Red Cells

Question 1

What are functions of red cells?

Answer 1

Transport oxygen to tissues and return CO2 to lungs

Question 2

What make sup the hematocrite?

Answer 2

Plasma, platelets, Erythrocytes

Question 3

What makes up the red cell membrane?

Answer 3

Spectrin, Actin, Ankyrin, Band 3 Protein, Protein 4.1, Glycophorin C

Question 4

Describe the binding of red cell membrane components

Answer 4

Spectrin heads attach to actin
Spectrin tail binds to protein 4.1 and glycophorin C
Ankyrin interacts with band 3 protein - This anchors cytoskeleton to lipid membrane

Question 5

What 3 important nutritional factors are important for erythropoiesis?

Answer 5

Iron, B12, and Folate

Question 6

What is ferritin?

Answer 6

Stores Iron

Question 7

What is transferrin?

Answer 7

Binds iron to transport it to red cells

Question 8

Where is iron absorbed?

Answer 8

The dudodenum

Question 9

What is hepcidin?

Answer 9

Made in liver and regulates iron absorption

It upregulates/downregulates ferroportin

Question 10

What is ferroportin?

Answer 10

A channel on the intestinal wall that allows passage of iron to cytosol

Question 11

What happens when a red cell is senescence?

Answer 11

Red cell is engulfed by macrophage and iron is extracted from hemoglobin to be recycled or stored

Question 12

How can you diagnose iron deficiency?

Answer 12

Serum iron level - low
Transferrin level - high (measured as total iron binding capacity)
Ferritin level - low

Question 13

Why is folate important?

Answer 13

To convert deoxyuridine to thymidine

Question 14

Why is vitamin B12 important?

Answer 14

For folate regeneration

Question 15

What happens with reduced Folate and B12?

Answer 15

Impaired DNA synthesis and megaloblastic anemia

Question 16

What makes up hemoglobin?

Answer 16

Globin, Iron, and protoporphyrin

Question 17

What makes up heme?

Answer 17

Iron + porphyrin ring

Question 18

What makes up globin?

Answer 18

2 alpha chains, 2 beta chains

Question 19

Which type of hemoglobin is found in fetal development?

Why is it better?

Answer 19

Hemoglobin F

Good at absorbing oxygen from mom

Question 20

What causes hemoglobinopathies?

Answer 20

Mutations in globin genes, primarily point mutations

Question 21

What are the two subtypes of blood disorders?

Answer 21

Structural variants and Thalassemias

Question 22

What is a structural variant?

Give an example and what changes.

Answer 22

An altered globin polypeptide that does not affect rate of synthesis, affects function
Sickle cell results from valine to glutamic acid substitution in beta-globin gene

Question 23

What is thalassemias?

What happens as a result?

Answer 23

Decreased synthesis of one or more globin chains, results in imbalance of alpha and beta chains
Excess chain produced precipitates the cell, damages the membrane and leads to premature RBC destruction

Question 24

What is alpha-thalassemia?

Answer 24

No alpha-globin chains are made, instead beta-globin predominates. Problem because beta is good at taking up oxygen but bad at giving up to tissues

Question 25

What results from beta-thalassemia?

Answer 25

Results in severe anemia

Question 26

What happens in a right shift oxygen dissociation curve? | What conditions influence this?

Answer 26

Increase in oxygen release Increase in 2,3-BPG Increase in H+ (increased acidosis) Increase in CO2

Question 27

What happens in a left shift oxygen dissociation curve? | What conditions influence this?

Answer 27

Increase in oxygen affinity (oxygen more difficult to be released) Decrease in 2-3-BPG Decrease in H+ (alkalosis)

Question 28

What is the name for the energy generating pathway needed for RBC?

Answer 28

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway | For every glucose made, 2 ATP are generated

Question 29

What happens if there's an enzyme deficiency in the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway?

Answer 29

Hemolytic Anemia

Question 30

What is produced from the Hexose Monophosphate Shunt and why is it important?

Answer 30

Glutathion, important for detoxification of hydrogen peroxide

Question 31

What is generated from the Luebering-Rappaport Pathway?

Answer 31

2,3-BPG

Question 32

What does the Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway do?

Answer 32

It maintains iron in the ferrous state

Question 33

What type of enzyme degrades membrane lipids and proteins?

Answer 33

Proteolytic enzymes

Question 34

What is heme broken down to?

Answer 34

Iron, amino acids, and porphyrin

Question 35

What is porphyrin degraded into?

Answer 35

Bilirubin which is conjugated by the liver

Question 36

What sugar is on the surface of type A blood? What percentage of the the population has type A blood? What antibodies are produced?

Answer 36

N-Acetylgalactosamine 40% Anti-B

Question 37

What sugar is on the surface of type B blood? What percentage of the population has type B blood? What antibodies are produced?

Answer 37

d-Galactose 10% Anti-A

Question 38

What sugar is on the surface of type AB blood? What percentage of the population has type AB blood? What antibodies are produced?

Answer 38

Both N-Acetylgalactosamine and d-Galactose 3% No Antibodies produced

Question 39

What sugar is on the surface of type O blood? What percentage of the population has type O blood? What antibodies are produced?

Answer 39

No sguars 50% Both Anti-A and Anti-B

Question 40

What surface antigen is most important in the Rh system of antigens?

Answer 40

D

Question 41

What does it mean to be Rh+? What percentage of the population has this type? What are the antibodies produced?

Answer 41

D antigen positive 85% None-there are no naturally occurring anti-Rh antibodies

Question 42

What does it mean to be Rh-? What percentage of the population has this type? What are the antibodies produced?

Answer 42

D antigen negative 15% None-there are no naturally occurring anti-Rh antibodies

Question 43

What type of antibodies are in the ABO classification?

Answer 43

IgM

Question 44

What type of antibodies are in the Rh classification?

Answer 44

IgG (they cross the placenta)

Question 45

What blood type is the universal DONOR? Why?

Answer 45

Type O | Because they don't produce any antibodies so when blood is donated,