Redox Cofactor

Question 1

Reactions of NAD+

Answer 1

Fuel Oxidation

Question 2

Example of enzyme and significance that uses NAD+

Answer 2

Lactate Dehydrogenase (Pyruvate –> Lactate)

Question 3

Vitamin precursor for NAD+

Answer 3

Niacin (Vit B3)

Question 4

Source of diet for niacin

Answer 4

Meats, whole grains, fort. cereals, tryptophan

Question 5

Pathologies associated with deficiency of niacin

Answer 5

Pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, dimentia) glossitis

Question 6

Reactions for NADP+

Answer 6

Detoxification and biosynthesis

Question 7

Example of enzyme and significance that uses NADP+

Answer 7

Detoxification: Cytochrome p450 reductace
Biosynthesis: HMG-CoA reductase (cholesterol synthesis)

Question 8

Vitamin precursor for NADP+

Answer 8

Niacin (vit B3)

Question 9

What is important about the phosphate on NADP+?

Answer 9

It’s used as a molecular handle

Question 10

Reactions of FAD

Answer 10

creating/breaking double/disulfide bonds

Question 11

Example of enzyme and significance that uses FAD

Answer 11

succinate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase (E3 subunit), TCA cycle

Question 12

Vitamin precursor for FAD

Answer 12

Riboflavin (Vit B2)

Question 13

Sources for riboflavin

Answer 13

milk, eggs, organ meats, legumes, mushrooms

Question 14

Reactions of FMN

Answer 14

creating/breaking double/disulfide bonds

Question 15

Vitamin precursor for FMN

Answer 15

Riboflavin (Vit B2)

Question 16

Example of enzyme and significance that uses FMN

Answer 16

NADH dehydrogenase (TCA cycle), Cytochrome p450 reductase

Question 17

Pathologies associated with a riboflavin deficiency

Answer 17

Cheilosis, glossitis, normocytic/normochromic anemia, keratitis, seborrheic dermatitis

Question 18

Why are FMN and FAD good at reducing ROS?

Answer 18

Able to accept a single electron at a time.

Question 19

Types of reactions of ascorbic acid

Answer 19

Collagen synthesis, neurotransmitter synthesis, O2 sensing, non-enzymatic antioxidant.

Question 20

Example of enzyme and significance that uses ascorbic acid?

Answer 20

Proline and lysin hydroxylases- cross linking of collagen peptides to form fibers.

Question 21

Vitamin of ascorbic acid

Answer 21

ascorbic acid IS vitamin C

Question 22

Pathologies associated with vitamin C deficiency

Answer 22

scurvy, slow wound healing, irritability, gingival lesions, patchier, costalcondral junction enlargement.

Question 23

Types of reactions for metals.

Answer 23

e- conduction cofactors

Question 24

Examples of an enzyme and its significance that uses metals

Answer 24

NADH dehydrogenase, Fe-S clusters transfer electrons

Question 25

Types of reactions of TPP

Answer 25

decarboxylation

Question 26

Example of enzymes that use thiamin

Answer 26

pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1 subunit) pyruvate-->acetate

Question 27

Vitamin precursor for TPP

Answer 27

thiamin (vitamin B1)

Question 28

Source of thiamin

Answer 28

Meat, legumes, whole grains, fort. cereal

Question 29

Pathologies associated with thiamin deficiency

Answer 29

Beriberi (wet: cardiac failure, dry: neuropathy), Wernicke encephalopathy, Karsokoff psychosis

Question 30

Type of reactions that involve Lipoate

Answer 30

Acetyl transfer reactions

Question 31

Example of enzyme that uses lipoate

Answer 31

E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 32

Sources for lipoate

Answer 32

It can be made in vivo, so from simples things in the diet

Question 33

Type of reactions that involve PLP

Answer 33

Amino acid metabolism

Question 34

Example of enzyme that uses PLP

Answer 34

transaminases, alanine aminotransferase, conversion of tryptophan to niacin

Question 35

Vitamin precursor of PLP

Answer 35

Vitamin B6

Question 36

Sources of vitamin B6 (PLP)

Answer 36

Fort. cereal, meat, bananas, rice

Question 37

Pathologies associated with deficiency of Vit B6 (PLP)

Answer 37

Infants: seizures, diarrhea, anemia, EEG abnormality. Adults: peripheral neuropathy

Question 38

Type of reactions that involve Biotin

Answer 38

carboxylation

Question 39

Example of enzyme that uses biotin

Answer 39

Acetyl CoA carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase.

Question 40

Sources of biotin

Answer 40

covalently bonded to proteins in diet, wide spread

Question 41

Pathologies associated with biotin deficiency

Answer 41

scaly dermatitis, alopecia

Question 42

Types of reactions that use cobalamin

Answer 42

transfer/rearrangements of methyl groups

Question 43

Example of enzyme that uses cobalamin and significance

Answer 43

methionine synthase, methylamalonyl CoA mutase

Question 44

Vitamin precursor of cobalamin

Answer 44

vitamin B12, produce by bacteria

Question 45

Sources of vitamin B12

Answer 45

produced by bacteria in gut, animal byproducts like meat and dairy.

Question 46

Sources of diet for Vitamin B12

Answer 46

meat, milk, animal derived byproducts

Question 47

Pathologies associated with Vitamin B12 deficiency

Answer 47

pernicious anemia, macrocytic anemia, weakness, fatigue

Question 48

Types of reactions that involve Coenzyme A

Answer 48

Acetyl transfer reactions

Question 49

Enzyme that utilizes coenzyme A and it's significance

Answer 49

pyruvate dehydrogenase, final acceptor of acetate group

Question 50

Vitamin precursor to coenzyme A

Answer 50

Pantothenic acid (Vit B5)