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Immunology > Recognition and Response > Flashcards

Recognition and Response Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Receptors interact with ligands through ________ interactions

A

Non-covalent

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2
Q

Does a low Kd = a high or low affinity of interaction?

A

High

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3
Q

In most enzyme ligand interactions, the Kd ranges from:

A

10^-3 to 10^-5 M

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4
Q

In Ab-Ag interactions, the Kd is as low as:

A

10^-12 M

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5
Q

Equilibrium analysis is used to determine

A

antibody affinity

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6
Q

What is affinity?

A

Interaction between one ligand and receptor

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7
Q

What is avidity?

A

Overall strength of all interactions during multivalent binding

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8
Q

What is one-way signal transduction can be activated?

A

Receptor clustering by multi-valent Ags

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9
Q

___ _____ increases organization and efficiency of receptor activation/clustering

A

Membrane microdomains

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10
Q

How can you change the affinity of receptors for their ligand?

A

By combining different receptor sub-units and by changing the level of receptor on the cell surface

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11
Q

Many receptors share a common protein domain ______

A

Immunoglobulin domain

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12
Q

What is the IG domain?

A

It is a sandwich of 2 Beta sheets with loops connecting the anti-parallel Beta strands

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13
Q

B lymphocytes interact with antigens via ____

A

the B cell receptor (BCR)

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14
Q

What do IG alpha and IG beta do to BCR?

A

mediate antigen internalization and increase the efficiency of antigen presentation

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15
Q

What can co-receptors do to BCR?

A

They can accelerate or change the signal sent through the BCR

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16
Q

The T cell receptor and co-receptors allow interaction of T cells with peptide Ag; when ___

A

the Ag is presented by APC

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17
Q

___ is/are responsible for signal transduction from the BCR, while ____ is/ are responsible for signal transduction from the TCR

A

IG alpha/ IG Beta, CD3

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18
Q

Innate immune cells recognize __________ via ________

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), pattern recognition receptors (PRR)

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19
Q

What are cytokines?

A

A group of low-molecular-weight regulatory proteins that function as the ‘messengers of the immune system’

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20
Q

What do cytokines include?

A

-Interleukins (secreted by leukocytes and act on other leukocytes)
-Monokines (secreted by monocytes and macrophages)
-Lymphokines (secreted by lymphocytes)
-Chemokines: related but regulate cell migration

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21
Q

What are the 3 fashions that cytokines act in?

Study These Flashcards
A

Endocrine, paracrine, autocrine

22
Q

Does it take a large amount or a small amount of cytokines to have biological effects?

Study These Flashcards
A

Very small amount

23
Q

What are the 5 properties of cytokines?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Pleiotropy
  2. Redundancy
  3. Synergy
  4. Antagonism
  5. Cascade induction
24
Q

If a cytokine undergoes pleiotropy, what IL (s) are activated? What is the target cell? What is the effect?

Study These Flashcards
A

IL-4
Target cells:
B cell- activation, proliferation and differentiation
Cytotoxic T cell precursor - proliferation and differentiation
Mast cell - proliferation

25
If a cytokine undergoes redundancy, what IL (s) are activated? What is the target cell? What is the effect?
IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 B cell - proliferation
26
If a cytokine undergoes synergy, what IL (s) are activated? What is the target cell? What is the effect?
IL-4,IL-5 B cell - induces class switch to IgE
27
If a cytokine undergoes antagonism, what IL (s) are activated? What is the target cell? What is the effect?
IL-4, IL-Gamma B cell- blocks class switch to IgE induced by IL-4
28
If a cytokine undergoes cascade induction, what is the process?
Activated TH cells, IFN-Gamma, macrophage, IL-12, Activated TH cell, IFN-Gamma TNF IL-2 and other cytokines
29
The fact that the IL-2R Gamma subunit is part of multiple cytokine receptors called what?
Redundancy
30
Mutations in the IL-2R Gamma chain causes : _____
X-Linked severe combined immunodeficiency
31
What interleukin is essential for activation of T cells?
IL-2
32
What cytokines are Pyrogens (fever-causing)?
IL-1,IL-6 and TNF-alpha
33
What cytokines are pro-inflammatory?
IL-1, TNF-Gamma, TNF-Alpha
34
What cytokines are anti-inflammatory?
TGF-Beta
35
What cytokines are anti-viral?
IFN-Gamma, TFN- Alpha/Beta
36
What cytokines are associated with chemokines?
IL-8 (attracts neutrophils), MIP-1 Alpha and MIP-1 Beta (attract monocytes and NK cells)
37
Cytokines can cause upregulation of _______, this regulates cells ability to enter tissues
Chemokine receptors
38
How do antibody-based therapies work? What are they used for?
Blocking antibodies that bind integrins or other adhesion molecules. Ex: kidney transplant, autoimmune diseases such as crohn's, ms, rheumatoid arthritis
39
How do corticosteroids work?
-Interact with steroid hormones -Decrease the number of circulating leukocytes by lysis of lymphocytes -Inhibit secretion of almost all cytokines - block NF-kB activation (transcription factor) = reduced IL-1 secretion -Inhibit T cell, macrophage, and neutrophil activation
40
What are two cytokine-related diseases?
Septic shock/ sepsis and cytokine storm
41
What occurs during sepsis?
Endotoxins produced by gram-negative bacteria stimulate DCs and macrophages via TLRs to overproduce IL-1 and TNF-Alpha. Trauma leading to ischemia; sterile inflammation. Neutralize TNF-Alpha with an antibody. Neutralize IL-1 with soluble IL-1 receptor (IL-1Ra)
42
When can cytokine storm occur?
Influenza, SARS, COVID-19
43
Does a cytokine storm usually occur to an unhealthy or healthy immune system?
Healthy
44
What types of cancers are cytokine related?
HTLV (human T cell leukemia virus); IL-1 Myelomas, cardiac myxoma cells, cervical cancer, bladder cancer: IL-6. It enhances proliferation and is autocrine. Hodgkin's lymphoma: IL-5
45
What is an example of an autoimmune cytokine related disease?
SLE (lupus): IL-10
46
What are 4 cytokine based therapies?
-Cytokine inhibitors/antagonists -Reversing cellular deficiencies -Treatment for immunodeficiencies -Treatment of T-cell leukemia and transplant patients
47
How do cytokine inhibitors/antagonists work?
TNF inhibitors, IL-1Ra for RA/chronic inflammation IL-2R as clinical markers for chronic T cell activation
48
How does the cytokine based therapy of reversing cellular deficiencies work?
G-CSF and GM-CSF to escalate the rate of reconstitution following chemotherapy or bone marrow transplant
49
How does treatment of immunodeficiencies occur?
-G-CSF for x-linked agammaglobulinemia -IL-2 for SCID, IFN-Gamma for leukocyte adhesion deficiencies -IL-2 antibody stabilizes recombinant (injected) IL-2 in circulation (paradox)
50
How would treatment of T-cell leukemia and transplant patients work?
Blocking antibodies to prevent T cell activation by IL-2 Conjugate toxin to cytokine analogue to target TH cells that express abnormally high amounts of CD25 (IL-2 Gamma chain)
51
IFN has multiple effects on different cells. This is called what?
Pleiotropy
52
What are some examples of therapy using IFNs? (Know at least 3)
-Hep C/B -Hairy-cell leukemia (B cell) -CML -Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDs patients) -Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma -T-cell lymphoma -Multiple myeloma -cgd -MS -Osteopetrosis -COVID

Immunology (5 decks)

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