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0
Q
Define poly and oligohydramnios
A
Poly > 1.5-2 L
Oli < 0.5 L
1
Q
Post operative fever
A
Wind Water Walking Wound Wonder drug / what did we do
3
Q
Criteria for PCOS
A
2 of 3
Oligomenorea
Androgen symptoms
Polycystic ovary
4
Q
Dermacentor
A
Rockymountain
Franciesella - cysteine for growth
5
Q
Colchine
A
Inhibits microtubules
Tx of gout
6
Q
Flutamide
A
Antagonist of androgen receptors
7
Q
Craniopharyngioma signs?
A
Bitemporal heminaopia
increased appetite
8
Q
Activation of pineal gland
A
Suprachiasmatic nucleas»_space; NE release»_space; pineal gland
9
Q
Complement factor most important for clearing deposition
A
C3b
10
Q
Nucleus accumbuns
A
GABA
Reward w/ septal nuclei
11
Q
Most common cause of neonatal meningitis
A
Goup B Strep
12
Q
How to determine significance with relative risk?
A
RR = 1 must be outside CI
13
Q
Asynchronous secretory endometrium
A
Secretory endometrium with mismatch of 2 or more days b/t glands and stroma
14
Q
Anovulatory endometrium
A
Proliferative endometrium with stromal breakdown
15
Q
Artificial increase in survival when using a more sensitive test
A
Lead-time bias
16
Q
Elastase is made from what cells?
A
Neutrophils and Macrophages
17
Q
Ketakonaxoles SEs
A
Liver dysfunction
Gynecomastia
18
Q
Zileuton SEs
A
Liver dysfunction
19
Q
Tx cryptococcosis
A
Amphotericin B
Flucytosine
20
Q
Circular DNA viruses
A
Papilloma
Papyloma
Hepadna
21
Q
Anencephaly RFs
A
DM1
Folate def
22
Q
Hypothalamus part responding to osmolality
A
Organum vasculosum lamina terminals
23
Q
DDVAP
A
desmopressin acetate
24
Q
Tx for bedwetting
A
DDVAP (1st line)
Imiprimine (2nd line)
25
Rate limiting step of gluconeogenesis
Conversion to OAA
26
Baby problems w/ uncontrolled maternal diabetes
Caudal regression
| Anencephaly
27
Most useful for assessing severity of mitral stenosis?
A2 to opening snap time
28
Most commonly seen manifestation of CMV in immunocompromised?
Mononucleosis
29
Before starting a patient on ACEi what should be considered?
1. Thiazide diuretics (could lead to severe first dose hypotension)
2. Pregnancy
30
Mast cell stabilizing drugs
Cromolyn
| Nedocromil
31
What substance inhibits lipoid acid?
Arsenic
Antidote >> Dimercaprol, succimer (arsenic, gold, mercury)
32
Arsenic antidote?
Dimercaprol
| Succimer
33
Non-benzo drugs
Zolpidem (Ambien)
| Zaleplon
34
Non-benzo drugs MOA
BZ1 subtype of GABA receptor
35
Holiday heart syndrome
Binge drinking >> Acute spontaneous aFib
36
Loop diuretics act via?
1. inhibiting Na/Cl/K pump
| 2. stimulate release of prostaglandins
37
Stop codons
UAA
UGA
UAG
38
Vibrio parahymolyticus
Saltwater seafood poisoning
39
Serotonin OD Antidote
Cyproheptadine
40
Liver angiosarcoma
CD31
| PECAM 1
41
Phenolpam
D1 agonist
42
Nesiritide
BMP agonist
43
mRNA is read in what direction
5 -> 3
44
Acyl site of tRNA structure
3' OH - CCA
45
Specific HIV protease inhibitors SEs
Indinavir (thrombocytopenia, hematuria)
Ritonivir (cyp450 inhibitor)
46
How to distinguish E. coli from Klebsiella
E coli is indole positive
E coli is pink on McConkey agar and green metallic on eosin methylene blue agar
47
Tripanosoma cruzi Tx
Nifurtimox
| Benzinidazole
48
Membranous nephropathy antibody
Phospholipase a2
49
Polymyositus vs Dermatomyositis
Poly - symmetrical proximal muscle weakness, CD 8, shoulder involvement, Endomysial inflammation
Derm - includes shawl and face rash, mechanics hands, CD 4, Perimyseial inflammation, increased risk of occult.
50
Francisella tularensis agar
Cystein
51
Bordetella agar
Bordet-gengou
Potato agar
Regan-lowe
Calcium alginate swab
52
Difference between Tamoxifen and Raloxifen
Tamoxifen >> agonist of endometrium
| Raloxifen >> antagonist of endometrium
53
What is the difference in serum tests between trisomy 13 & 18?
Trisomy 13 (patau) >> no serum studies constistent except for lowered estriol
Trisomy 18 (edwards) >> lowered everything
54
A seminoma is just like what female tumor?
Dysgerminoma
55
Expected triple screen in down's
AFP goes down. Estriol may be down. bHCG may be elevated.
56
Hypotension and ambiguous genitelia
21alpha hydroxylase deficiency
57
Elementary bodies vs?
chlamydia >>> extracellular bodies
Intracellular >>> intracellular
58
Mumps will inflame what part of the reproductive tract of males?
Epididymus
59
Structures derived from mullerian ducts in male
appendix teste
60
What is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the US?
chalmydia
61
Bosentan
Used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension. Competitively antagonizes endothelin-1 receptors.
62
Expectorant - thins respiratory secretions but does not suppress cough reflex
Guanfenesin
63
Sumitriptan has a negative reaction with?
SSRis >> seratonin syndrome
64
Adrenoleukidystrophy
X-linked
Very long chain fatty acids >> peroxisome dysfunction
>> coma, andrenal crisis
65
Eyes toward lesion
Frontal eye field
66
Eyes away lesion
Paramedian pontine reticular formation
67
Gerstmann syndrome
Dominant parietal
Agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, left-right disorientation
Angular gyrus
68
Reticular activating system
Midbrain >>> reduced level of wakefulness (e.g. coma)
69
Loa loa tx
diethylcarbamazine
Wuchereria bancrofti
70
Most cestodes and trematodes tx. Except?
Praziquantel
Echinococcus & CNS tenia solium (albendazole)
71
HLA
```
A3 - hemochromatosis
DR2 - MS, hay fever, SLE, goodpasture
DR3 - DM1, SLE, graves
DR4 - rheumatoid, DM1
DR5 - pernicious, hashimoto
```
72
Prophylaxis PCP with sulfa allergy
Pentamidine
73
Hematogenous spreading cancers
```
Hepatoma
Sarcoma
HCC
RCC
Follicular carcinoma of thyroid
Embryonal carcionoma
```
74
Timeline for postpartum blues
< 10 days, peaking at 4 days.
75
Spasticity in MS tx
baclofen
76
Graves disease targets what receptor?
Thyrotropin releasing receptors (stimulates)
77
Leiomyoma tx
leuprolide
Gnrh analogue
78
Factors inhibiting lung development
Insulin
| C-section
79
Equation for physiological dead space
Vd = Vt x (PaCO2 - PECO2) / PaCO2
Vd = anatomic dead space of conducting airways plus functional dead space in alveoli
80
What region of the airways the largest contributor to functional dead space in the lungs
Apex of healthy lungs
81
Equation of alveolar ventilation (VA)
VA = (Vt - Vd) x RR
82
Most common sinus infection in kids
Ethmoid
83
FRC
Functional Residual Capacity
RV + ERV
84
Histological findings for asthma
Cushman spirals (epi cells)
Charcot leyden crystals (eosinophils debri)
85
Timeline of ARDS
Alveolar damage >> increased alveolar capillary permeability >> protein rich leakage into alveoli and pulmonary edema (normal PCWP).
86
What causes the initial damage in ARDS
- neutrophilic substances
- activation of coagulation cascade
- Oxygen derived free radicals
87
Primary pulmonary hypertension caused by
BMPR2
88
Ketamine SE
Increased cerebral blood flow
Inhibits NMDAr
89
Lung cancers not linked with smoking
Carcinoid
| Adenocarcinoma
90
Conn syndrome
Aldoesterone secreting adenoma
91
NF1
Neurofibromatosis
Cafe au lait
Optic gliomas
Pheocromacytoma
92
Nortriptyline MOA
Inhibiting reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin
93
cAMP
FLAT ChAMP
```
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
CRH
hCG
ADH (v2 receptor)
MSH
PTH
Calcitonin
GHRH
Glucagon
```
94
CRH stimulates
ACTH
MSH
Beta endorphin
95
Prolactin is stimulated by
TRH
96
GH is inhibited by
Glucose
97
Pyloric stenosis is more common in? When / how does it present
First born males
2-6 weeks with projectile vomiting
98
What side of the hepatocytes faces the bile canuliculi
apical
99
Most common hernia to cause ischemia of the bowel
femoral hernia
100
How is folate absorbed. What inhibits this process?
intestinal conjugase binds and allows absorption. Phenytoin.
101
What is bile salts conjugated to make them water soluble
Glycine
| Tyrosine
102
What is the common precursor for ACTH and MSH
Palm C
103
What is lichen planus on the buchal mucosa called
Wickem striae
104
Causes of esophogitis and type of lesions
HSV - punched out lesions
CMV - linear lesions
Candidiasis
Eosinophilic esophogitis - unresponsive to GERD treatment
105
Which blood group is associated more with h pylori
blood type O
106
Angiodysplasia
tortuous dilation of vessels >> hematochezia
older patient
107
Most common cause of ileus
post surgical
108
What can cause rectal prolapse in children
whooping cough
Entrobius vermicularis
CF
109
What part involves HNPCC vs FAP
ascending colon
| descending colon
110
Total copper levels in wilson's
down
111
Microbiotic to kill gut microbes for ammonia treatment
rifaximin
112
Copper tx
penicillamine
| Trientine
113
What virus can cause cholististis w/o obstruction
CMV
114
Pancreatitis causes
I GET SMASHED
```
Idiopathic
Gallstones
Trauma
Steroids
Mumps
Autoimmune / Alcohol
```
Hyperlipidemia
ERCP
Drugs
115
Chronic pancreatitis amylase and lipase levels
normal or down
116
Dissociation example
Husband dies and then months later wife feel bad.
117
Consent for minors exceptions
```
Emergencies
Contraceptions
STD management
Medical care during pregnancy
Drug addiction management
```
118
Exceptions to confidentiality
Notifiable diseases (stds, tb, hep food poisoning)
Harm to other / self
Impaired driver
119
What is a common histologic finding in rheumatic heart disease. What is this finding?
Aschoff bodies.
Non-caseating granulomas
120
What is the molecule that goes down in hemolysis
haptoglobin (binds hemoglobin)
121
Platelets life span
8-10 days
122
Length of bento time
```
Triazolam
Diazapam
Flurazepam
Lorazepam
Chlordiazepoxide
```
```
Short
Long
Long
Intermediate
Long
```
123
Filtration fraction equation
FF = GFR / RPF
124
What is the most common defect in CF? What is actually wrong?
delatF508 >>> defect in postranslational processing
125
When would they use a crossover study?
When it would be unethical to not give the other group a treatment.
126
Which cells do CMV vs EBV infect?
CMV >> monocytes
EBV >> b-cells
127
In a very severe mitral stenosis the A2 - Opening snap becomes
shorter
128
Pulmonary dypsnea regulated by what receptors
J receptors
129
Ejection fraction equation
SV / EDV
130
Bupropion is contraindicated
Bulletins due to decrease seizure threshold
131
In ARDS what is the PCWP
Normal
132
Timeline for pathological grief
Over 6 months
133
How long does PTSD last
Over 1 month
134
Defining characteristic of a personality disorder
Person is not aware of it
135
Orphan annie eyes
Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
136
How to calculate the expected birth date
Plus 1 year
Minus 3 months
Plus 7 days
137
Adrenal cortex derived from
Mesoderm
138
What is aplasia? How is this different than agenesis?
Aplasia >>> no organ but primordial tissue
Agenesis >>> no organ, no primordial tissue
139
Teratogen causing bone defects
Warfarrin
140
Teratogen causing absence of digits
Alkylating agents
141
Kid is born with skin missing on top of head. What drug caused this? What are its other SEs
Methimazole
Skin rash
Aplastic anemia
Hepatotoxicity (propylthiouraci)
142
Phenytoin and Carbemazopine SEs
```
Fingernail hypoplasia
Neural tube
Craniofacial
Microcephaly (phenytoin)
Distal tip hypoplasia (phenytoin)
```
143
Methimazole SEs
Aplasia cutis congenita
144
Rubella SEs
Blueberry rash
PDA
Sensorineural defects (hearing loss)
Cataracts
145
Diestylstilestrol SEs... 2 defects
Limb malformations
| Mullerian tube defects
146
Xray congenital defects
Microencepholopathy
| Mental retardation
147
What week does the allantois form
3rd week
148
Normal menstrual cycle
21 - 35 weeks
149
What causes constriction of the spiral arteries
F2alpha prostaglandin
150
Mittelschmerz is what... Why?
Pain associated with ovulation. Blood irritating the peritoneum.
151
What type of metabolic disturbance (pH) can you get with pregnancy?
Respiratory alkalosis
152
Drug to slow contractions
Terbutaline (beta 2 agonist)
153
Cutoff for mifopristone
30-35 days
154
3 functions of iodine peroxidase
1) oxidation I- >> I2
2) organification combining I2 and TG >> MIT/ DIT
3) Iodination combining MIT / DIT >> T3/T4
155
Low uptake of radio nucleotide iodine
thyroiditis
| iodine exogenous
156
Endocrine tumor where old woman with dysphonia and dysphagia dies 1 month after diagnosis
Anaplastic
157
Potassium levels in primary vs secondary hypo adrenal cortical insufficiency
high in primary
| normal in secondary
158
What is the treatment order for pheochromocytoma
1) alpha antagonist - phenoxybenzamine
2) beta blocker - carvedilol
3) surgery
159
Causes of nephrogenic DI
1) lithium
2) demeclocycline
3) hypercalcemia
160
Treatment for SIADH
Water restriction
| Conivaptan / tolvaptan / demeclocycline (ADH antagonist)
161
Diabetes drug that can cause an URTI like symptom
DPP4 drugs
162
Most common used drugs for HTN in pregnancy
Labetalol (usually for mild HTN)
Methyldopa
Hydralazine
163
Symogi syndrome vs Dawn phenonomenon
1) too much insulin at night >> high stress >> hyperglycemia in morning (think you didn't take enough insulin)
2) not enough insulin >> rebound hyperglycemia
164
Ephephrine high dose affects what receptors? low dose?
High - a1 > B = vasoconstriction
| Low - B1 and B2 > a = vasodilation
165
Phenylephrine MOA
a1 agonist
166
Uses for magnesium? Tx for OD?
severe asthma , eclampsia, torsades
Calcium gluconate
167
Dantrolene CU. What distinguishes the two
neuroleptic malignant syndrome (extreme muscle rigidity)
Serotonin syndrome (GI)
168
Leuprolide alternative
Goserolin
169
Cardio malformation of turners
Bicuspid aortic valve
| Preductal coarctation
170
Estrogen, Testosterone, LH levels in androgen insensitivity syndrome
All high
171
Tumor marker of dysgerminoma in females and males
females - LDH
| males - bHCG
172
Diffuse large B cel tumor metastasizes where? Translocation
Testes.
14;18
173
Blue domed on breast histology
Fibrocystic change of breast
174
Most breast cancers are due to?
Idiopathic
| 10-15% (BRCA1, BRCA2)
175
Keloids are due to an excess of which collagen
Type III
176
Most dangerous side effect of Amphoterecin B
Nephrotoxicity >>
hypokalemia
T wave flattening
ST segment depression
177
Hurthle cells are present in what cancers?
- Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid
| - Hashimoto's thyroiditis
178
What subunit determines specificity of hormones and what is shared
```
Alpha = similar shared
Beta = specificity
```
179
What causes the LH surge?
High levels of estrogen
180
Where does aortic dissection hit during trauma
Around the ligament arteriosum
181
Thymidine dimers is associated with? What repair mechanism?
Xeroderma pigmetosum
| Endonucleases
182
Greatest risk factor for successful suicide?
Access to firearm
183
Hairline in turner's
low hairline
184
Urea follows what?
Water in the kidneys
185
Loss to follow up is what type of bias
Selection bias
186
Young girl, never menstruated, palpable mass in front of rectum
Imperforate
187
Schiver duval
Yolk sac tumor
188
Granulosa tumors on histology
Call exner bodies
189
What type of receptor and signaling is the insulin receptor
Intrinsic tyrosine kinase
| MAP kinase
190
What hormones use the receptor tyrosine kinase
Prolactin
Interleukins
Growth hormones
191
IP3 using hormones
GOAT HAG
```
GnRH
Oxytocin
ADH (V1)
TRH
Histamine (h1)
Angiotesnin II
Gastrin
```
192
Non ergots MOA & examples
Dopamine agnoists
Pramiprexole
Ropinirole
193
What metabolic disorder could you get with high levels of GH
diabetes via insulin resistance
194
What up regulates desmolase? inhibits?
ACTH > agonist
| Ketocanozole > antagonist
195
What are 17keto steroids?
DHEA
| Androstenodione
196
What are the cortisol levels like in alpha-21 hydroxylase def, alpha-11 hydroxylase, 17... ACTH?
Low cortisol
High ACTH >> pituitary adenoma
197
What is cortisol's MOA intracellularly? What sympathetic action does it stimulate? How?
inhibits Nf-kappa-beta
| Upregulates SAM to creat more Epinephrine while also increased peripheral sensitivity.
198
What else is produced in the zona fasciculata
mineral corticoids
199
How many ways to get increased endogenous cortisol?
1) increased acth from pituitary
2) increased acth ectopically
3) adrenal cortical hyperplasia
200
Nelson's syndrome
Bilateral adrenolectomy >> leading to skin pigmentation
201
Causes of adrenal insufficiency (addison)
1) used to be TB
2) autoimmune
3) mets from lung cancer
202
Hyperthyroidism will result in what for lipid levels? Why?
Low levels due to increased LDL expression via thyroid stimulation.
203
MALToma is also known as what?
Marginal b cell
204
What are some foods that can act as goitrogens?
Cabbage
| Cassava (latin american potato?)
205
Biggest risk factors for thyroid cancer
Young, male, nodule
206
Most common cause of a thyroid adenoma
Mutation in the TSH receptor
207
What type of thyroid cancer will you get with radiation?
Papillary
208
Vaptans MOA. What is another drug that works on the same mechanism
V2 inhibitors
Demoxycyclonine
209
Growth hormone CU
Turner's
210
Most common complete mole genotype? Partial?
46 XX both from dad
96 xxx, xxxy
211
In a quad screen what is elevated?
bHcG
| Inhibin
212
Causes of empty sella syndrome?
idiopathic
| Common in obese
213
What is a complication of taking too much of the endometrium out?
Asherman syndrome
214
Serous cyst adenoma looks like what on histology?
ciliated fallopian tube
215
Name two conditions that can result in thymic aplasia
Digeorge
| SCID
216
Elastin associated congenital disorder
Marfan (fibrilin 1)
217
Conditions related to pulsus peridoxis
```
Cor pulmonale
Chronic pericarditis
Acute Tamponade
Severe obstructive lung disease
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
```
218
In a patient presenting with sudden onset of mania after treatment with a psych drug >>> what drug should be considered
Antidepresents
219
Arachidonic acid product that increases uterine tone
PGE2
| PGF2alpha
220
Arachidonic acid product that decreases bronchial tone
PGI2
221
Arachidonic acid that decreases platelet aggregation
PGI2
222
Arachidonic acid product that decreases uterine tone
Prostocylcin2
| PGI2
223
Arachidonic acid product that decreases vascular tone
PGI2
224
Things that elevate ESR
```
Most anemias
Infections
Inflammation
Cancer
Pregnancy
Autoimmune disorders
```
225
Things that lower ESR
Sickle cell
Polycythemia (dilute aggregation factors)
CHF
226
How does polycythemia affect ESR? Why?
Lowers
| Dilutes aggregation factors
227
What cytokine is important for maintaining granulomas? What other cytokine is important in this process but not in maintaining granulomas?
TNFalpha
Interferon gamma >>> activates macrophages
228
Most abundant amino acids in elastin? Composition that is different than collagen?
Proline
Glycine
Non-hydroxylated
229
What amino acids are modified in the golgi apparatus?
Serine
Theroinine
Asparagine
230
Job Syndrome is also known as? What are its characteristics? What transcription factors / cells are affected?
Hyper IgE syndrome
Defective Th17 due to STAT3 mutation >> impaired neutrophil recruitment
FATED
```
Coarse facies
Cold staph abscesses
Retained primary teeth
Increased IgE
Der problems (eczema)
```
231
Histological characteristics of an ependyoma?
Perivasucular rosettes
| Blepharoplasts (basal ciliary bodies)
232
What is the order of electrophoresis of hemoglobin pathologies in sickle?
Hemo A > Hemo S > Hemo C
233
How to treat huntingtons disease
Haloperidol / olanzapine
Tetrabenazine (inhibits dopamine release)
234
Treatment for MPTP exposure. How will it present?
Parkinson's like behavior due to dopamine destruction.
Selegiline
235
Ataxia talengiectasia Vs friedrich ataxia
FA >> gaa, cardiomyopathy, iron problems
AT >> increased lymphoma/leukemia, atm gene, DNA repair problems
236
Complement for neutrophil chemotaxis
C5a
237
Superficial slowly adapting fibers? Rapid?
Slow >> merkel
Fast >> me issuers
238
Deep layer slowly adapting fiber. Rapid
Slow >> ruffini
Rapid >> pacinian
239
Xeroderma pigmetosum due to what non functional enzyme? What molecular misdunction is HNPCC due to?
Endonuclease
3->5 exonuclease >>> mismatch
240
Antipsychotics SEs
Thioridazine >> retinal deposits
Chlorpromazine >> corneal deposits
Ziprasidone >> prolonged QT
olanzapine >> weight gain
241
Congenital heart deformation associated with berry aneurysms?
Coarctation
242
Opioid cough suppressing commonly use with the expectorant guafenesin
Dextromethorphan
243
Opioid used in the treatment of diarrhea
Loperamide
244
Opioid receptor antagonist
Naloxone
| Naltrexone
245
Nonaddictive week opioid agonist
Tramadol
246
Partial opioid agonist that causes less respiratory depression
Butophanol
247
AAs w/ 3 titratable protons
```
Histidine
Argininine
Lysine
Aspartate
Glutamate
Cysteine
Tyrosine
```
248
What type of ASD in down's syndrome
Ostium primum type
249
Recombinant form of BNP
Nesiritide
250
Nesiritide effects
Dialates arteries & veins via cGMP
251
Tachyplexus
| Permissive
- Drug response w/ repeated administration
| - Alows another substance to achieve full response
252
Bilateral postauricular lymphadonopathy
Rubella
253
What does rabies bind to to enter neuron
Nicotonic acetylcholine receptor
254
Hematuria in children? What strains? Structure?
Adeno virus
11 / 12 serotype B
Non-enveoloped, dsDNA, linear, Icosahedral
255
Prophylactic tx of N. meningitis
Rifampin
256
TPA antidote
Amincaproic acid
257
Curves of venous pulse
a, c, v
258
Diphenoxylate MOA & CU
Mu agonist
| Decrease gut motility >> diarrhea treatment
259
What distinguishes HUS vs TTP clinically
TTP (neurological)
| HUS (renal)
260
What else is microsomal monooxygenase called?
CYP450
261
What is a southwestern blot?
DNA binding proteins
262
What is mycelia acid structurally described as?
long, branched lipids
263
What section of lungs will degrade with chronic rejection?
Bronchiolitis obliterans
Bronchioles
264
Bluish neoplasm under fingernails ddx?
Glomangioma >> vessels responsible for shunting blood away
Melanomas
265
Manifestations of hence schonlen purpura
```
Abdo pain
Joint pain
ower extremity from skin
Palpable purpura
Hematuria
```
266
Cytokines most responsible for vessel growth
VEGF
| FGF
267
Another name for IGF-1
Somatomedin C
268
Isolated left sided vocal cord problems
Compression of recurrent largyneal by L atrium >> other syndrome
269
Tumor markers
CEA - colorectal, pancreatic
CA 19-9 - pancreatic
CA 125 - ovarian cancer
270
Description of partial mole.
| Which has increased risk of malignancy.
Grossly enlarged villi
XXX or XXY
Full
271
Homeobox codes for?
Transcription factor
272
Erythema grangrinosum description
| Organism
Haloed redness with ulcerated necrosis in center
| Pseudomonas
273
Lyme disease tx
Doxy or penecillin
274
Rifampin MOA
inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
275
Burger vs buerger disease
Burger >> iga nephropathy
| Buerger >> vasculities
276
Bacteria invading schwann cells
Mycobacterium leprae
277
Metabolism of ethylene glycol to what?
Oxalate crystals
278
ESR what increases it?
| Decreases?
h
279
What enzyme removes RNA primers? What is special about its exonuclease?
DNA polymerase I
| 5 to 3' exonuclease
280
Atypical depression characteristics
Mood reactivity
Rejection sensitivty
Increased sleep & appetite
281
With respect to inhaled anesthetics... the smaller amount needed to sat blood means what in terms of its onset?
Rapid
282
What type of inheritance for red ragged fibers
Mitochondrial
283
Hemicholinium MOA
Inhibits choline transport into axon
284
Aortic regurg will show what on BP
wide pp >>> diastolic drops
285
Which murmur radiates to axilla?
Mitral regurge
286
Psych questions for reflection? Facilitation?
Repeat & Paraphrase
| "and then what happened?"
287
Terbinafine MOA?
inhibits squalene epoxidase
288
Catalase positive organisms
```
Staph
Burkhaderin capacia
serratia marescens
Nocardia
Aspergillus
```
289
Hydrophobic AAs
```
Valine
Alanine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
```
290
NSAID use >> kidneys?
| What is the stem??
Chronic interstitial nephritis
| Chronic joint pain >> kidneys
291
Nitrate given PO w/ 100% BA
Isosorbide mononitrates
292
Unusually w/ SIADH what is seen? What about JVP?
normal
293
How is cysteinuria detected? What change in color
cyanide - nitroprusside test
| red-purple
294
What is another word for precision
reliable
295
Gestational diabetes is due to def in what enzyme?
glucokinase
296
What is used in an acute gout? Contraindicated
Colchicine
297
Fenoldopam MOA? CU?
Dopamine 1 receptor agonist
| Arteriolar dialation and natriuresis >> only IV drug that improves renal perfusion
298
Fenoldopam MOA? CU?
Dopamine 1 agonist
| Arteriolar dialation
299
Enfuvirtide MOA? What are a class of antiretrovirals that do not need phosphorylation? examples of this class?
Gp41 binder
| Nevirapibe, efavirenz, delavirdine
300
Autoimmune small cell lung cancer
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
| Lambert eaton
301
Cholesterol synthesis enzyme? Positive factor? Negative?
Hmg coa reductase
Thyroxine, insulin
Cholesterol, glucagon
302
Ketone synthesis enzyme?
Hmg coa synthase
303
Ethambutol MOA
Inhibits arabinosyl transferase (arabinosyl polymerization to arabinogalactan - constituent of bacterial mycolic cell wall)
304
Tx for anaphylactic shock
Cardiogenic shock
Septic shock
Also what receptors do they act on?
Epinephrine
Dobutamine
NE
305
What is the big negative SE of NE?
Decreased renal perfusion
306
What biochemical process changes cytosol to Uracil
deamination
307
AA necessary for purine synthesis?
glycine
aspartate
glutamine
308
Another name for DOPA
Dihydroxyphenylalanine
309
Drug that inhibits DOPA carboxylase? What is this enzyme's substrate and product?
Carbidopa
| DOPA >> dopamine
310
Examples of co-dominant diseases?
alpha 1 antitrypsin
| Blood groups
311
Another name for 2 hit hypothesis?
Loss of heterozygosity
312
What is Mccune albright? What genetic expression pattern is this? Lethal if?
Precocious puberty, Single side cafe au last, Polyostatic fibrous dysplasia
Mosaicism
Lethal if the mutation is somatic but survivable if mosaic pattern
313
Mutation at different loci but with same phenotype? Examples?
Locus heterogeneity
| Albinism, Marfans (men2b, homocystenuria)
314
Phase 1 metabolism biochemical processes? Characteristics of metabolites?
hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction
Slightly polar, water soluble, still active
Elderly lose first
Cyp450
315
Phase 2 metabolism biochemical processes? Characteristics of metabolites?
methylation, acetylation, glucoronidation sulfation
| very polar, inactive, renaly excreted
316
Liber bipsy on a 23 year old woman w/ elevated levels of LFM-1 antibodies
Autoimmune hepatitis
