References Emma

Question 1

3 types of rarity

Answer 1

(Rabinowitz, 1984)pop size,habitat range & geographical range

Question 2

if a species is rare most likely rare in another way as well

Answer 2

(Verberk et al., 2010)

Question 3

older species = further geog range

Answer 3

(Willis, 1922)

Question 4

in bird species after 2mill years a species decreases in geog range due to speciation.

Answer 4

(Webb and Gaston, 2000)

Question 5

dispersal example
indo pacific reef species, higher mean larval days = larger geog range
and
wing loading in insectivorous bats (126 species analysed)

Answer 5

(Lester and Ruttenberg, 2005)

Luo et al., 2019

Question 6

niche breadth positive correlation in niche breadth and geog range

Answer 6

(Brown, 1984)

Question 7

beetles niche breadth case study, better tolerence of temp = larger latitudnal range

Answer 7

(Calosi et al., 2009)

Question 8

adaptive radiation def

Answer 8

the diversification of a lineage into species that exploit a variety of different resource types and differ in morphological and/or physiological (phenotypic) traits used to exploit these resources” (Schluter, 1996)

Question 9

case study for rapid adaptive radiation

Answer 9

3 spined sticklebacks are found in landlocked freshwater lakes. some have predators such as bass and some don’t. Sticklebacks in Lakes with pradators have more bony scales and the sticklebacks in lakes without predators have less armour, no need to waste energy on that. (Schluter, 1996)

Question 10

provide another stickleback case study for adaptive radiation

Answer 10

2 distinct morphs found in 6 lakes.
Benthic - big fat, bull-doses its way through the sediment and is built for this
Limnetic - thin and small, feed on plankton.
are they both fitter in their own environment?
set up tanks to show this. growth aren’t used as a measurement of fitness. both growth rates were better on their own environment. is adaptive.
they will breed in their own pairs, but can hybridise if not given the choice. hybrids were worse in both tanks, so selected against (Schluter, 1996)

Question 11

Famous/most striking example of adaptive radiation:

Answer 11

Cichlid fish!
they occupy many niches in lakes.
Malawi flock (660-1,000+ spp.)
0.7-2 mya- 1-2 colonizing lineages (Turner, 2000.)

Question 12

What is convergent evolution:

Answer 12

Where organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches.
This has happened with cichlid fish in different lakes! (Turner, 2000)