Inventory 3. Seals 4. Defect sheets 5. Appliance recommended Practices 6. Sims Worksheets

Answer 152

At least every 4 Hours. Regular breaks should be taken away from physically or mentally demanding tasks. As a guide, a break from these tasks should be taken at least every four hours.

Answer 153

A petrochemical is a hazardous chemical substance derived by refining or processing crude oil, or blending other liquids. Petrochemicals include diesel, benzene, petrol, heavy fuel oils, and alcohol-based and kerosene-based fuels.

Answer 154

* Water must be present * The oil must contain free carbon (boilover only occurs with heavy fuel oils) * The burning oil must produce a heat wave * The oil must be viscous enough to form a froth when the heat wave hits the water and turns the water into steam.

Answer 155

Decontamination is the process of removing contaminants from people and equipment to prevent further injury and reduce the spread of the contaminant

Answer 156

* Do not engage in firefighting under high voltage power lines. * Keep people and vehicles a minimum of 25 metres clear of a fire burning under or near power lines. * Mopping up can proceed once fire front has passed still adhering to above safe distances, and only hitting low spot fires (below 2m), keeping hose stream out of smoke columns and away from trees or shrubs in power line easement. * If crossing a power line easement, ensure that there is adequate clearance between the highest point of the vehicle (including aerials) and the power lines. The clearance varies between 3 and 8 metres depending on the voltage of the power lines. Avoid areas with tall vegetation under power lines.

Answer 157

* for managing your inspections of operational equipment and appliances. * SIMS consists of a set of worksheets for equipment and appliances. Inspection schedules are guided by the SIMS calendar for your appliance type.

Answer 158

* Decontamination Officer: Establishes the decontamination corridor, manages the decontamination team, debriefs crews exiting the Hot Zone, provides updates to the IC, and records exposures and potential exposures. * Wash Operator: Manages the dirty area, directs people about to be decontaminated, decontaminates people, inspects decontaminated people, and manages extension airline for crews being decontaminated. * Wash Assistant: Assists and relieves Wash Operator, monitors auxiliary air supply and directs decontaminated people to the disrobe area. * Disrobe Assistant: Manages disrobe area, assists with the removal of PPE, bags and tags PPE, and provides water for rehydration. * Pump Operator: Manages pump, ensures water supply, and provides BA Control for decontamination team.

Answer 159

At permanently manned stations, each firefighter conducts a pre-operational check of their own breathing apparatus at the commencement of each shift.

Answer 160

flammable matter includes— (a) any substance capable of ignition or combustion by the application of heat, by means of sparks or spontaneously, & (b) any substance prescribed as flammable for the purposes of this definition.

Answer 161

Some of the possible signs of use of accelerant are: * characteristic burn pattern, * indication of fire trailers, * rapid fire development inconsistent with available combustible materials, * unusual odours, or * damage to building consistent with a vapour explosion.

Answer 162

If you discover a fault, complete the SIMS defect report and post it on the SIMS board in the station. Make sure your Station Commander is aware of the fault.

Answer 163

A personnel accountability report (PAR) is a report between the IC and any commander that seeks to find out if all resources assigned to the commander can be accounted for. It is generally a radio report, but does not have to be.

Answer 164

"Relieving Employee" means an employee serving at a station while not being permanently attached to any one station.

Answer 165

* Incident details. * Details of the hazard and/or risk, including its location. It may be necessary to state both the hazard and risk if the relationship is clear. * Control measures that are planned or in place, an indication of when the control measures were actioned (ie implemented), and when the control measures were reviewed.

Answer 166

Proceed under normal road conditions to the reptile retrieval site, unless there is an immediate threat to life.

Answer 167

Pre-deployment allows the IC to deploy resources into the incident in an orderly fashion, giving the IC much needed mental space to task and deploy crews into the right location, doing the right things.

Answer 168

Staging is the act of reporting to a designated Staging area somewhere near the incident and waiting until deployed into the incident. The Staging area is a non-hazard zone sector of the incident.

Answer 169

15 Use of water etc The officer in charge at a fire or hazardous material incident may, for the purpose of extinguishing or controlling a fire or confining or ending the incident or rendering the site of the incident safe, without payment— (a) take and use any water from any source on any land, and (b) cause water to flow into or be shut off from any main or pipe.

Answer 170

“All Clear” - Search and rescue have been completed and the Incident Controller is satisfied that all occupants have been accounted for.

Answer 171

* Such absences may not exceed 4 separate occasions in any calendar year, where an ‘occasion’ shall be a shift or part of a shift * Such absences may not be taken on consecutive days; and * Such absences may not be taken on public holidays; and * Such absences may not be taken in relation to any matter that may be covered by workers’ compensation.

Answer 172

All Altair 5Xs detect: * 02 oxygen (O2) percentage of the atmosphere * CO combined: carbon monoxide (CO), in parts per million and * H2S hydrogen sulphide (H2S), in parts per million * LELs combustible gases and some combustible vapours as a percentage of the lower explosive limit (LEL).

Answer 173

All employees are responsible for: * Creating a culturally safe workplace environment which is free from discrimination and everyone is valued and treated with respect; * Working collaboratively to recognise and appreciate equity, diversity and inclusion; * Identifying and addressing any form of discrimination in the workplace.

Answer 174

* Should be far enough away from the incident to avoid traffic congestion * Within radio range * Large enough to position a number of appliances EG carpark * Ideally within walking distance of incident

Answer 175

Career development * Operational Capability (skills and qualifications development) * Compassionate issues / staff welfare * Location based transfer * Performance / Disciplinary

Answer 176

A strong command presence means that a commander provides effective leadership and direction and is recognised as the commander. All levels of commander, including the IC, should have a strong command presence.

Answer 177

ISPs, especially those with EPS cores, create an extremely hazardous environment for firefighters and may force adoption of a defensive strategy at an early stage, for the following reasons: * 1. EPS melts and flows like a liquid. It is highly flammable, inducing rapid fire spread, which is undetectable with thermal imaging cameras (due to the insulating properties of the panels) and can spread to areas remote from the fire origin. * 2. Panel delamination, where the hot metal panel skins bow and open up, rapidly increases the rate of fire spread, which heats the ceiling void, creates secondary pool fires from melted EPS, and causes panels to collapse. * 3. There is an increased risk of flashover and backdraught. * 4. Large volumes of toxic, thick, black, acrid smoke are produced. * 5. Sudden, loss of structural integrity may cause substantial building collapse.

Answer 178

Critical factors are a set of elements that can be managed or considered at one time by the IC. Generally they are elements that, if not dealt with rapidly, cause expansion of the incident, or a threat to firefighters or others.

Answer 179

Critical factors fall into two broad categories: * Variable – elements that allow for some form of task level action. For example, a room fire can be managed by tasking a crew to attack, contain and extinguish the fire. * Fixed – elements that cannot be changed but will need to be considered when developing the incident action plan. For example, a large and complex building layout may need to be considered, but cannot be changed.

Answer 180

* Conduct atmospheric monitoring with a four head gas detector for LELs to detect if hydrogen is leaking. * Use a thermal imaging camera (TIC) to identify if hydrogen fire is present. * Conduct thermal checks on the battery using a TIC to determine whether thermal runaway may be occurring within the lithium-ion battery. Increasing temperature is an indication that a thermal runaway event may be occurring. If so, use a hose stream to cool. * Establish an exclusion zone (minimum 15 m) around any hydrogen FCEV incident.

Answer 181

A Code 6 must be transmitted: * Immediately it becomes apparent to the Officer-in-Charge (OIC) of an FRNSW appliance that they have received a call to an incident located within a Rural Fire District, or * With the Code 1 (responding) message if it is known at the time of the call that the incident is in a Rural Fire District.

Answer 182

A 360 degree size up is a rapid walk around the incident (360 degrees if possible) to observe the incident from all sides, and perhaps see critical factors not visible from the vehicle.

Answer 183

12 Investigation of reported fires and hazardous material incidents (1) The officer in charge may, with or without members of a fire brigade, enter any place— (b) in respect of which a report of a hazardous material incident has been made to ascertain whether there is any hazardous material at the place that is, or is about to be, the subject of a hazardous material incident. (2) Reasonable force, whether by breaking down gates or fences or breaking open doors or otherwise, may be used to gain entry. 13 General powers of officers at fires and hazardous material incidents (1A) At the site of a hazardous material incident, the officer in charge— (a) may take such measures as the officer thinks proper for the protection and saving of life and property, for confining and ending the incident and for rendering the site safe, and (b) is to control and direct the operations of any fire brigade. The site is taken to be such area in the vicinity of the incident as is for the time being determined by the officer in charge.

Answer 184

Straight Talk Protocol- Straight Talk is a tool that will help employees to communicate clearly when addressing difficult topics. It takes a simple and structured approach to preparing for and having difficult conversations. It consists of six easy steps that help us say what we need to say and listen to what others need to say – all without falling into the trap of unprofessional or disrespectful behaviour.

Answer 185

Command is only terminated when the last resource leaves the incident.

Answer 186

Employee Assistance Program

Answer 187

The IC can only deal with 3-7 critical factors at any one time. If there are more than this, consider expanding the incident structure so that delegation can occur. * Collecting and evaluating information may start before arriving on scene. * Critical factors must be communicated to FireCOM. * Critical factors may change rapidly as the incident evolves. The IAP must be modified as critical factors change. * Situation evaluation only ends when command is terminated.

Answer 188

* TICs are not intrinsically safe. Do not use these tools in potentially flammable atmospheres. * If there is a possibility a flammable atmosphere exists, use a gas detector to monitor lower explosive limit (LEL). If an LEL reading greater than zero is obtained, the TIC must be removed from the Hot Zone

Answer 189

The IAP is developed to manage the incident. An Incident Action Plan (IAP) describes, at any point in time, the risk assessment, strategy and objectives, incident structure, incident layout, and other relevant information. It is used to manage the incident. The IAP usually describes: * The risk assessment. * The strategy and objectives, including notes relating to critical factors. * The incident structure, showing the resources being used or needed. * The layout of the incident (mud map). * Any other information relevant to resolve or control, such as incoming resources.

Answer 190

Confirmation of address. Conditions: * Brief description of the incident; * obvious critical factors including hazards. Actions: * Initial incident action plan (IAP); * assumption of command and naming of incident; * strategy. Needs: * Increase of alarm level as per the Alarm Response Protocol (ARP), or, in areas where this does not operate, request for particular resources as per local arrangements (FireCOM will confirm the availability of requested resources).

Answer 191

The terms are defined in terms of hose lay as follows: * Small – One hose lay can cover the entire structure. * Medium – One hose lay can cover 75% of the structure. * Large – One hose lay will cover 50% of the structure. * Very large – One hose lay will cover 25% of the structure. * Mega – One hose lay will cover 10% of the structure. Hose lay is considered to be 50 metres

Answer 192

Any member of the crews participating in the activity can complete the report, provided that they have direct knowledge of the information they are submitting

Answer 193

Each employee must complete annual Cyber Security Awareness Training, which will provide the knowledge to help employees fulfil these responsibilities

Answer 194

There are two types of broad area prescribed burns - simple and complex. * ‘simple’ prescribed burn is characterised by low risk, low intensity, small area, low potential impact on assets, completion in one shift and minimal variation of fuel and terrain. * ‘complex’ prescribed burn is characterised by moderate to high risk, a range of fire intensity, medium to large areas, significant potential impact on assets and involve a variety of fuels and terrain.

Answer 195

Pile burns may be carried out by FRNSW to dispose of vegetation resulting from the following activities: * removal of bushfire fuels * bush regeneration/weed removal from authorised activities eg Landcare on behalf of local council * agricultural activities.

Answer 196

Burning is not permitted in a fire district on days when: * there is a total fire ban (TOBAN) * the EPA has issued a No-Burn Notice (unless prior exemption has been granted) * the Fire Behaviour Index (FBI) is greater than 23** **The RFS allows burning on days with FBI greater than 23. If FRNSW is assisting RFS with a prescribed burn, they may be required to continue assisting on these days.

Answer 197

Unauthorised equipment is any item which is purchased, introduced, or used within an FRNSW workplace that has not first met the requirements of the Procurement Manual. This includes equipment which has not been obtained via the Electronic Supply Catalogue (ESCAT) or through an approved Request Purchase Order (RPO)

Answer 198

Review and revision helps answers the following questions: * Are the objectives of the IAP being achieved? * Are the strategy and tactics employed safe? * Are the tactics effective?

Answer 199

Generally, unsatisfactory performance means not undertaking required tasks, or meeting timeframes or expected or required standards of work.

Answer 200

Contacting building owner/manager in consultation with the manager or occupier to ensure the information is accurate.

Answer 201

* Inwards Adze Roll * Outwards Adze (Drive & Steer) * Fork Drive

Answer 202

* Size up - Assess how urgent the situation is. If it is not time critical, consider passive ways of making entry- Through a window, wait for keys etc. Conduct 360 of premises, trying all windows and doors. * Gap- Usually starting with the Adze blade, work the tool between the door and door stop or door frame to create a workable gap. * Set - With a gap established between the door and frame (a wedge may be required), manoeuvre tool to complete the forced entry * Force - Final action to defeat the lock. Using the mechanical advantage leverage of the tool to complete the spread * Control -Open the door in such a way so as not to have an adverse effect on the situation. Use Adze on Halligan to hook the back of the door to pull closed.

Answer 203

The Golden Rule: * FIRE ATTACK crew never ignores a casualty,

Answer 204

* The PRIMARY SEARCH is rapid and systematic, usually carried out simultaneously with fire attack, if fire conditions and crew response allow. * A SECONDARY SEARCH is more thorough and methodical, undertaken to confirm casualties have not been missed. The secondary search is often conducted once Fire control has been achieved and at times can be done simultaneously with ventilation.

Answer 205

The terms withdraw and abandon are used by the IC to indicate to crews the urgency required to move from offensive to a defensive strategy. * Withdraw – this indicates that firefighters have enough time to exit the structure or the position they are working in, with all their equipment, in a controlled manner. * Abandon – this indicates that there is an immediate threat to firefighter lives and the firefighters must exit the structure or position they are working in immediately and only bring equipment with them if it will not compromise their safety.

Answer 206

* Worsening fire/smoke conditions * Signs of structural collapse * Previously unknown hazards e.g. Acetylene * Emergency Radio Message signaling: o Loss of PAR o Change to a Defensive Strategy via an order from the I.C. to Withdraw or Abandon

Answer 207

If the TIC needs to be handed between members of firefighting or search and rescue teams then it is safest to do so around the side of the body of the front firefighter and not over the shoulder.

Answer 208

It uses the appliances bulk and visibility to form a physical barrier protecting FRNSW personnel, other emergency services and patients from oncoming traffic.

Answer 209

Warning gear includes: * Eflare or strobe kit, * the Hazard Ahead sign, * barrier and hazmat Hot Zone tape, * witch’s hats, and * breakdown road triangles.

Answer 210

Monthly – by firefighter’s inspection & test All extinguishers are inspected and serviced by a competent person six monthly, annually and five yearly (AS 1851)

Answer 211

The Firefighter Down Mayday Drag.

Answer 212

Observe the patient until the ambulance arrives. * Assume an unconscious patient wants assistance. * If a patient previously refusing treatment loses consciousness, treat them.

Answer 213

* Staging * Operations – including sectors, groups or divisions * Intelligence * Rehabilitation * Public information * Planning * Logistics * Finance

Answer 214

Whenever working on or near roadways, firefighters must wear a high visibility torso garment and high visibility trousers as shown below. Firefighters must comply with SOG 13.2 * Structural Firefighting Coat * Multi-Purpose Jacket * High Vis Vest * High Vis Raincoat * Structural Firefighting Trousers * Duty wear Trousers

Answer 215

Face-to-face is the most effective form of communication and is the preferred method of communication.

Answer 216

11.4.1 Where the NSWFB is requested to assist the NSW RFS at a structure fire in a rural Fire District, the senior officer from the NSW RFS present at the fire will be the Incident Controller.

Answer 217

* The maximum number of persons permitted on the ladder at any time is two. * Exercise care when ascending and descending ladders. * Firefighters climbing the ladder must ensure they have 3 points of contact on the ladder. A point of contact is either a hand holding a rung, or a foot firmly placed on a rung. * An firefighter must always foot the ladder by standing on the anti-slip feet and holding either the rungs or the handles when anybody is on the ladder. * Maintain a working angle of 4:1. For every 4 metres the head of the ladder extends up the wall, the base of the ladder must be a metre from the wall. If the head extends 8 metres up the wall, the base must be 2 metres from the wall, etc.

Answer 218

* Level 1 Rehab – recommended for small incidents not requiring the response of a specialist incident ground rehabilitation capability. * Level 2 Rehab – recommended for: - long duration incidents - in circumstances where crew rotation is limited - hot and dry, or cold and wet, conditions - where working conditions are arduous - where breathing apparatus usage and rotation is high, or - where conditions are such that specialist incident ground rehabilitation capabilities are required.

Answer 219

FRNSW manages the safety of firefighters at incidents by providing training and doctrine that lays out safe working practices.

Answer 220

* 1 Strategic, * 2 Tactical, & * 3 Task.

Answer 221

The short term exposure limit (STEL) is the maximum concentration of a substance to which a worker may be exposed for no more than 15 minutes, 4 times a day over an 8 hour day with 60 minutes between exposures.

Answer 222

Incident Safety Worksheet

Answer 223

Illicit labs may be categorised as: * Active lab * Inactive lab * Stored lab or ‘a boxed lab’ * Used site * Hydroponics site (generally marijuana plants)

Answer 224

uninterruptible power supply,

Answer 225

Fire and Rescue NSW defines an illicit lab as any site that is used for unauthorised storage, processing or manufacturing of illicit substances, including drugs, chemicals, explosives, biological and radiological substances.

Answer 226

Unless there is an immediate risk to life, DO NOT: * engage with occupants * enter any site if you suspect it to be an illicit drugs laboratory. If you find yourself in a what you believe to be an illicit lab, DO NOT: * use phones/radios until clear of site * turn on/off any lights or electrical appliances or remove power sources to the premises * touch, smell, remove or tamper with anything * allow persons to re-enter site. Leave the site immediately and try to remember everything you have seen.

Answer 227

Station Commanders

Answer 228

Annual occupational health and safety inspections of all fire stations and workplaces aim to: * reduce the number of accidents by identifying hazards * remove potential hazards * provide an ongoing assessment of the health and safety of workplaces * develop and promote safe working environments and practices.

Answer 229

Pre incident planning (PIP) is a tool firefighters can use to protect themselves and the community by gathering and compiling information about high risk occupancies that will assist them to reduce the impact of emergency incidents that may occur.

Answer 230

Incident Controllers must follow the procedures below when handing over control at the conclusion of an incident: 1. Seek out a responsible person, who may be the owner, occupier, agent or representative of the owner or occupier, or the person in charge of the site, and advise them that Fire and Rescue NSW believes the incident to be under control and is preparing to leave the scene. 2. Request that the person accept responsibility for the building, vehicle, vessel or property. 3. Fill in the Site handover form (see page 95) in accordance with the instructions on the pad, and ensure that the original and the copy are signed by both the Incident Controller and the person accepting responsibility. 4. Send a message to the Communication Centre advising that control has been passed to another person or entity, so that there is a time-logged record. 5. Advise the senior Police Officer on scene, if any, that Fire and Rescue NSW has transferred control, and to whom. 6. Where there is nobody to pass control to, ensure as far as practicable that the scene and any property is secured, or that appropriate arrangements are in place to safeguard it. Request the attendance of the Police if necessary. 7. Include details of the person or entity to whom control was passed in the AIRS report together with the precise time of handover.

Answer 231

The Site handover form is used to capture relevant information when transferring responsibility for an incident site from Fire and Rescue NSW to another party in accordance with the policy on Transfer of control after incidents on page 95. This includes information on hazards that could be encountered at the site, and recommendations on safety precautions.

Answer 232

The NSW SES is the legislated combat agency for flood, storm and tsunami. The NSW SES has the authority to request any asset or resource, public or private, whether accredited, trained or not, to assist in flood operations, as referenced in the State Flood Plan.

Answer 233

29 Duties of other persons at the workplace A person at a workplace (whether or not the person has another duty under this Part) must— (a) take reasonable care for his or her own health and safety, and (b) take reasonable care that his or her acts or omissions do not adversely affect the health and safety of other persons, and (c) comply, so far as the person is reasonably able, with any reasonable instruction that is given by the person conducting the business or undertaking to allow the person conducting the business or undertaking to comply with this Act.

Answer 234

300 m from sides and 900 m from ends of tanks

Answer 235

All staff are responsible for: *reading and following instructions and guidelines in Safety and OperationsBulletins that relate to them or their workplace *undertaking any actions required of them by a Safety or Operations Bulletin *discussing with their supervisor any aspects of the bulletin they do not clearly understand.

Answer 236

46 False alarms—the Act, s 42(1)(e) For the Act, section 42(1)(e), the charge prescribed is $1,600 if— (a) the false alarm resulted from the activation of the alarm other than during a test of which prior notice was given to a fire brigade officer and that the Commissioner is satisfied was properly carried out, and (b) it is the second or subsequent occasion of a false alarm by the alarm, in circumstances specified in paragraph (a), during a period of 60 days.

Answer 237

18 Damage or misuse of departmental property A firefighter must not— (a) wilfully or negligently damage departmental property, or (b) fail to promptly report damage to departmental property, regardless of how the damage was caused, or (c) use departmental property for an unauthorised purpose, or (d) engage, whether directly or indirectly, in unauthorised use of departmental property.

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