Recap from first year - phylogenetic trees & chracterisitcs of organisms, Cnidaria and Ctenophora

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

all processes in your body anabolic and catabolic pathways.

Question 2

Characterisitc of Living Organisms (animals)

Answer 2

1) Metabolism
2) Responsiveness
3) Movement
4) Growth
5) Differentiation
6) Reproduction
7) Respiration

Question 3

Responsiveness

Answer 3

stimulus to your environment

Question 4

Movement

Answer 4

ability to to respond to stimuli

Question 5

Growth

Answer 5

increase in size and complexity

Question 6

Differentiation

Answer 6

ability to have specialised functions

Question 7

Reproduction

Answer 7

animals reproduce to from new off spring sexually with gametes and asexually

Question 8

Respiration

Answer 8

exchange of gases over a surface

Question 9

Arrangement of Eumetazoa

Answer 9

Cells (protista)
Tissues (diploblastic taxa)
Organ (triploblastic taxa)
Organism (animal)

Question 10

What are the Basic Classification Levels?
(heirarchy)

All PHYLA are monophyletic
The non-monophyly fall in Classes - some of the classes can be non-monophyletic.
Non-monophyletic = di/paraphyletic or polyphyletic

Answer 10

K1ingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 11

What is a Sub Species?

Answer 11

Geographically separated species, that evolved over time. Generally the genetics are the same

Question 12

Eumetazoa recognition of animals

Answer 12

Symmetry (bilateral/ radial)
Body cavity (GVC / Coelomate / acoeleomate / pseudocoelomate)
Protosome or Deutrosome
Germ Layers (2 or 3)

Question 13

What are the different kinds of animalian Symmetry?

Answer 13

Radial -
Bilateral - mirror image and cephilisation. not all animals here a triploblastic can also be radially symmetrical.

Question 14

What is a Protostome?

Answer 14

Mouth Forms first
Coelom forms
Spiral cleavage
Polar lobe formation in some
Mollusca, Annelida, Anthropoda

Question 15

What is a Deuterostome?

Answer 15

Anus forms first
Entrocoel
Radial Cleavage absent
Echinodermata, Chordata

Question 16

Homology

Answer 16

Traits from a common ancestor

Question 17

Pleisiomorphy

Answer 17

a primitive character

Question 18

Synapomorphy

Answer 18

a shared derived character
(usually in phylogenetic tree reconstruction)

Question 19

What is a character?

Answer 19

Derived from:
* morphology
* anatomy
* ecology
* DNA
* RNA

Question 20

Apomorphy

Answer 20

a derived character

Question 21

Autapomorphy

Answer 21

a derived character present in one group

Question 22

Sympleisiomorphy

Answer 22

a shared primitive character

Question 23

Clade

Answer 23

when groups share recent ancestor they form group

Question 24

What is a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 24

Trees are hypothesis – no absolutely correct or incorrect tree - no one can see the past or how species evolved with certainty

Question 25

Node

Answer 25

point of branching

Question 26

Monophyly

Answer 26

a single origin

Question 27

Polyphyletic

Answer 27

multiple origins 3 clades.

Question 28

Di/paraphyletic

Answer 28

2 clades with the same class.

Question 29

Cladogenesis

Answer 29

formation of a new clade

Question 30

Ingroup

Answer 30

group under study

Question 31

What is an outgroup?

Answer 31

A group that is the closes living ancestor to the ingroup and used to polarize ingroup characters.

Question 32

Nodes on phylogenetic trees are statistically underscored using...

Answer 32

* **Bootstrapping** -random resampling event * Bremer support * Posterior Probability * **Jackknifing**

Question 33

What does bootsraping, and posterioir probability mean?

Answer 33

Statistical Bootstrapping >75% PP >0.95

Question 34

How to read the tree topology? ## Footnote be able to clarify these for tests

Answer 34

* Which groups are monophyletic * Which groups are non-monophyletic (diphyletic, paraphyletic or polyphyletic) * Which groups are sister taxons ## Footnote Some are more closely related to plants then animals.Protista as well as the Porifera are non-monophyletic.

Question 35

General chracteristic of porozoa?

Answer 35

1. Eukaryotic and unicellular 2. Lack collagen and chitinous cell walls 3. mostly non photosynthetic 4. Paraphyletic group 5. structures used in locomotion is used in taxonomy – flagella, cilia, pseudopodia (forms from ecto and endoplasm in ameboid) and the absence of locomotory structure

Question 36

Phyla Ciliophora

Answer 36

Body externally ciliated in at least some part of life cucle At least one micronucleus and macronucleus

Question 37

Phyla Dinoflagellate

Answer 37

Species bear at least two distinct flagella Specimens covered by cellulose plate

Question 38

Phylum Sporozoa

Answer 38

Disease causing in higher animals

Question 39

Phylum Granuloreticulosa

Answer 39

Pseudopodia

Question 40

Phylum Radiozoa

Answer 40

Body divided into distinct intracapsular and extracapsular zones

Question 41

Phylum Heliozoa

Answer 41

Body divided into distinct inner and outer regions but the regiojs are not separated by any physical boundaries

Question 42

General characteristics of Porifera?

Answer 42

1. Simple unicellular animals 2. 20% freshwater – 80% marine – filter feeders 3. Lacks tissue 4. No nerves and musculature 5. Simple reproduction – digestion and excretion 6. Amorphous structure 7 .limited cellular specialization 8 .Empty cavity called a spongocoel 9. Flagellated cells called choanocytes function to generate currents and captures small food particles and are stem cell like 10. Mesophyl supported by spongin fibers, elastin, collagen, and spicules

Question 43

Basic taxonomy

Answer 43

Class Calcarea – spicules made of calcium carbonate, generally marine Class Demospongia – 90% of all sponges, spongin fibers and silica comprise body Class Hexactinellida – six sided spicules of silica, glass sponges

Question 44

Diploblastic animals

Answer 44

consists of 2 pylas: Cnidarians Ctenophora These phyla are both monophyletic but they are not sister groups.

Question 45

Cnidarians

Answer 45

indeterminate cleavage with canals Nematocycts Gonochoristic Muscles in gastroderm mono-ciliated 4-classes one fresh water group Polyps and medusa Pelagic and demersal Biorefracts light

Question 46

Ctenophora

Answer 46

Determinate cleavage Digestive system with canals colloblasts- slime cells hermaphroditic muscles in mesoglea multi-ciliated 2 classe all marine, Only mudusae Demersal Biorefracts light / some biolumniescens

Question 47

General characterisitc of Cnidaria?

Answer 47

1. two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm) NO mesoderm 2. All have nematocysts 3. possess bona fide nerve and muscle (in mesoglea – jelly layer between ecto and endoderm) 4. one body cavity opening 5. Ectoderm – mainly adapted for protection 6. Endoderm – mainly adapted for digestion – both extra and intracellular digestion 7. Both polyp and medusa – dominant life phase is important in taxonomy of the group 8. Polyp is sessile and medusa free swimming

Question 48

Cnidaria Class Scyphozoa

Answer 48

Asexual reproduction - stobilation Only a few 100 species Jelly fish – medusoid – form of an inverted cup Body cavity opening with tentacles Both statocysts – for balance and ocelli – for orientation Both polyp and medusa

Question 49

Cnidariav Class Cubozoa

Answer 49

Medusa cube shape Small class 20 species Medusa dominant stage – has powerful neurotoxins Active swimmer

Question 50

Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa

Answer 50

Polyp dominant

Question 51

Cnidaria Class Anthozoan

Answer 51

Largely marine GVC comprised of septa Has both circular and longitudinal muscles Carnivorous Sea anemones and corals Medusa ABSENT – only polyp

Question 52

Ctenophora Class Tentacula Class Nuda