Reconstruction Flashcards
(59 cards)
0
Q
Lincoln’s plan fails b/c of congress
A
- When 3 southern states (Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana) ready to rejoin:
- other southern states are mad,
- when the 3 states go to Washington congress refuses to let them in, refuses to work with them to come up with a plan
- Lincoln angry war continues
- congress comes up with its own plan
1
Q
Lincoln’s plan
A
Ten percent plan: created in 1863- Gettysburg: only major war in north, Vicksburg: control of Mississippi
- Forgiveness, reunion of north and south
- Strategy: in each confederate state 10% of voters from 1860 must pledge loyalty to the US
- After this pledge: states will have conventions to set up new state govt.
- Lincoln is trying to mKe it easy for the south to rejoin
2
Q
Congress’s plan
A
- radical republicans: extreme republicans
- punish south; keep democrats out of power
- wade-Davis bill (1864): 51% of voters from 1860 election in each southern state must pledge loyalty to US
- makes it harder for southern states to rejoin
- anyone who participate in confederacy could not be apart of new govt.
- only free slaves were not apart of confederacy
- govt made up of free slaves and women
- southern supporters huge numbers
- each new state had to abolish slavery
- if congress approves states may rejoin
3
Q
Johnson’s plan
A
- Lincoln gets assassinated in 1865
- Vice President Andrew Johnson takes over
- majority of 1860 voters must pledge loyalty to the US in each confederate state: congress happy south mad
- confederate leaders and wealthy people must apply for special pardons from president south happy congress mad
- states must repeal acts of secession south mad congress happy
- states must abolish slavery south mad congress happy
New states could send members to congress
If you followed all the steps u r welcomed back
Johnson’s plan never pleased everybody
4
Q
Radical republicans & republicans in office
A
- they were the extremist of congress
- extreme republicans
- Lincoln, congress
5
Q
Freedman bureau
A
- organization of freedman, refugees, and abandoned lands
- set up to last 1 year
- help for poor, homeless blacks and whites
- 40 hospitals, 4,000 schools, new courts, farms
- 30,000 people given food, shelter in 1st year
- renewed to last 5yrs
- Johnson vetoes, congress overrides twice
6
Q
13th amendment
A
- abolish slavery, no person can be forced to serve unless punishment by crime (1865)
South opposed
7
Q
14th amendment
A
- people born in US are citizens
- all citizens are entitled to equal protection under the law
- no citizens can be deprived of life, liberty, and property without due process
- 1866
- Johnson opposed
8
Q
Due process: how it works
A
Rules to follow
- arrest warrant enforced by law officers
- present charges to suspect
- inform suspect of rights ( to remain silent, to an attorney)
- habeas corpus: to appear in court to plead before a judge (guilty/not guilty) show up in court
- trial rights: judge, attorney, jury of peers, witnesses, appeal conviction
9
Q
To pass a law
A
- A bill must pass each part of congress(51%): hor, senate—> legislative branch
- Bill is sent to president(executive branch)
- president can either sign into law or veto
- Separation of powers, checks and balances - After a veto, the bill is returned to congress for an override veto
- 2/3 of each part of congress override the veto
- the bill then becomes a law
10
Q
Pocket veto: how it works
A
- if a bill is sent to the president within 10 days of a congressional recess the president may use a pocket veto: refuse to sign and bill dies
- third option= pocket veto: president doesn’t have to do anything ONLY if it is 10 days before the recess
- there is no way to override a pocket veto
- Lincoln used this to kill the wade Davis bill
11
Q
Reconstruction
A
Fixing, rebuild, the action of reconstructing or being reconstructed
12
Q
Abraham Lincoln
A
16th president, saved union during civil war, emancipated slavery, assassinated in 1865
13
Q
10% plan
A
Lincoln’s reconstruction plan, 10% of voters from 1860 pledge loyalty to US
14
Q
1860 voters
A
Voters from 1860 who had an impact on the reconstruction plan
15
Q
Loyalty oath
A
An oath/promise of being loyal to an organization, institution, or state within that individual person
16
Q
Confederate
A
Southern supporters, leaders, members
17
Q
Reunification
A
The act of coming together
18
Q
Reconciliation
A
The restoration of friendly relations
19
Q
Tenure of office acts
A
A federal law passed restricting the power of the pres
20
Q
Repeal
A
Take away
21
Q
Secession
A
Withdraw from government
22
Q
Abolition
A
Get rid of
23
Q
Wade Davis bill
A
Bill made by Benjamin wade and Henry winter Davis, 51% pledge loyalty to the US
24
Pocket veto
Retaining the bill unsigned until it is too late for it to be dealt with during the legislative session, 10 days before the congressional recess
25
Veto
A constitutional right to reject a decision or proposal made by a law making body
26
Override
To use ones authority to reject or cancel
27
Amendment
A minor change in a document
28
Acquit
Free someone from a criminal charge by a verdict of not guilty
29
Due process(definition)
Fair treatment through the normal judicial system
30
Emancipation proclamation
All slaves were forever free
31
Equal protection
14th amendment, everyone is protected under the law
32
Reconstruction acts
Cruel punishment to the southern states because they are not cooperating
33
Freedman
Emancipated slave
34
Scalawag
Whites in south who supported reconstruction
35
Carpetbagger
Person from north who moves to south for opportunity and profit during reconstruction
36
Poll tax
A tax levied on every adult
37
Literacy test
A test to determine to see if a person reached the literacy requirements for voting
38
Grandfather clause
If someone's grandfather was allowed to vote in 1860 than u were able to
39
Martial law
Military government involving the suspension of ordinary law
40
Impeach
Accuse
41
Ratify
Sign or give formal consent to a treaty, contract, or agreement making it official
42
Pardon
The action of forgiving or being forgiven
43
Radical reconstruction acts
- for all southern states except for Tennessee
- south is divided into 5 military districts; each one run by a general under martial law
- new state constitutions must be written by delegates elected by BLACK AND WHITE MALE CITIZENS
- congress has to approve each state constitution
- each state must ratify 14th amendment ( Tennessee already ratified 14th amendment)
- all states do this by 1870
44
Problems in the south
- Pardoned confederate leaders are elected
- black codes, Jim Crow laws create a segregated society
- ku klux klan emerges as a powerful group
- blacks are denied rights, threatened, killed (lynching)
45
Black codes
Limit the rights of blacks
46
Jim Crow laws
Two of everything: two water fountains, two sections of the restaurant
47
Segregated
Separate
48
Lynching
Hanging death, execution without trial
49
Ku klux klan (kkk)
White extremist, against all non-whites, against all non-Christians
50
Johnson v. Congress
- congress passes tenure of office act, march 1867
- president cannot fire a person in a federal position without senate approval> a check on the president power
- Johnson this is unconstitutional(it is!!)
- February 1868: Johnson fires secretary of war Edwin Stanton ( from Lincoln's cabinet)
- March 1868: 11 articles of impeachment from the hor
51
Impeachment trial
- March to May 1868
- house is prosecutor
- senate is the jury
- Supreme Court Chief Justice is judge
- 2/3 of senate (54) need to vote guilty to convict and remove president from office
52
Results of impeachment trials
- senate does a roll call vote>>>>>35-18
- if one vote had gone the other way (36-18) Johnson would have been removed
- the last vote was Ross of Kansas
- vote 35-19
- Johnson stays in office but has little power
53
Convict
Guilty
54
1868: Ulysses s. Grant is elected
Grant was popular war hero, but he trusted too many ppl
Scalawags
Carpetbaggers
Both are terms of insult
55
1869 : 15th amendment
The right to vote cannot be denied because of race
- ratified 1870
S reaction: increased kkk activity
Threats, violence, firebombs, burning cross, beating, murder
Local officials were Often members
56
Grant as president
Physical reconstruction: rebuild schools, farms, businesses, rr
Taxes raised- but corruption is everywhere, many financial scandals
Grant is re-elected in 1872: he pardons ALL confederates
57
Corruption
Misused
58
When confederates are empowered this leads to increased efforts to restrict African American voting
- poll tax
- grandfather clause
- literacy test
