Red Blood Cell Structure & Function Flashcards
1
Q
process by which eryhroid precursor cell differentiate to become mature RBC
A
erythropoiesis
2
Q
primary regulator of erythropoiesis
A
erythropoietin
3
Q
how many days is the production of reticulocytes from pronormoblasts
A
3-5 days
4
Q
reticulocytes remain in BM ___ before being released to the circulation
A
1-2 days
5
Q
in peripheral circulation, the reticulocyte continues to mature for ___
A
one more day
6
Q
maturation of rbc
A
- pronormoblast/rubriblast
- basophilic normoblast / prorubricyte
- polychromatophilic normoblast / rubricyte
- orthochromatophilic normoblast / metarubricyte
- reticulocyte
- mature RBC
7
Q
last stage of mitosis in maturation of rbc
A
polychromatophilic normoblast / rubricyte
8
Q
last nucleated stage
A
orthochromatophilic normoblast / metarubricyte
9
Q
contains fine basophilic reticulum RNA
A
reticulocyte
10
Q
reticulocyte can only be demonstrated by which supravital stain
A
new methylene blue
11
Q
shape of mature rbc
A
round, biconcave
12
Q
index of bone marrow activity or effective erythropoiesis
A
reticulocyte count
13
Q
lifespan of RBC
A
120 days
14
Q
how many RBCs in 1 rubriblast
A
16
15
Q
components of RBC
A
- protein (50%)
- lipid (40%)
- Carbohydrate (10%)
16
Q
responsible for the negative charge of RBC
A
sialic acid
17
Q
maintenance of the shape of the RBC
A
actin & myosin
18
Q
rbc metabolic pathways
A
- embden-meyerhof pathway
- hexose monophosphate shunt or PPP
- Rapaport-Leubering Pathway
- Methemoglobin Reducatase Pathway
19
Q
major rbc metabolic pathway
A
embden-meyerhof pathway
20
Q
pathway that is 90 % glycolysis, anaerobic, prevents oxidation of membrane lipid
A
embden-meyerhof pathway
21
Q
pathat that is 10% glycolysis, aerobic and provides reduced glutathione to prevent oxidation denaturation of HgB
A
Hexose monophosphate shunt
22
Q
pathway that generates 2,3 DPG
A
rapaport-leubering pathway
23
Q
pathway that is main Hb iron is ferrous
A
methemoglobi reductase pathway
24
Q
as RBC ages, there is decrease in …
A
enzyme
ATPs
size
25
as RBC ages, there is increase in
density
26
2 types of RBC breakdown
1. extravascular (90%)
| 2. intravascular (10%)
27
RBC breakdown which is within RES; when complement is not activated or incompletely activated
Extravascular
28
extravascular breakdown will increase
B1, urine & fecal urobilinogen
29
other name for erythrocyte indices
wintrobe's indices
30
what are the rbc indices
1. mean corpuscular/cell volume (mcv)
2. mean cell hemoglobin (mch)
3. mean cell hemoglobin concentration (mchc)
31
measures the average size of red blood cells
mean corpuscular/cell volume
32
NV of MCV
80-100 fl/um^3
33
MCV= <80 fL
microcytic
34
MCV= >80 fL
macrocytic
35
- refers to the average quantity of hemoglobin present in a single rbc
- rarely used
Mean cell hemoglobin
36
NV of MCH
27-31 pg/ug
37
increase mcv (macrocytic)
megaloblastic anemia, liver disease, hypothyroidism
38
decrease mcv (microcytic)
IDA, thalassemia, defective iron utilization
39
increase mcv
macrocytic anemia
40
decrease mcv
hypochromic anemia and microcytic anemia
41
measure of the concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cell
mean cell hemoglobin concentration
42
NV of mchc
31-36% or g/dL
43
MCHC= >36%
hyperchromic
44
MCHC= <36%
hypochromic
45
increase Mchc (hyperchromic)
spherocytes
46
decrease mchc (hypochromic)
IDA, thalassemia, defective iron utilization
47
mchc above 38% possible errors
1. incorrect computation
| 2. presence of cold agglutinin
48
mchc fall below 22% possible causes
1. lipemia
| 2. presence of abnormal Hb
49
variation in size rbc anomalie
anisocytosis
50
numerical expression that correlates with the degree of anisocytosis
red cell distribution width
51
NV of RDW
11.5-14.5%
52
rbc anomalie (Cell size)
1. Normocytic
2. Microcytic
3. Macrocytic
53
MCV= 80-100 fL
Normocytic
54
normoytic
- normal condition
- acute post hemorrhagic anemia
- hemolytic anemia
- aplastic anemia
55
MCV= <80 fL
microcytic
56
microcytic
- iron deficiency anemia
- thalassemia
- anemia of chronic disease
57
MCV= >100 fL
macrocytic
58
macrocytic
- megaloblastic anemia
- alcoholism
- liver disease
59
mchc= 31-36%
normochromic
60
mchc= <31%
hypochromic
61
mchc=>31%
hyperchromic
62
a disorder where there is an abnormally high number of immature red blood cells found in the bloodstream as a result of being prematurely release from the bone marrow during blood formation
polychromasia
63
rbc anomalies according to hemoglobin content
1. normochromic
2. hypochromic
3. hyperchromic
4. polychromasia
64
normochromic
- normal condition
| - pathologic conditions same as normocytic
65
central pallor area exceeds 1/3 of the diameter of the cell
| - seen in thalassemia, IDA, chronic blood loss
hypochromic
66
no central pallor <1,3
| - spherocytosis
hyperchromic
67
- blue gray coloration (indicates young RBC)
- increased erythropoietin activity or reticulocytosis
- ex: hemorrhage and hemolysis
polychromasia
68
rbc anomalies varies in shape; decrease ESR
poikilocytosis
69
poikilocytes secondary to membrane abnormalities
1. acanthocyte
2. echinocyte
3. codocyte
4. spherocyte
5. stomatocyte
6. elliptocyte
7. ovalocyte
70
poikilocytes secondary to membrane abnormalities
1. acanthocyte
2. echinocyte
3. codocyte
4. spherocyte
5. stomatocyte
6. elliptocyte
7. ovalocyte
71
poikilocytes secondary to trauma
1. schistocyte
2. dacryocyte
3. microspherocytes
4. semilunar bodies
72
poikilocytes secondary to abnormal hemoglobin content
drepanocytes
73
developmental macrocytosis or macrovalocyte
macrocyte
74
- spheroid with 3-12 irregular spikes or club-like spicules
- abnormal lipid ratios of membrane lecithin & sphingomyelins
- IRREVERSIBLE
acanthocyte
75
other names of acanthocyte
spur cell, thorn cell, spike cell
76
- regular 10-30 scalloped short projections evenly distributed
echinocyte
77
echinocyte is caused by
- depletion of ATP
- exposure to hypertonic solution
- artifact in drying
78
clinical significance of echinocyte
renal insufficiency (hemolytic uremic syndrome)
79
other name of echinocyte
burr cell, crenated RBC, sea urchin cell
80
- bell shaped
| - peripheral rim of Hb surrounded by clear area and central hemoglobinized area (bull's eye)
codocyte
81
- codocyte increases in ____ & _____
- excess of ______ to _____ ratio
- decrease ____
1. cholesterol & phospholipid
2. surface membrane to volume
3. OFT
82
- decrease surface area:volume ratio
| - increase OFT
Spherocyte
83
other name for spherocyte
bronze cell
84
spherocytosis that involves AutoAbs and hemolytic anemia
Acquired Spherocytosis
85
spherocytosis that is deficient spectrin (hallmark)
hereditary spherocytosis
86
- mouth or slit-like pallor area, bowl-shaped in wet preparation
stomatocyte
87
after splenectomy in a patient with HS, _____ persists, indicating that the abnormality involves the RBC membrane itself rather than splenic damage to the cells
spherocyte
88
high cellular uptake of sodium and low potassium content
| - abnormal Na-K transport ratio
Stomatocyte
89
- rod or cigar shaped, pencil or sausage shape, narrower the ovalocytes
- not associated with hemolysis
- dec lifespan but functions normally
- OFT is normal
elliptocyte
90
other name of elliptocyte
oat cell
91
protein band 4.1 deficiency
hereditary elliptocytosis
92
- egg like or oval shaped, wider than elliptocyte
- bipolar arrangement of Hb
- reduction of membrane cholesterol
ovalocyte
93
-fragementation produced by damage of RBC by fibrin, altered vessel walls, prostethic heart valves
schistocyte
94
- hallmark of hemolytic anemia secondary to red cell fragmentation
- not hereditary
schistocyte
95
other name for shistocyte
schizocyte, keratocyte, helmet, bite cell
96
- pear-shaped with blunt pointed projection
dacryocyte
97
other name for dacryocyte
dacrocyte, teardrop cell
98
- inc fragmentation at 45 C instead of 49 C
| - decrease MCV
miscrospherocytes
99
other name for microspherocytes
pyropoikilocytes
100
- large, pale-pink staining ghost of the red cell
- always acquired
- seen in MALARIA
semilunar bodies/ half-moon or crescent cell
101
- crescent-shaped
| - polymerization of deoxygenated HB
Drepanocytes/Sickle cell
102
- due to vit b12 and folate deficiency
- asynchronous development of RBC because nucleus is still immature (RBC)
- impaired DNA synthesis
Macrocytes/Oval Macrocytes
103
causes of vitamin b12 deficiency
1. pernicious anemia
2. D. latum
3. vegetarian diet
4. sprue or steatorrhea
104
causes of folic acid deficiency
1. pregnancy
2. dietary deficiency
3. sprue or steatorrhea
105
non megaloblastic anemia
1. alcoholism
2. chemotherapy
3. hypothyroidism
106
- coarse round densely stained purple
| - nuclear remnants containing DNA
Howell-Jolly bodies
107
- rings, loop or figure of eight; red to purple
| - remnants of microtubules of mitotic spindle
cabot ring
108
- degenerated nucleus or ruptured cell in form of smudge of basket
- lymphocytes that are fragile & break upon smearing
basket cell
109
- lymphocyte with hair-like cytoplasmic projections surrounding nucleus
- though to be of B cell origin
Hairy cell
110
- round lymph cell with nucleus that is grooved or convoluted
- represents leukemic phase of mycosis fungoides T-cell characteristics
Sezary cell
111
- plasma cell with red ro pink cytoplasm
| - associated with increased in IgA
flame cell
112
- plasma cell that contains small colorless vacuoles
| - large protein globules giving the appearance of grapes
grape cell
